Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/DNB Epitome 53

This listing page belongs to Wikipedia:WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography, spun out of the “missing article” project, and is concerned with checking whether Wikipedia has articles for all those listed in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), a 63-volume British biographical dictionary published 1885-1900 and now in the public domain. This page relates to volume 53 running from name Smith to name Stanger.

Scope of the subproject:

It is envisaged that the following work will be done:

Checks made that links on this page point to a wikipedia article about the same person;
Addition of new articles for all red-links based on DNB text;
Checking whether blue-linked articles would benefit from additional text from DNB.

Listings are posted as bulleted lists, with footnotes taken from the DNB summaries published in 1904. The listings and notes are taken from scanned text that is often corrupt and in need of correction. Not all the entries on the list correspond to actual DNB articles; some are “redirects” and there are a few articles devoted to families rather than individuals.

If you are engaged in this work you will probably find quite a number of unreferenced articles among the blue links. You are also encouraged to mention the DNB as a reference on such articles whenever they correspond to the summary, as part of the broader campaign for good sourcing. A suggested template is {{DNB}}.

Locating the full text:

DNB text is now available on Wikisource for all first edition articles, on the page s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vol 53 Smith - Stanger. Names here are not inverted, as they are in the original: Joe Bloggs would be found at Wikisource s:Bloggs, Joe (DNB00). The text for the first supplement is available too: NB that this Epitome listing includes those supplement articles also.

List maintenance and protocols:

List maintenance tasks are to check and manipulate links in the list with piping or descriptive parenthetical disambiguators, and to mark list entries with templates to denote their status; whilst as far as possible retaining the original DNB names:

piping: [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester|Charles Abbot]]
descriptive parenthetical disambiguators [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)]]
both combined [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)|Charles Abbot]]

The work involves:

Checking that bluelinks link to the correct person; if so, {{tick}} them. If not, try to find the correct article and pipe or disambiguate the link.
Check whether redlinks can be linked to an article by piping or disambiguation.
Create articles based on the DNB text for redlinks for which no wikipedia article can be found
Check whether existing blue-linked articles could benefit from an input of DNB text (e.g. the article is a stub), and if so, update the article from DNB

A number of templates are provided to mark-up entries:

{{mnl}} the link runs to a wrong person; - produces the text: ^{[link currently leads to a wrong person]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{dn}} the link runs to a dab page - produces the text ^{[disambiguation needed]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{tick}} the link has been checked and runs to the correct person - Y
{{tick}} {{tick}} the text of the linked article has been checked against DNB text and would not benefit from additional DNB text - Y Y
{{tick}} {{cross}} the text of the linked article looks short enough to suggest it would benefit from additional DNB text - Y N

Note that before creating new articles based on DNB text you should undertake searches to check that the article's subject does not already have an article. It is easily possible that the disambiguation used in this page is not the disambiguation used in an existing wikipedia article. Equally, feel free to improve upon the disambiguation used in redlinks on this page by amending them.

Supplement articles:

Because of the provenance of the listing, a number of the original articles will not in fact be in the announced volume, but in one of the three supplement volumes published in 1901. Since the DNB did not include articles about living people, this will be the case whenever the date of death is after the publication date of the attributed volume. In due course there will be a separate listing.

General thoughts:

This project is intended as a new generation in “merging encyclopedias”, as well as being one of the most ambitious attempted. For general ideas of where we are, and some justification of the approach being taken, see the essay Wikipedia:Merging encyclopedias.

Helpful access templates:

helpful templates

There are two templates to help link to the correct page: {{Cite DNBIE}} and {{DNBIE}}. The page number automatically link to the correct url for the page at the Internet Archive site.

{{Cite DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

and

{{DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

if a wstitle= parameter is used in place of title= then the templates also link the DNB article on Wikisource:

{{cite DNBIE|wstitle=Dove, John (d.1665?)|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John (d.1665?)". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

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^ Aaron Smith (d. 1697?) solicitor to the treasury; a whig plotter at the time of the Popish plot; arrested at the time of the Rye House plot, and not released till March 1688; appointed solicitor to treasury and public prosecutor, 1689; detected a more or less imaginary conspiracy in Lancashire, 1G94; dismissed for malversation, 1696.
^ Aaron Smith (fl. 1828), seaman; charged with piracy in the West In i his piratical acts shown to have been committed upon compulsion: published (1824) aNarrativeof his sufferings, and subHequently brought a charge of libel against a man who styled him a pirate, obtaining 10. damages.
^ Adam Smith (1723–1790). political economist; ;.:,:-. DDl.. t I. 60 iBSSt**?, " OS,;:: DM,:!!-..,!,.:.-:.: !.-,. (n... I* HI t: !.--. i i.:.. ate with Bane; published bU Theory of the Moral nenu 1769; his lectures the means of his attaining ...,,:.-..,,.;..,,!!., H:.,-. Turgot, and others in Paris, and Votuira at OMV; ratamati to London, 1764, and ssttfad. 1747. in KirkcaJd on a pension from the Duke of Boodeooh: from the physiocrats the perception that a Qdtl. t!:,..r,,;..,.,;,.,1,.:-...,.! bOV,MM,, n.. and differenov of wage*, and published (1766) his mat study of political economy M a separate sdsacsj; hs book being studied, among others, by Pitt; edited the autobfanaptq 3 M MM,.-. m i tool tt:..- Bto -. ;;;T: sjagM kofd Ml* ri Oftsjl DUvOTlty. i;-;: member of Dr. Johnson's Club.
^ Albert Richard Smith (181t-18X Merchant Taylors School, Middlesex Hospital, began writing for Punch.* and (1842) sent The Adventures of Mr. Lolbury to Bentiey's; brought outChristopher Tadpole IMx; wrote a number of extravaganzas, and was well known for his entertainments at the Egyptian Hall-tin iverland Mail Mont Blanc 1862, and China
^ Alexander Smith (fl. 1714–1726), biographer of highwaymen; called Captain Smith: wrote " Lives of Higbwaymcit 1714, lives of celebrated beauties, 1716, and lives of Buyliffs Jonathan Wild, and other*. ;;.;;.:.;
^ Alexander Smith (1684–1766), Roman catholic prelate: consecrated bishop of Mosinopolis in partibus infidelium, 1735: sucoeeded to the vicariate of the lowland district of Scotland, 1746. of logic at Glasgow, and next year transferred to chair of
^ Alexander Smith (1760?-1829). See John Adams.
^ Alexander Smith (1829-1867). Scottish poet: a. tace pattern designer in Glasgow; patr tillan ai:d George Ilir1 A-W r,: published in 1863 Life Drama and other poems which made a sensation: satirised by Aytoun in Firuiilian; published sonnets on the Crimean war with his friend Dobell, 1866, and Dreamthorp (essays), 1863.
^ Sir Andrew Smith (1797–1872), ili rector-general, army medical department; wrveil at the Cape and in Natal, 1821-37: wrot.- on r(.logy of South Africa: director-general of the onuy aiwl ordnance medical departments, 1853-8: hlutiiM for lu- administration of medical department in the Crimea; K.C.1L, 1869.
^ Anker Smith (1759–1819). engraver: became a famous engraver of small plate* in line; A.H.A., 1797.
^ Aquilla Smith (1806–1890), Irish antiquary; studied at Trinity Collejre, Dublin; M.D. Awri oeuua. Dublin, 183); king's professor of materta medlca and pharmacy in the school of physic, Dublin, 1864-81: collector of coins; wrote on archaeological, numismatic, and medical subject*. I""- "1
^ Archibald Smith (181S-1872V mathematician : of GhMgow and Trinity College, Cambridge; senior wrangler, 1836: M.A.. 1839: barrister, Lincoln's Ian, 1841; F.R.S.. 1866: rewarde.1 by government, 187; wrote on the deviation of the compass.
^ Arthur Smith W. W. (1825-18C1X terUiJMr: managed entertainment* for his brother AUwrt Richard Smith, and also for Charles Dickens q. v
^ Augustus John Smith (1804–1872), loseeof the UDto Obnrch, Oxford, l*. obtained i. uirfer tlw crown, 1834, ulnetv-nlna : largely rebuilt and reorganised Industrial J., Truro, 1867-66.
^ See Bodichon.
^ Benjamin Smith (1754–1833) engraver: in the stipple manner of his master Bartolozzi.
^ Benjamin Smith (1783-1860), politician; son of William Smith (1756-1835); supported corn law repeal as M.P. for Norwich, 1838 and liS-11-7
^ Bernard Smith (formerly SCHMIDT) (1630?-1708), called Father Smith; organ-builder; came from Halle in Charles II's time; built organ for Westminster Abbey and for Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford and Durham Cathedral; built also orpin for St. Paul's, London, 1097, and for Trinity College, Cambridge.
^ Charles Smith (1715?-1762), Irish county historian; wrote histories of Down (1744), Waterford (1746), Cork (1760), and Kerry (175C), which were praised by Miwaulay.
^ Charles Smith (1713–1777), writer on the corn trade; earned praise of Adam Smith by his treatise on the import and export laws.
^ Charles Smith (1749-1824), painter; native of the Orkneys; painted in India, 1783: published aTrip to Bengal (musical entertainment), 1802.
^ Charles Smith (1786–1856), singer ; chorister of Chapel Royal, London, 179G; became organist nt the Welbeck Chapel and (1816) at Liverpool; wrote songs and operettas.
^ Sir Charles Felix Smith (1786–1858), lieutenant-general; served as engineer in Spain, with distinction at Gibraltar, December 1811; served at Vittoria and in Wellington's army of occupation, 1815-18; in West Indies, 1823-37; as commanding engineer at Gibraltar, 1838-42, gaining K.C.B. for gallantry at St. Jean d'Acre; lieutenant-general, 1851, and colonel-commandant, royal engineers, 185C.
^ Charles Hamilton Smith (1776–1859), soldier and writer on natural history; of Flemish origin; served in English army, 1797-1820; wrote military part of Coxc's Marlborough and many military and naturalhistory book*.
^ Charles Harriot Smith (1792–1864), architect; becnme an authority on building-stone and ornamental stone-carving, and published Lithotomy 1842.
^ Charles John Smith (1803–1838), engraver: executed plates for Stothard and John Gough Nichols , 1829; F.S.A., 1837.
^ Charles Roach Smith (1807–1890), antiquary ; a great collector of, and authority on, Roman and British antiquities: sold a collection in 1856 to British Musenm for 2,000.; wrote largely for Archaeologia and Numismatic Chronicleand editedAntiquarian Notesfor Gentleman's Magazine,* besides helping to found British Archieological Association in 1843, and publishing useful Collectanea
^ Charlotte Smith (1749–1806, poetess and novelist; daughter of Nicholas Turner; married Richard Smith, a merchant, 1765, who became bankrupt; produced some successful novels,Enuneline 1788,Celestino 1792, Desmond 1792, The Old Manor House 1793, and Conversations introducing Poetry 1804.
^ Colvin Smith (1795–1875), portrait-painter; studied at London and Rome: settled at Edinburgh, 1826; painted Scott, Jeffrey, and Macintosh, and exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy.
^ Edmund Smith (1672–1710), poet ; son of Edmund Neale; adopted name of Smith from his guardian; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A., 1696expelled from Christ Church for lampooning Dr. Aldrich, 1705; adaptedPhredra and Hippolitusfrom Racine 1707; wrote elegy on John Philip?, 1708.
^ Edward Smith or Smyth (1666-1 720), bishop of Down and Connor; M.A. and fellow, 1684; D.D, 1696 and later vice-chancellor of Dublin University; chaplain to William III; consecrated bishop, 1699.
^ Edward Smith (1819-1874), physician and medical writer; M.D. London, 1843; LL.B, 1848; F.R.C s", l: -tudied physiological chemistry: made F.R.S., 1860; cturer, Charing CTOM Hospital, London, 1853: published medloa work*,
^ Elizabeth Smith (1-76-1806), oriental scholar; born near Durham; learned Hebrew and Syriac, 1796-9; her Vocabulary, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian printed, is I l.
^ Erasmus Smith (1611–1691), educational benefactor: Turkey merchant; army contractor, 1650; ob! tiiincd large grants of land in Tippeniry, 1662; founded grammar schools find lectureships in Ireland,
^ Francis Smith (ft. 1770), painter; born in Italy : exhibited oriental views at the Royal Academy, 1770-3.
^ Sir Francis Pettit Smith (1808–1874), inventor of screw-propeller for steamships; constructed a ; model quite independently of other experimenters in 1836: by hia experiments on the Archimedes steamer in 183 (. ! led the admiralty to construct the Rattler in 1841-3 with ! Smith's four-bladed screw; knighted, 1871.
^ Frederick William Smith (d. 1835), sculptor ; son of Anker Smith; modelled some fine groups, 1818-28.
^ Gabriel Smith (d. 1783), engraver ; engraved after Watteau, Boucher, and French school, 1765-80.
^ George Smith (1693–1756), nonjuring divine ; of Durham; sou of John Smith (1659-1715); studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and Inner Temple; was a student of early English history and antiquities; completed his father's Bede 1722, and edited other learned works; consecrated nonjuring bishop, 1728.
^ George Smith (1713–1776), landscape-painter: studied under his brother William (1707-1764); exhibited landscapes, 1760-70; patronised by Duke of Richmond,
^ George Smith (1797?–1850), captain in navy; invented a new method of sighting guns, and wrote professionally,
^ George Smith (1800–1868), historian and theologian: a Cornwall notability and keen antiquary; R.A.S. and F.S.A.; issued numerous religious and archaeological volumes, including The Cassitcrides 1863.
^ George Smith (1815–1871), bishop of Victoria; M.A. Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1843; missionary to China; consecrated bishop of Victoria in Hongkong, 1847; wrote on consular cities of China and on Japan.
^ George Smith (1840–1876), Assyriologist ; devoted his leisure as a bank-note engraver to studying Assyrian inscriptions at British Museum; encouraged by Rawlinson and Birch; deciphered the Chaldaean account of the deluge from Layard's tablets, 1872; made three great excavating expeditions to the site of Nineveh at the expense of the Daily Telegraphand British Museum authorities, whose collection he vastly enriched: dial near Aleppo, leaving valuable Assyriological works,
^ George Smith (1831–1895), philanthropist ; started life as a brickmaker; educated himself; strenuously advocated the cause of women and children employed in brickworks, on canal boats, and in caravans; his agitation highly successful; wrote several books, and in 1885 received a grant from royal bounty.
^ George Smith (1824-1901), publisher, and founder and proprietor of the Dictionary of National Biography; joined in 1838 the firm of Smith & Elder, publishers and East India agents, of 65 Cornhill, London, which his father had founded in partnership with Alexander Elder in 1816, soon after coming in youth to London from his native town of Elgin. In 1843 Smith took charge of some of the fl rm's publishing operations, and on his father's death in 1846 became sole head of the firm. Under his control the business quickly grew in both the India agency and publishing directions. The chief authors whose work- Ikpublished in his early career were John Ruskin, Charlotte Bronte, whoseJane Eyrehe issued in 1848. and W. M. Thackeraj whoseEsmondhe brought out in 1851. In 1853 he took a partner, H. S. King, and, after weathering the storm of the Indian Mutiny, started in 1869 * The Oornhill Magazine with Thackeray as editor, and numerous leading authors and artists as contributors. In 1865 Smith founded the Pall Mall Gazette a London evening newspaper of independent character and literary quality, which remained his property till 1880. In 186H Indissolved partnership with King, leaving him to carry on the India agency branch of the old firm's business, and soon extended in many ways, publication of medical book His chief authors now included Robert Browning. Matthew Arnold, (Sir) Stephen, mid Miss Tlinckera were intimate prr-omil f n.nd*. Mennwhlfc to with great snooess in many meroantUe venture the purchase, ss ith tWO OtOCrt, in 1873, of tto - 1-I 1882 togaVe proof of his, Le"coyjd 7 - I7 * X **** Stephen and Mr 100U), with three portrait was pail. posthumously by tto I,-:.,,,;--. tary volumes (1901). Smith's -.0. F. Watte, RJL, 1876. and John Collier, 1901. A tablet to
^ George Charles Smith (1782-1863), 'boatwain Smith'; pressed into navy; served at Copenhagen, 1801: left navy, 1803: became a baptist pastor and devoted himself to open-air preaching to sailors and watermen: founded tto first sailors- home, in 1828, In Wellclo-e Square. London, performing other missionary work both as a preacher and a pamphleteer.
^ Gerard Edward Smith (1804–1881), botanist and divine; of Merchant TaylorsSchool, London, and St. John's College, Oxford; BJL, 1829; prWedacatalogue of rare phanerogamous plant*, 1829; wrote on the flora of Derbyshire, and was the flrat to recognise several British plants.
^ Harry George Wakelyn Smith], first baronet (1788-1860), victor of Aliwal; served in South America, 1807, at Corona, Fuentes d'Onoro, Ctudad Rodrigo, and Badajos, also in battles of 1812-14, and at Bladeiusburg and Waterloo: took a leading part in subduing the Kaffirs, 1836; went out to India as adjutant-general under (.iough, 1842; served in G waller and Sikh campaigns, leading the charge against the Sikhs at Aliwal, 28 Jan. 1846, and commanding first division of infantry at Sobruou, 1846; made baronet and major-general, and in 1847 governor of the Cape; routed (1848) at Boom Plaatx the Boers under Pretorius, who resented extension of British territory, many of them subsequently eroding tto Vaal and founding the Transvaal state; resisted the hinding of convicts at the Cape, 1840; put down another Kaffir rebellion, 1850; his connection with South Africa, whence he returned in 1852, commemorated by the names of the towns of Harrismith, Lady&mith, Whittlesey his native town, and Aliwal.
^ Henry Smith (1550P-1591). puritan divine; of QueensCollege, Cambridge, and Lincoln College, Oxford; B.A. Oxford, 1579; became a great preacher at St. Clement Danes, where he was lecturer from 1 W7; known as silver-tongued Smith; dedicated his collected cannons to Ixml Burghley, who defended him when attacked by the bishop of London for his puritan inclinations.
^ Henry Smith ( 1620-1 G68 ?), regicide; B.A. St. Mnry Hall, Oxford, 1640; student of Lincoln's Inn, 1640; .M.I, Leicestershire, 1640; signed Charles I's deathwarrant, 1640; attainted, 1600, but respited; probably died in prison.
^ Henry John Stephen Smith (182C-1883), son of a Dublin barrister; went to Rugby and won the Balliol scholarship (classical), 1844; fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, 1849; M.A.,1865; mathematical tutor at Balliol, though equally brilliant in classics; elected Saviliau professor of geometry, 1860: F.R.S. and F.1LA.8., 1861; the greatest disciple of Gauss; elucidated the theory of number*, his mathematical papers being collected in 1804.
^ Horatio Smith (' Horace ')( 1770 1819), poet and author; brother of James Smith (1775-18:W): gained an introduction to the literary orld through Richard Cumberland the dramatist, aud fume In 1812 as joint author with his brother James of Rejected Addresses his best parodies being those of Byron and Scott; Subsequently wrote novels, including Brauiblctye House 1826 (imitation of Sir Walter Scott): published many other works: the Tin Trumpet (a medley), 1836: aided Campbell on the New Monthly hi* 1'oUicul Work collected, 1846. writer: M.D. and other tru
'^ Hugh Smith (d. 1790), medical writer.
'^ Hugh Smith (1736?–1789), M.D. at Leyden.
^ Humphrey Smith (d. 1663), quaker.
^ James Smith (1605–1667), divine and poet.
^ James Smith (1645–1711), Roman Catholic prelate; D.D. Douai, 1680; elected president of Douai College 1682; was one of fcir catholic VkTraposiillS7bfc of Galliopolis; 1688, and inuTfa SlnSS in 1700.
^ James Smith (1775–1839), author and humourist; elder brother of HoratioSmith; SUCOMII as solicitor to board of ordnance. 1813; produced brother -Be;*ctod Addresses 1812, and -Horace in Loodon 1815; also wrote clever nonsense for Charles Mattow*.
^ James Smith (1789–1850 1 agricultural engineer; invented a reaping-machine, 1811; devtod a tjitem of deep ploughing and thorough draining for his farm at Deanston: wrote upon the subsoil plough 1831.
^ James Smith, 'Smith of Jordanhill', geologist and man of letters; merchant by studied glacial questions; wrote on the New 1862, and on the Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul 1848; an authority on ancient shipbuilding and navigation. liii 591
^ James Smith (1805–1872), merchant; wrote largely, 1803-70, upon the Quadrature of the Circle a problem which he imagined be had solved.
^ Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828), botanist; studied at Edinburgh, and in 1784 purchased collections; founded LUmuin Society, 1788; knighted, 1814; produced numerous botanical works of high value, including English Botany(illustrated by bowerbyj. 1790-1814, in 36 vols., and Introduction to Botany.mi English Flora 1824-8.
^ James Elimalet Smith , 'Shepherd Smith' (1801-1867), divine and essayist: studied at Glasgow University: influenced by John Wroe, the Southcott Jaa prophet, and by Robert Owen, for whom he lectured; started (1834) his own organ, The Shepherd; became euayist to the new Family Herald 1843; published Divine Drama of History and Civilisation 1854.
^ James Hicks Smith (1822–1881), barrister-at-law; wrnot Jeremiah Smith (I771-I8*4); compiled Reminiscenced and antiquities of Manchester,
^ Sir Jeremiah Smith or Smyth (d.1675) admiral; adhered to Cromwell, 1653; fought in Dutch war, 1665, against Tromp.
^ Jeremiah Smith (d. 1723), divine; wrote oa Trinity duntig Sailers Hall debates, 1719.
^ Jeremiah Smith (1771–1854), master of Manchester grammar school; M.A. Hertford College, Oxford, 1797; D.D., 1811.
^ Jeremiah Finch Smith (1815–1895), prebendary of Lichfield: son of Jeremiah Smith ( 1771-18*4) ; edited Manchester School Register 1874. IH41;.: x sn sj ii.
^ Sir John Smith or Smythe (1534?-1607), diplomatist and military writer; first cousin of Edward VI, through his mother; entered Queen Elizabeth's service, 1574; knighted, 1576; criticised Leicester's force at Tilbury, and wrote commending use of archery; was slighted by Queen Elizabeth: reported to Burghley for treasonable talk, and confined, 159-8.
^ John Smith or Smyth (d. 1612), the Se-baptist; ,,t t'hrisi-s I'ollivi Oiinbridirn. an.l ( 157'J) M.A.; , tracts in dcicMrr,.f luptist principles, mid was known among Kniflish at Amsterdam as be-bapti-t s. Ifbaptiscr): his religious views uud tracts incoherent, nn.l diitra* toi t liii - 68
^ John Smith (1563–1616), divine: M.A. St John's OoUore. Oxford, 1685; B.D., 1591: fellow of bis college; lecturer at St. Paul's Cathedral, 1592; wrote cpntrover
^ John Smith (1580–1631), soldier and colonist ; of Willoughby; travelled in South-eastern Europe, 1601-5: set oat with Virginia colonists in December 1606: said to have been rescued when taken prisoner by the Indians by the Indian princess Pocahontas 1607; became head of colony, 1608, and explored coasts of Chesapeake: visited New England, 1614: later produced; maps and pamphlets in London on behalf of American colonisation; buried in St. Sepulchre's, London.
^ John Smith or Smyth (1567–1640), genealogist; ! steward of Berkeley family at Netley: wrote valuable; lives of the first twenty-one lords of Berkeley, first edited, 1881. Dili- 73
^ Sir John Smith (1618–1644), royalist; fought in j the Netherlands; joined royalist party in civil war; knighted on the field at Edgehill for saving the royal standard; killed at Cheriton.
^ John Smith (1618–1652), Cambridge Platonist; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1644; lectured at QueensCollege, Cambridge; his select discourses published, 1660.
^ John Smith (fl. 1633–1670), writer on trade: privately sent to visit the Shetlands and report on their industries, 1633; wrote on British fisheries, husbandry and trade.
^ John Smith (1630–1679), physician; M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1653; M.D., 1652; F.R.C.P.; published in 1666 a curious book on old age.
^ John Smith (fl. 1673–1680), 'philomath'; wrote on clocks, 1675, oil-painting, 1676, the weather-glass, 1688, and hydropathy The Curiosities of Common Water, 1722).
^ John Smith (1659–1715), divine; grandson of Matthew Smith (1689-1640); educated at St. John's College, Cambridge; M.A 1681; D.D., 1696; became treasurer of Durham, but spent much time at Cambridge studying for an edition of Bede (completed by his son, George Smith (1693-1766), in 1722).
^ John Smith or Smyth (1662–1717), dramatist; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1686; usher at Magdalen College school, 1689-1717; published a comedy (1691) and burlesques.
^ John Smith (1665–1723), politician: of St. John's College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; sat in parliament from 1678; M.P., Ludgershall, 1678-9, 1680-1, and 1688-9, Beeralston, 1691-5, Andover, 1695-1713, East Looe, 1716-23; as a stout whig, acting as whip for the party; elected speaker, 1705, for three years; chancellor of the exchequer, 1708-10; friend of Godolphin.
^ John Smith (1657–1726), judge; of Lincoln College, Oxford; barrister. Gray's Inn, 1684; became a baron of exchequer, 1702, and lord chief-baron of exchequer, 1708.
^ John Smith (1652?-1742), mezzotint engraver; engraver after Kneller, Lely, Dahl, and many classical painters; sold prints in Covent Garden, London.
^ John Smith (fl. 1747), author of 'Chronicon Rusticum-Commerciale; LL.B. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1725: settled in Lincolnshire; published Chronicon Rusticum-Commerciale, or Memoirs of Wool, a standard work, 1747.
^ John Smith (1717–1764), painter; brother of George Smith (1713-1776); executed landscapes, MsWiimn on name canvas with his brother.
^ John Smith (1747–1807), antiquary and Gaelic -ohoUr; hon. D.D. Edinburgh, 1787; publishedGaelic Antiquities 1780, Life of St. Columba* (translated from Cummin and Adamnan), 1798, and other works.
^ John Smith (1790–1824), missionary ; went out to evangelise negroes of Demerara in 1817, and was arrested for refusing to take up arms against insurgent slaves, and died in prison.
^ John Smith (1749–1831), water-colour painter ; known as Warwick Smith; patronised by the Earl of Warwick; joined Water-colour Society, 18U5; executed views in Italy and the Lakes.
^ Sir John Smith (1754–1837), general: served under Sir William Howe and Sir Henry Clinton in America, 1777-81; captured at Yorktown, 1781, but soon released: commanded artillery at St. Vincent and Trinidad, 1797, and under Duke of York in Dutch expedition, 1799; G.C.H., 1831; became colonel of horse artillery, 1833; general, 1837.
^ John Smith (1797–1861), musician ; became vicar choral of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1819, and wrote cathedral music.
^ John Abel Smith (1801–1871), banker and politician; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1827; M.P., Midhurst, 1830, Chichester, 1831-59, and 1863-8; took an active part in first Reform Bill.
^ John Chaloner Smith (1827–1896), author of 'British Mezzotinto Portraits B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1849; engineer of Irish railways, 1857-94; produced a notable catalogue of mezzotints with biographical notes, in four parts, 1878-84.
^ John Christopher Smith (1712–1795), musician: bom at Anspach: a pupil of Handel, for whom he acted as amanuensis; appointed first organist of Foundling Hospital, 1750; carried on Handel's oratorios until 1774; presented Handel's scores and harpsichord to George HI.
^ John Gordon Smith (1792–1833), professor of medical jurisprudence; graduated in medicine at Edinburgh, 1810; wrote on forensic medicine, and lectured on it as professor at London University, but had no pupils; resigned and died in a debtor's prison.
^ Sir John Mark Frederick Smith (1790–1874), general; served under Sir John Stewart in South Italy, 1809: commanding royal engineer of London district, 1830: knighted, 1831; inspector-general of. railways, 1840; M.P., Chatham, 1857-68; colonel commandant, royal engineers, 1860; general, 1863; translated Marmout's Present State of the Turkish Empire 1839.
^ John Orrin Smith (1799–1843), wood-engraver : became a very delicate wood-engraver; illustrated Curmer'sPaul et Virginie 1835, Wordsworth'sGreece 1840, and other works.
^ John Prince Smith (1774?–1822), law reporter ; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1801; edited the Law Journal and king's bench reports, 1807.
^ John Prince Smith (1809–1874), political economist; advocated free trade principles hi Germany as a journalist; wrote several German works, and translated Hager's Political Economy 1844.
^ John Pye Smith (1774–1851), nonconformist divine: son of a Sheffield bookseller; theological tutor at Homerton College, 1806-51; publishedScripture Testimony to the Messiah 1818-21, andRelation between the Holy Scriptures and some parts of Geological Science 1839.
^ John Raphael Smith (1752–1812), portraitpainter and engraver; began life as a linendraper at Derby; made famous by his engravings after Reynolds, Romney, Gainsborough, and others: turned from miniature painting and engraving to crayon portrait drawing.
^ John Russell Smith (1810–1894), bookseller; sold topographical and philological books in Old Compton Street, Sobo, London; began publishing in Soho Square, London, 1842, retiring, 1884, when his Library of Old Authors(a series of reprints) was sold to William Reeves for l,000f. liii. 88 3
^ John Sidney Smith (1804–1871), legal writer ; M.A. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1850; barrister. Middle Temple, 1845; published a useful Treatise on the Practico of the Court of Chancery 1834-5.
^ John Stafford Smith UD (1760–1836), composer aii'l nri.-.i! antiquary; became orvumxtol Cnu Lon.loii, !*:; jiubli-h.M hi* *Muica
^ John Thomas Smith (1786–1811), topographical draiiKhtfltnan and aoti -: compiles! antiquities of London. 1791-1800: keeper of print, and drawings at i: published NoUekenaaiidhta Times 18J8, London. appoint.-.! M.i..--.iii.i8i and -Hook fur ultalny Day pwthumwft, 1841.
^ John Thomas Smith (1805-1882), colonel; Pal r:nt.-i,.i DCMbMrM Mlni-. mi r- irvins.il tir M.i'lr.i :H.M: *M MAI mtol Mfaf change, a ; and 1839: built a lighthouse mint; lieutenant-oolom-1. at r.ili-utte, 1866, greatly Improving honorary colonel, 1864; wrote on currency prof oudSyXi
^ John William Smith (1809–1846), legal writer; of Westminster School and Trinity College, Dublin; special pleader at Inner Temple: publishedCompendium Law 1884, and Leading Cases (Kali ed. 1896) and other works, showing great legal acumen and learning.
^ Joseph Smith (1670–1756), provost of Queen's Oxford: B.A. Queen's Colk*e, Oxford, 1694; diploma, 1697: fellow, 1698; made chaplain to Caroline, princess of Wales, 1715: -provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 1730-56; obtained several donations and legacies for the college; wrote works against deists and nonjurors.
^ Joseph Smith (1682–1770) British consul at Venice: known as a collector of objects of vertu: prepared, 1729, an exact reproduction of the 1627 edition of Boccaccio's Decameroue; British consul at Venice, 1740-60: his books and art treasures sold to George in, 1765. Most of hi* books are now In the King's Library at the British Museum.
^ Joseph Smith (1733?-1790) soldier: served as ensign under Cllve in Carnatic, 1752; captain, 1764; accompanied expedition under Lieutenant-colonel Heron to Madura, 1755: temporarily commanded garrison at Tri.-hinopoll, 1757; assisted In reduction of Karikal, 1760: major, 1760; colonel, 1766: commanded forces intended to co-operate with Nizam AH against Haidar All, 1776, nn! when Haidar joined the Nizam worsted the combined armies and concluded treaty with the Nizam, 1768; major-general: took Tanjore, 1773.
^ Joshua Toulmin Smith (1816–1869), publicist and constitutional lawyer: articled to a Birmingham solicitor; lectured in America: returned to England, 1814: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1849; devoted much time to sanitary and municipal reform, writing on Local Self Government and on The Parish; established the Parliamentary Remembrancer,* 1857; wrote on Gilds and in defence of the Hungarian movement and on geological and antiquarian subjects.
^ Josiah William Smith (1816–1887), legal writer: LL.B. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1841: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1841: bencher, 1861: Q.C., 1861; issued Manual of Equity," 1845, ofReal and Personal Property 1855, and of Common Law 1884
^ Sir Lionel Smith , baronet (1778–1842), Uentenant-geueral: served in West Indies and was made governor of Windward and Leeward islands, 1888, bat wa? unpopular as a favourer of slaves; created baronet, 1837; governor of Mauritius, 1840-2; G.OB 184 L :.!..r,j
^ Matthew Smith (1589–1640). royalist : barrister Inner Temple; member of the council of the north, 1639 left in manuscript two dramatic pieces and annotations on Littleton's Tenures HiL 76)
^ Matthew Smith (fl. 16MX Informer : trafficked in Jacobite secrets and charged Shrewsbury and Vernon with complicity and Jacobite designs of 1696: wrote tracts and extorted blackmail, but was effectually silenced in 1700.
^ Michael William Smith ( 1809–1891 X general served as colonel of dragoons during Indian mutiny mainlv in pursuit of Tantia Topi: O.R, 1869: general, 1877: wrote on Cavalry Outpost Drill and -Skirmish iiig 1867.
^ Miles Smith (. 1654). bishop of Qloocwter: of 67: D.D., 1694; became a distinguished oriental scholar and on* of translators of authorised version: conhop. 1I9: was oppossd to ceremonies and vred (i louoastor Cathedral to fall into decay, bat was .-.-::..:.!!..:. i..:.. UUt, 1646: produced a
^ Sir Montagu Edward Smith (1808–1891 judge: barrister. Gray's Ian. 188ft: beneher. MldUkTemple. 1868: M.I, Truro. 1819: mad* a iuotfot of com. o pleas by Lord Westbory, 186ft; knighted. 186*.
^ Percy Guillemard Llewellin Smith (1838-1893), general: lieutenant, royal engineers, 186ft: ncted defences at Portland, Portemouth, Malu: wrote notes on building construction (187ft-9); retiml with the honorary rank of major-general, 1887.
^ Philip Smith (1817–1886), writer on history: brother of Sir William Smith: BJL London. 1840: master of Mill Hill school: pabUshed Student * histories, 1862-78.
^ Pleasance Smith (1778–1877) centenarian: of Lowestoft: married, 1796, Sir James Edward Smith: was painted by Opie: published a memoir of her husband. 1882: retolnel her faculties until tl.,last, numbering among her friends Sarah Amain, WbewelL uid St.in-..-y.:u.l r.-a-.v:u ftmfl*Mjl fr-.m QflMB vTcftOI t, 1878.
^ Richard Smith (1500–1568), Roman catholic divine; fellow of Merton College, Oxford. 1527; M.A., 1530: D.D., 1536; retracted his views under Edward VI. but was restored as regius professor of divinity at Oxford by Queen Mary: combated Cranmer in argument: fled to Douay, 1559; became chancellor of university there, 1562; wrote many controversial works.
^ Richard Smith (1666–1666), bishop of Chalcedon: studied under Bellarmlne at Rome; chosen vicar-apostoUe for England and Scotland. 1626: resided at Turvey and at the French embassy, where his sermons drew larg* congregations. In spite of a proclamation for his arrest; being suspended by Pope Urban VIII for bis arbitrary treatment of the regular*, found refuge at the English Austin nunnery in Paris, and died there; wrote controversial works In English and In Latin.
^ Richard Smith or Smyth (1590-1675) book-collector; formed a valuable library In Little MoorflekU. London, catalogued and sold in 1682 for 1.4I4.: best known as the compiler of the Obituary of Kit-nan 1 Smyth (1G27-74X* extant in Sloane MS. 886 British Mu*rum, printed, 1849.
^ Richard Baird Smith (1818–1861) chief engineer at the siege of Delhi: fought at Aliwal and Sobraon. 1846, and at Chilianwala (1849), and Gujrat, during second Sikh war: during furlough wrote an elaborate report on Italian Irrigation 1862: appointed superintendent of canals in North- West Province*, 1864: proceeded from RurkL which he had successfully defended, to Delhi in June 1867, and forced on the bombardment and a*aalt in September in spite of a painful wound and reluctance of Sir Archdale Wilson to take responsibility: promoted colonel, 1869, and miut niAsu-r at Calcutta: made a survey of the great famine of 1861; left several works on Irrigation.
^ Richard John Smith (1786-1886) actor; known as O. Smith; seen as a boy as Ariel at Bath: after adventures as a sailor on the Gaboon river, and as a straffing player in the provinces, was engaged by Elllston at the Surrey, London, 1810: playedObiin melodrama awl The Bottle Imp * at the Lyceum, London: was eminent to $- s*to,r5em*,mo i trooprs, md InSim par* mostly at Drury Lane, London, or the Adelpbl, London: formed large dramatic collections now in British Mosmm.
^ Robert Smith (fl. 1689-1729), schoolmaster; educated at Marischal College. Aberdeen: became scbool
^ Robert Smith (1689–1768). mathematician and founder of Smith's prize at Cambridge; M.A. Trinity College. Cambridge, 1715; LL.D., 1723; D.D. per literas regii, 1739; became senior fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Plumian professor of astronomy, and master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1742; left large sums for university and college purposes, besides pictures and sculptures; wrote on Optics 1738, and Harmonics 1749.
^ Robert Smith , first BARON CARRINGTON (1752–1838), son of a banker; M.P., Nottingham, 1779-97; attached himself to Pitt and was rewarded by a peerage, ;;...,
^ Robert Angus Smith (1817-1 884), chemist ; was educated at his native Glasgow and under Liebig in Germany: Ph.D. Giessen, 1841; settled as consulting chemist in Manchester, 1844; studied organic impurities of the air: became inspector of alkali works, 1863: wrote on Disinfectants 1869, 4 Air and Rain 1872; did valuable work as pioneer chemist of sanitary science
^ Robert Archibald Smith (1780–1829), musical composer: became musical conductor at Paisley, and in 1823 at Edinburgh, where he also gave lessons; wrote sacred musio and melodies for songs by Tannahill and others.
^ Robert Henry Soden Smith (1822–1890), keeper of the art library. South Kensington; obtained his keepen-hip in 1868 and organised library, compiling Mjveral catalogues.
^ Sir Robert Murdoch Smith (1835–1900), majorgeneral, archiBologist, and diplomatist; educated at Glasirnw: obtained commission in royal engineers, 1855; i-ommandcd party of sappers which accompanied archaeological expedition under (Sir) Charles Thomas Newton . v.l to Asia Minor, and discovered real site of mausoleum ntHalk-arnassus, 1856-9: explored cities of the Cyreuaica in North Africa, 1860-1; employed on Persian section of line of telegraph from England to India, 1868; director of Persian telegraph at Teheran, 1865-86; director of Science and Art Museum, Edinburgh, 1885; director-in-chief of Indo-European telegraph department, 1887; retired from army as major-general, 1887; went on special mission to Persia to adjust differences arising from occupation of Jashk by British-Indian troops, 1887; K.C.M.G., 1888; published archaeological and other writings.
^ Robert Payne Smith (1819–1895). See Payne Smith.
^ Robert Percy Smith, known as Bobus Smith (1770–1846), advocate-general of Bengal; elder brother of Sydney Smith; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1797; barrister, Lincoln's Inn; appointed advocategeneral, 1803: returned home rich in 1810; M.P., Grantham. 1812, Lincoln, 1820-6; renowned for his wit and his Latin verses.
^ Robert Vernon Smith (afterwards Vernon), Baron Lyveden (1800–1873), son of Robert Percy Smith [q. v.]; studied at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; :.A.1S22: student. Inner Temple, 1822; M.P., Tralee, IK2-J and 1830, Northampton, 1831-59: junior lord of treasury under Melbourne; president of board of control under Palmuntou, 1865-8; raised to peerage, 1859.
^ Samuel Smith (1587–1620), writer on logic; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1612; M.B., 1620; wrote a manual of his subject, Oxford, 1613.
^ Samuel Smith (1584–1662?), ejected divine; of Rt. Mary Hall, Oxford; perpetual curate of Cound and Orewage, 1648; ejected at the Restoration; wrote sermons and edifying tracts in numbers, 1618-58.
^ Sir Sidney Smith (1764–1840). See William Sidney.
^ Stephen Smith (1623–1678), quaker and foreign merchant; travelled with George Fox and wrote pious
^ Stephen Oatter Smith 80N (1806–1872), porrait-painter; settled at Dublin; was very successful at or traits, first in black chalk, afterwards after Lawrence's ""inner; president of Royal Hibernian Academy, 1859 1864.
^ Sydney Smith (1771–1845), canon of St. Paul's ; educated at Winchester Cuik-.ro and Now College, Oxford; fellow of New College. Oxford, 1791; took orders, 1791; lecame tutor to Michael Hicks Beach, residing at Edinburgh, where he was intimate with Jeffrey, Brougham, and Homer; projected, and with the first two of these started the Edinburgh.Review 1802; proceeded to London, though his resources were slender, 1803; lectured on moral philosophy at Royal Institution to large audiences, 1801-6, and shone among whigs at Holland House; published the Plymlev Lettersin defence of catholic emancipation, 1807; settled at his living of Fosbrooke, near York, 1808; was given a prebend at Bristol, 1828, and made a canonresidentiary of St. Paul's, London, 1831; followed Paley iu theology; a reformer, but opposed the ballot; published sermons and other writings, taking a purely secular view of the religious establishment; known, liked, and honoured, for his manliness, honesty, and exuberant drollery and wit.
^ Theophilus Ahijah Smith (1809–1879), philanthropist; sou of George Charles Smith; aided his father at SailorsSociety and became secretary of the Protestant Association.
^ Theyre Townsend Smith (1798–1852), divine: originally a presbyterian; studied at Glasgow University and QueensCollege, Cambridge; M.A., 1830: became Hulscan lecturer, 1839, and vicar of Vymondham, 1848; published lectures and sermons.
^ Sir Thomas Smith (1513–1577), statesman, scholar and author; became fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1530; M.A., 1533; public orator at Cambridge, 1538; went to Paris and Padua (D.C.L. Padua), and endeavoured to reform Greek pronunciation at Cambridge; became regius professor of civil law and vice-chancellor, 1544; appointed secretary of state, 1548; knighted, 1548; went on several missions abroad; lived in retirement during Queen Mary's reign, and resigned his post as provost of Eton; sent ambassador to France by Queen Elizabeth, 1562, returning to England, 1566; readmitted to privy council, 1571, and reappointed secretary of state, 1572. Six years after his death was published (in English) his important work on the Tudor constitution, De Republica Anglorum.
^ Sir Thomas Smith (1556?–1609), master of requests; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1578; became Latin secretary, and wt;s knighted in 1603.
^ Sir Thomas Smith or Smythe (1558?-1625),, merchant; son of a Loud on haberdasher; acquired wealth by trade; elected first governor of East India Company, October 1600: acquitted of the charge of complicity in Essex's rebellion; knighted, 1603; re-elected governor, 1603, and made trear-irer of Virginia Company, 1620; amassed a fortune and endowed a free school and charities atTonbridge.
^ Thomas Smith (fl. 1600–1627), soldier ; published The Art of Gunnery 1600 (with additions, 1627).
^ Thomas Smith (1615–1702), bishop of Carlisle: M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1639; chaplain to Charles II: became dean, 1672, and, 1684, bishop of Carlisle: endowed Carlile grammar school.
^ Thomas Smith (1. 1708), captain in the navy and renegade; did good service by gaining intelligence of French fleet off Brest, 1693; obtained a small command, but was neglected and eventually dismissed for irregularities in 1703; joined a French privateer, 1707, captured the English ship Nightingale, and in her was taken and subsequently executed.
^ Thomas Smith (1638–1710), nonjuring divine and scholar; became a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1667; M.A., 1663; D.D., 1683: went for three years toConstantinople as chaplain, 1668; was ejected from Magdalen as nn anti-papist in 1688, but refused to subscribe oaths to William and Mary; became librarian of the Cottonian Library; wrote learned works on the Turks, 1672, on the Seven Churches and on the Greek church r left valuable books and manuscripts to his friend Thomas Hearne.
^ Thomas Smith (d. 1762), admiral ; obtained popularity by compelling a French corvette to salute British flag near Plymouth, 1728; became commander-in-chief iir the Downs, 1755, and next year presided at court-martini of Admiral Byng; admiral of the blue, 1757.
^ Thomas Smith (. 1767), known as B Derby landscape-painter: paint. Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Yorkshire..:
^ Thomas Assheton Smith (1776–1858), sportsman; of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford: M.IVAndover, iwi-si, OarnarTOWblre, 1832-41; a great cricketer: hagaa* mart* of Goon trasfe liM Lt,x. BaopaUn pa.-k ut Penton, 1826, and afterward* at Ted worth; greatly improved bin Carnarvonshire estate*, and Intro SjMd onto ta MM Uii. 14J
^ Thomas Barry Cusack-Smith - (179S-1MI), judge: son of Sir William Cusac Smith [q. v.]; B.A., Trinity College, Dublin, 1811; twouM tttoni. iMBrf for Ireland, 1842; prosecuted 0*0000011: M.P. for Klpoa; of the rolls.
^ Thomas South Wood Smith (1788–1861), sanitary reformer; became Unitarian minister at Edinburgh and at the same time studied medicine, graduating M.D., i-;.: helped ko had ON Wwertnrtat Berl; 1SH The Useful Knowledge Soeteand Th *Jj'9i wrote valuable works on epldamlcs and sanitary improvements; Bentham left his body by will to Smith for Jim lion hi 183S.
^ Walter Smith (. 152X author of an account (verse) of a roguish adventuress, "The Widow Bdyth, Tweloe Merry Ge*tys 1525.
^ Wentworth Smith (. 1601–1623), dramatist ; wrote. In partnership with others, numerous plays for the Admiral's Company at the Rose Theatre, London: also wrote The Hector of Germanie (published, 1615) and one or two other plays printed as by W. Smith.
^ William Smith or Smyth (1460?–1514), bishop of Lincoln and co-founder of Brasenose College, Oxford; educated in a noble family: became a member of Henry VH'a council. 1486; bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1493; chancellor of Oxford University. 1495; translated to Lincoln, 1496; became lord president of Wales, 1501; with Richard Button in 1518 founded Brasenose College, Oxford, the first statutes of which he drew up. He had made other charitable bequests, but is said to have peopled Lincoln Cathedral with William Smiths, probably his kinsmen.
^ William Smith (. 1596), poet: a disciple of Spenser: published (1596) a collection of sonnets called 'Chloris'. One of these, a description of the world, hod appeared In "The Pbanlx-nest, 1 1595, signed *W. S., gentleman
^ William Smith (1550?–1618), herald: educated at Oxford University: created Rouge Dragon, 1597; wrote on the county palatine of Chester, 1585 (work printed, 1656), besides many genealogical works.
^ William Smith (fl. 1660), author; wrote, In defence of the Quakers, 4 The Wisdom of the Earthly Wise confounded, 1 1679.
^ William Smith (rf. 1673), quaker ; joined quakers, 1658; frequently Imprisoned, many times in Nottingham gaol, where he wrote voluminous tracts.
^ William Smith (fl. 1696), actor: joined the Duke of York's company under Sir William D'Avenant; created many part* In plays by Dryden, Etherege, Otway, and Lee; played successively at Dorset Garden, London, Theatre Royal, London, and Little Lincoln's Inn Fields, London: quitted the stage, 1685-95, owing to a cabal of Mohawks against him; was persuaded by Betterton and Congreve to reappear, and was cordially welcomed as Scandal in Love for Love
^ William Smith (fl. 1726), surveyor to Royal African Company; issued a survey of Guinea, 1726.
^ William Smith (1651?-1735) antiquary : fellow of University College, Oxford, 1675; M.A 1675: published Annals of his college, 1728.
^ William Smith (1707–1764), painter ; brother of George Smith (1713-1776) of Chichester: practised portraiture in London and Gloucester.
^ William Smith (1711–1787) translator from the Greek; M.A. New College, Oxford, 1737; D.D., 17W; feHMH l.-.-.nf ".. r. MB;,i'l.-1 i.:._:.. 1...:....... V,..;,....;..
^ William Smith (1730?-1819), actor; * -.:..,,:!...., OeVeferUbm vhsMi hi M PS*** if M - oast Ipnojej Barry; after playing there twenty-one years appeared at Drury Lane. London, under Garrick as Btohar ,...,;..;...,........:.;.,;., notoriety by marrying the steer of a 1774, ,;
^ William Smith (1756–1834) politician : son of a crobant; M.P. Sudbury. 1784-90. Camelford, irx..:.!.:r-.. ir... ISM, la. ". If, -. LSOr, ISIS,:-. 18JO, and 1826-30: became a follower of Fox, a defender :!:-.--...--. --..;..;..r: opposed the war with France: attacked Souther ns a reneemde: friend of Samuel Rogers, Wilberforce, Sir James Stephen, Opie, and Cotman.
^ William Smith (1769-1839), geologist and engineer; obtained as a oanal surveyor a great insight into stratigraphy, and projected a grmt map of Biwllsh became known as an authority on drainage and Irr an extensive practice as an published, 1816, obtaining by it wide fame as a geologist: gave lectures from 1824-8, when he became land-steward of the Haokness estate; obtained the Wollaston medal. 1831. and a pension from the government; his fossils bought by the British Museum; the real founder of stratigraphical geology.
^ William Smith (1808–1876). printseller: sold the Sheepshanks (Dutch and Flemish portions) and other collections of engravings to British Museum,and took part in managing the Art Union of Londou atvl In establishing the National Portrait Gallery; F.S.A., 1852.
^ Sir William Smith (1813–1893), lexicographer; educated at University College, London, and Gray's Inn; contributed toPenny Cyclopedia edited classical texts, and wrote a lar re portion of Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities(1842); brought oat subsequently dictionaries of Greek and Roman biography, ot the bible, of Ctiristian antiquities and Christian biography: became adviser to John Murray, Initiating the Principle series and the * Student's manuals: knighted, 1892; annotated Gibbon; editor of the Quarterly Review 1367-93.
^ William Smith (1816–1896), actuary and translator of Fichte; was apprenticed to a bookseller, but became in 1847 manager of the Law Life Assurance Association; win known in Edinburgh as a strong liberal; mode a mark in letters by translating the works of Fichte for John Chapman's Catholic Series
^ Sir William Cusac Smith, second baronet (1766-1836), Irish judge; of Eton and Chrixt Chu ford; B.A., 1788; a friend of Hiirke: was made i. entered parliament (Donegal). 1795: rolici tor-general, 1800; baron of exchequer. 1HU1; unsuccessfully attacked for showing political bias by o'Connell: wrote verm and pamphlets iu defence of union.
^ William Henry Smith (1808–1872), philosopher and poet; educated at Glasgow; knew M. Mill; wrote largely forHlackwood is known by two philosophical dialogues,Thorndale* and * Gravcnhiirrt, 1857 and 1861, and by the memoir prviixcd to Graveahurst In 1875 by Smith's widow.
^ William Henry Smith (1825–1891 Xt*teman : entered his father's news agency business in Strand. l*il (junior partner, 1846): developed profits enormously by pecuring railway bookstall monopoly, and developing a circulating library: M.P. for Westminster from 186*; member of first Londou school board, 1Disraeli's cabinet as first lord of admiralty, 1877: first lord of treasury and leader of the House: un IT Imi Salisbury as premier In 1886. His widow WM created Viscountess Hambleden, 1891.
^ William Robertson Smith ( 1846-1 894 X theologian and Semitic scholar: educated at Aberdfv burgh (New College), and Bonn: was also much Uv by RitMhlfltfl MtafH bMm(lS70)praAi r of Old Testament exegesis at the Free Church College, AbenlcctMin.l: member of the Old Tetament revision commiuuissed from his Aberdeen chair in : character of his biblical articles in .taiiniealth *!), of which work be became co-editor with Spencer Bayiies. in issl; proof Arabic at Cambridge from 1883.
^ Sir William Sidney Smith, known as Smith (1764–1840) admiral ; entered navy, 1777: fought at St. Vincent, 1780, at Dominica, 1782; studied French at Caen, 1785-7; pent home with despatches after evacuation of Toulon, 1793; captured off Havre in 179G while conducting a cutting-out expedition from the Diamond frigate and imprisoned two years in the Temple, Paris; upon his escape, 1798, was put in command of the Tigre in Levant: undertook defence of Saint Jean d'Acre, May 1799, and finally after heroic efforts repulsed the French: served subsequently mainly in Mediterranean and Lisbon; theatrical and fond of self-laudation, but brave and energetic: admiral, 1821; G.O.6., 1838: died at Paris and was buried in the Pere Lachaise.
^ William Tyler Smith (1816–1873), obstetrician; M.B. London, 1840: M.D., 1848; became physician at St. Mary's Hospital; wrote for Lancet and expanded his papers into Manual of Obstetrics 1858; helped to found Obstetrical Society of London, and tried to promote Seaford into a popular watering-place,
^ Willoughby Smith (1828–1891), telegraphic engineer; entered Gutta Percha Company service and had charge of cable-laying and electrical department, introducing many improvements; assisted in laying Dover and Calais cables, 1849-51; wrote on. theProgress of Submarine Telegraphy 1891.
^ James George Smith-Neill (1810–1857). See Neill.
^ Harriet Constance Smfthson (afterwards Madame Berlioz) (1800–1854), actress : born at Eniiis ; first seen at the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin, in 1815, when she played Lady Teazle: was engaged by Elliston at Birmingham, and appeared at Drury Lane, London, on 20 Jan. 1818 as Letitia Hardy; seen to great advantage in the provinces in such parts as Desdemona; played at Boulogne and Calais, 1824, and in 1828 accompanied Macready to Paris; reappeared there at the Theitre Italien- and *leou in 1832, playing Jane Shore, Juliet, and Ophelia, and created a furore of some months duration at Paris, where her Irish accent was unperceived. Hector Berlioz, the composer, became enamoured of la belle Smidson and in October 1833 married her at the British embassy, Paris. She was separated from her husband in 1840, but was supported by him until her death.
^ Sir Hugh Smithson , afterwards Percy, first Duke of Northumberland, of the third creation (17151786).
^ James Smithson , known in early life as James Lewis or Louis Macie (1765–1829), founder of Smithsonian Institution at Washington; illegitimate son of Hugh Smithson Percy, duke of Northumberland; torn in France but matriculated from Pembroke College, Oxford, as James Louis Macie in 1782; was already distinguished as a student of mineralogy and chemistry by 1786; F.R.S., 1786; contributed valuable analyses to the 4 Philosophical Transactions(1802-17), and eighteen articles to Thomson's Annals of Philosophy(1819-25); spent much time abroad in Berlin, Rome, Florence, Geneva, and, latterly, Paris, among his correspondents being Davy, Gilbert, Banks, Thomson, Black, Arago, Biot, and Klaproth; died and was buried at Genoa. His politics appear to have been republican, and by his will he lft over 100.000. to the United States of America to found at Washington, as the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. The institution was inaugurated in 1846, and the handsome buildings now comprise a national museum (mainly soological and ethnological) and an astrophysical observatory. His own scientific papers nearly all perished in a fire at the institution in 1865.
^ Caspar Smitz (rf. 1707?), painter; of Flemish origin; exhibited fruit and flower pieces, also small portrait*, and penitent Magdalenes, mainly in London and Dublin.
^ Sir James Smollett (1648–1731), provost of Dumbarton; an active supporter of the revolution: knighted ty William 111, luy.s. and made judge of commissary court, Edinburgh: commissioner of the union,. 1707; M.I, Dumbarton; settled at Bonuill.
^ Tobias George Smollett (1721–1771), novelist ; grandson of Sir James Smollett; born at Dalquhurn, Cardross; educated at Glasgow University: proceeded to London with a play to make his fortune, 1 7.T.): sailed as surgeon on the Cumberland in Ogle's West Indii, squadron, 1741-3; settled as surgeon in Downing Street; publishedRoderick Random a novel of eccentric and picaresque order, inspired by Gil Bias 1748; published 'Peregrine Pickle 1751,Ferdinand Count Fathom 1753,Sir Launcelot Greaves 1762, andHumphrey Clinker 1771; settled at Chelsea, 1753, and undertook vast labours as a compiler, founding The Critical Heview 1756, and bringing out a largeHistory of Englandin 1757; imprisoned for libel, 1759; edited tiunsuccessful Briton 1762; went abroad, 1763, and published ably written Travels 1766, and a coarse and ruthless satire on public affairs in England from 1754 to 1769 entitledAd ventures of an Atom 1769; revisited Scotland and Bath in 1766; left England, 1769, and died at Mmt. Nero, near Leghorn, on 17 Sept. 1771. As a novelist he had a vigorous originality and power of characterisation which often degenerated into caricature; few imaginative; writers have had more numerous imitators,
^ Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819–1900), astronomer; son of William Henry Smyth q. v; born at Naples; assistant in Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, 1835; astronomer-royal for Scotland, 18451888; made experiments at Teneriffe on telescopic vision, 1856; elected F.R.S., 1857, but resigned, 1874, on tho society denying him the reading of a paper on his interpretation of the design of theGreat Pyramid member of Royal Astronomical Society, 1846; hou. LL.D. Edinburgh: published Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid 1864,. Teneriffe, an Astronomical Experiment 1858, and numerous other writings.
^ Edward Smyth (1749–1812), sculptor; son of a Meath stonecutter; worked under Simon Vierpyl and Henry Darley, and was employed by James Gandon toexecute sculpture for the Dublin custom house (1700-70). for the Irish parliament house, the town courts, the castle chapel, O'Connell Bridge, and other buildings. 1-1821 ),medi
^ James Carmichael Smyth (1741- 1821) Medical writer; born in Fifeshire; M.D. Edinburgh, 1764: travelled abroad; appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital, 1768; voted 5,OOO£. by parliament (1802) for experiments with nitrous acid gas for prevention of contagion in cases of fever; wrote several treatises on this subject, 1780 and 1805, establishing his claim to priority as a discoverer; added his mother's name Smyth to his own surname Carmichael; was one of George Ill's physicians: F.R.S., 1779.
^ Smyth Sm JAMES CARMICHAEL, first baronet (1779-1838), governor of British Guiana; eldest son of James Carmichael Smyth; entered the royal artillery from Woolwich, 1794: transferred to royal engineers, 1795; after service against the Dutch in South Africa (1790) was promoted and (1805) joined Sir David Baird's. expedition to the Cape of Good Hope as commanding royal engineer; was absent from the battle of Blaauw-* ber-r, but greatly assisted Baird after the surrender of Capetown, and repaired the defences of Table Bay: was with Sir John Moore at Coruna; served in the expedition to Holland, 1814; responsible for the assault of Bergen-op-Zoom on 8 March; subsequently strengthened Antwerp. and other fortresses against the French; served on Wellington's staff at Quatre Bras and Waterloo, entered Pari? with him, and commanded royal engineers at Cambray until December 1816; created baronet, 1821: made governor of the Bahamas, 1829, and of British Guiana. 1833, where he carried through with firmness the emancipation of slaves; died at George Town, Demerara.
^ John Smyth ( 1771?-l834?), sculptor; son of Edward Smyth; executed statues for public buildings in Dublin.
^ Smyth JOHN ROWLAND (1806-1873), lieutenant general; educated at Trinity Coll.v, Dublin; n.t.-n-l If.th liUKvrs, IM-JI; Nrrv.il.11 Canada:uil in tti. (1843) and Siithrj (1846) campaign*; budly -. Aliwal Iwidiiika -h;irge with ma regiment ag. Sikh cavalry;.-..luii.-l of Ctu dragoon guards, 1868; lieutenant-general, 1870.
^ John Talfourd Smyth lM9?-1851) a self-taught but finished engraver; worked njion plates tor th- Art.Journal after Wilkie, Mulready, and others at Edinburgh.
^ Sir Leicester Smyth (1829–1891 X general ; educated at Eton; entered the rifle brigade, 1845; served in the Kaffir war, lighting at Berea, 1862: wa aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan, fought at Alma atid Inkerman. and brought home despatches on the (all of SebMtopol; assistant military secretary in UM Ionian island*, 18Mi-;i. oomnanbd at th.-V.i;.., 1880 I; MM tt ih commissioner for South Africa. 1883-3; K.C.M.G., 1884; general, 1888; K.OA, 1886; appointed governor of Gibraltar. Llni. 188
^ Patrick James Smyth (18J6-1886), IrUh politician: joined the Repeal Association, 1844, siding with the Young Ireland party: after the failure of the insurrection of 1848 escaped to America disguised u a drover: wrote for Irish journals In America; visited Tasmania and planned the escape of John Mltchel: returned to Ireland, 1856, and for a short time owned "The Irishman M.P., Westmeath, 1871-8U, Tippernry, 1880-8; a founder of the Royal Geographical Society ( 1890), a - of the Society of nt i i.iri.*, cxmtril IIUIII.T..I- j,:i.-r- t I.-,-.- also onTlH- Cy.-l.- of Vl.-t: galnM i!.- *u....... raneair i I -., rlM?).
^ Richard Smyth (1826–1878), Irish politician: studied at Bonn and Glasgow (M.A., 1850): became (1870) Dill professor of theology, Magee College, Londonderry, and moderator of the presbyterian church: supported Gladstone's Irish policy as M.P. for Londonderry, 1874-8.
^ Robert Brough Smyth (18:iO-1889), mining surveyor; worked In Derwent ironwork?, migrated to Victoria, 1852, and became secretary and inspector of mines (1870) and director of geological fnrvey; went subsequently to India and helped to promote a disastrous boom in gold-mines there: wrote Ituudbooks for prospectors and handbooks to gold-fields, and a work on aborigines of Victoria, 1878.
^ Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth (1817–1890), mineralogist: born nt Naples: son of William HiMirv Smyth: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1844: studied geology In Germany on Wort* foundation, and was appointed mining geologist to the geological survey, 1844; appointed (1851) lecturer on mining in the school of mines, and Inspector of crown mineral?, 1857; appointed mineral surveyor to tho duchy of Cornwall, of which he liad an unrivnlle.1 geological knowledge, 1852; knighted, 1887; wrote, besides a treatise on coal-mining (1866), a pleasant record ofA Year with the Turks(1854), describing his own travels of ten years back. UN- 19 1
^ William Smyth (1765–1849), professor of modern history at Cambridge;: son of a Liverpool banker; eighth wrangler, Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1787: M.A., 1790; his father's bank having failed, went as tutor to Richard Brinsley Sheridan's elder son Thomas, and had frequent skirmishes with the great wit while attempting to obtain arrears of salary; was tutor of Peterhouse, 1806; made regius professor of modern history, 1807. His lectures on modern history (2 vols. 1840) were revised by Professor Adam Sedgwlck; his lectures on tin- Fn-noh revolution were published, 1840. He was very popular in society, talked well, gave concerts, and wrote verses, publishing English Lyrics in 1797.
^ William Henry Smyth (1788–1865), admiral and scientific writer; served in Kast India Company's ship Cornwallis, 1804; was transferred in it to the navy. 1805; saw active service in the East: after service off Spain made commander, 1815. and appointed to rorvey coasts of Sicily and adjacent shores of Italy and Africa, his results appearing In aMemoir of the Resources, Inhabitants, and Hydrography of Sicily and its Islands and 'A Sketch of Sardinia 1828 -.promoted post-captain and retired from active service. Devoting himself to tin- life of a savant, he became vice-president of the Royal.Society, St. John's College, Cambridge, where be wrote promising verse; M.A. jure natalium, 1840; M.P., Canterbury, 1841; became one of Disraeli's Young England party, and { was the type of the heroin Coningsby, 1844; became foreign under-secretary In Peel's second ministry, followed Peel in 1846, broke with Disraeli's party, and committed political suicide by his abstention from debate; fought with Colonel Frederick Komllly the last duel In England, 1852: from 1847 wrote much and brilliantly in I the press (especiallyMorning Chronicle and in the reviews. 8MYTHE, JAMES MOORE (1702-1734), playwright; i third son of Arthur Moore: a well-known fop of the Queen Anne period: wrote for Drury Lane Theatre, London, a dull comedy, 1 The Hival Modes(January 1727), which brought him 400. (for hU creditors) and the lasting resentment of Pope (seeDunciadand second Moral Essay.
^ David Smythe, Lord Methven (1746–180$),' raised to Scots bench as Lord Methven, ..:.:.:.,. 17!n.
^ Emily Anne Smythe, viscountess Strangford (d. 1887), daughter of Hlr Francis Beaof : married Percy Ellen Frederick daughter of Kir Francis Beaofor i,,.,rr:..l I:.-. I..:,,, MsJtfM W.K.ain Chth vlaooont Ktrangfonl of Ireland q. v.), descendant of the Beaufort* of the erosads* VM 1+fW l.y tl.,.,..itr..,r,-. o:.I.rt,.,:.-m t!.,-.,r.j,-r Of tfal Holy Sepulchre: organised a fund for the relief of the Bulgarian peasants, 187; went to the seat of war in Turkey, 1877, in order to superintend a hospital she bad established for Turkish soldiers: died at IBB. SbepnbllshedEgyptian Sepulchres ami Syrian Shrine* 186L and a work on the eastern snores of the Adriatic. :
^ George Augustus Frederick Percy Sydney Smythe, seventh viscount Strangford and second Baron Penshurst (1818-1857) born at Stockholm, where his father was minister: went to Eton and lost popularity in Ireland through his hostility to Parnell uud the Land League.
^ Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, sixth Viscount Strangford and first Baron Penshurst (1780-1855). diplomatist; entered the service fromTrum I lege, Dublin (B.A 1800), and became secretary of legation i at Lisbon, 1802; published Poems from the Portuguese I of Camoens a smooth version (often reissued), 1U03; while at Lisbon counselled prince regent of Portugal to sail for Brazil (November 1807), and later, at Canning's desire, drew up a report, which was much contested, of Portuguese situation; became ambawador at Stockholm, I 1817, at Constantinople, 1820; and at St. Petersburg fora few months only, 1824: friend of Moore, Croker, and I Rogers: devoted his leisure Utterly to literature, and I edited Household Expenses of Princes* Elisabeth for Camden Society.
^ Percy Ellen Frederick William Smythe, eighth Viscount Strangford and third Baron Penshurst (1826-1889) philologist; youngest son of Perry Clinton Sydney Smythe, sixth viscount Strangford ? went from Merton College, Oxford, as stodent attach* at Constantinople, and became oriental ecretanr there, 8571868: mastered Fenian, Gret-k, Turkish, Arabic, Hindustani, and other extern tongm*: wrote brill, topici of the near East, mainly forPall Mall Gazette and contributed chapters toEastern Shores of the Adriatic(1863), written by his wife, Emily Anne, vtacountess Strangford
^ Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe (1705–1778) judge: B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, from Inner Temple, 1724; became K.aaud a and M.P. for East Grinrtead, 1747; chief baron, 1772; resigned, 1777.
^ William James Smythe (1816–1887), general; entered Woolwich from Antrim, 1880; obtained coming rion In royal artillery, 1881; served in Kaffir war, 183&, St. Helena, Nova Scotia, and on royal comnMon upon; Military education abroad, 1856; went to Fiji to report OMNtcenion to Kiurhm.l, 1*39; made meteorological observations, and iilH-rvi.M'i lis wife Sarah.Maria Smythe's Ten Months in Fiji Islands(1864); after four years in India Kitted in Ireland; colonel, R.A., 1880, retired general, 1881; left S,OOW. to the Royal Irish Academy,
^ Charles Alan Smythies (1844–1894), bishop of Zniizitwr: born In London; educated at Felsted, Trinity Oolleoe. Cambridge (B.A., 1866), and Cuddeedon; became vicarof Roath, near Cardiff, 1880; sailed for Zanzibar as Mcond bishop of universities mission in Central Africa, in succession to Bishop Edward Steere, 1884; worked with the jrreateat energy at organising the mission and training native teachers, travelling thousands of miles on foot; raised 11,000* in England for a suffragan bishop for Nyasa district, 1890; succumbed to malarial fever, May 1894, and was buried at sea between Zanzibar and Aden.
^ Thomas Snagge (1536–1592), speaker of House of Commons; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1554: at Gray's Inn, IMS,double reader 1574; M.P., Bedfordshire, 1571; attorney-general for Ireland, 1577-80; serjeant-at-law and treasurer of his inn, 1580, being at the time M.P. for Bedford; was chosen speaker, holding the office for two session*, 1588.
^ Andrew Snape (1675-1742), provost of King's College, Cambridge; educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge: M.A., 1697; D.D., 1705; master of Eton, 1711; gave offence at court by his attacks on Benjamin Hoadly (1676-1761),and was removed from the list of royal chaplains; chosen provost of King's College, Cambridge, 1719.
^ Edmund Snape (ft. 1576–1608), puritan : went to Jersey and framed a Calvinistic discipline for Huguenot ministers there; M.A. Merton College, Oxford, 1584; summoned with Oartwright before high commission for attempting to introduce presby terian usages into England, and was imprisoned for a short while, 1590.
^ William Snatt (1645–1721), nonjuring divine; graduated from Magdalen College, Oxford (B. A, 1664); vicar of Seaford, loll); associated with Jeremy Collier in giving absolution to Parkyns and Friend, conspirators against William III in 1696; found guilty of serious misdemeanour, but treated leniently.
^ Hannah Snell (1723-1 792), female soldier; stated in a chap-book history of her adventures, issued in 1750, to have enlisted in 1745, to have served in the fleet, and to have received a pension for wounds received at Pondicherry. The facts were much embellished, but there was probably a kernel of truth as in the cases of Phoebe Hessel, Christian Davies, and Mary Anne Talbot. Hannah, who was thrice married, died in Bedlam.
^ John Snell (1629–1679), founder of Snell exhibitions at Balliol College, Oxford; studied at Glasgow University; fought on the royalist side at Worcester; secretary to Monmouth; left estates in trust for the further education of Glasgow scholars at Oxford. In 1G93 chanoery decided that Suell exhibitions should go to Balliol College. riiii. 206
^ Thomas Snelling (1712-1773), numismatist; nokl book and coins, on which he wrote several treatises published, 1757-76, at 163 Fleet Street, London; chief works, threeViews respectively of silver, gold, and copper coins of England, 1762, 1763, 1766.
^ John Snetzler or Johann (1710?-1774?), organ-builder; native of Passau; settled in England and built fine organs at Lynn (1754), Halifax (1766), and St. 'Martin's, Leicester (1774).
^ John Snow (1813–1858), anaesthetist; M.D. London, 1844; discovered that cholera was communicated by contaminated water, and introduced scientific use of ether (firrt adopted in America) into English surgery practice, 4846-7; publishedChloroform and other Anesthetics 1868.
^ William Parker Snow (1817–1895), mariner, explorer, and writer; born at Poole; after a wild life in the Australian bush and in West Africa became a literary amanuensis in London, transcribing for Macaulay the flrrt two volumes of the History; served on a Franklin vessel, 1850, and subsequently on a missionary ship off Patagonia; wrote for New York booksellers I between 1858 and 1864; wrote also on Arctic subjects ami on (1857)Tierradel Fuego
^ John Snowden (1558–1626). See John Cecil (priest).
^ Henry Soames (1785–1860), ecclesiastical historian; son of a shoemaker; passed from St. IVil's School, London, to Wadham College, Oxford (M.A., IHlu); became Bamptoii lecturer and chancellor of St. Paul's, London, 1842; edited Mosheim, 1841 (4th ed. by Stulihs, 1863), and wrote History of Reformation 1826-8, A nloSaxoii Church 1835, and Elizabethan Religious History 1839.
^ George Soane (1790–1860), miscellaneous author ; son of Sir John Soane; B.A. Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1811; writer of numerous novels, plays, and translations.
^ Sir John Soane (1753–1837), founder of Soane Museum; son of a mason named Swan; taken into George Dance's office; gained Royal Academy silver medal for nn architectural drawing, and went to Rome in 1777 as travelling student; after a wealthy marriage became, in 1788, architect of the Bank of England, rebuilding the whole structure and gaining a great reputation for the work; R.A., 1802; succeeded Dance as professor of architecture at the Academy, 1806, and began to collect the museum of paintings (including Hogarth'sRake's Progress and Election, sculpture, drawings, and gems in a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, which in 1833 he presented with its contents to the nation; knighted, 1831. In philanthropic endeavour Soane was munificent, but he is said to have declined a baronetcy in order to spite his son George Soane
^ Gerard Soest (d. 1681), portrait-painter ; native of Soest, near Utrecht; came to London in 1656 and obtained many commissions; painted Colonel Blood and Bishop Cartwright, and might have rivalled Lely but for his uncouth demeanour.
^ Daniel Charles Solander (1736–1782), botanist: native of Norrland, in Sweden; noticed by Linnaeus at Upsala, and recommended by him to naturalists in England, where he arrived in 1760; familiarised English botanists with Linnean system, and was made assistant-librarian to catalogue naturalhistory collections at British Museum, employing a deputy there from 1768, when he accompanied (Sir) Joseph Banks on Cook's voyage in Endeavour; went with Banks to Iceland, 1772, and became his secretary and librarian in Soho Square, London, until in 1773 he was made keeper of printed books at the British Museum.
^ Moses Solanus or MOISE DU SOUL (d. 1735?), Greek scholar; a refugee from Saumur; came from Amsterdam to England; was encouraged by Bentley; projected an elaborate Lucian and published a fine edition of Plutarch's Lives (5 vols. London, 1729).
^ William Sole (1741-1802), botanist; educated at King's School, Ely; went as surgeon to Bath to be near his relative, Christopher Anstey the poet; studied grasses, and issued (1798) his chief botanical work, Menthae Britannicae
^ Edward Solly (1819–1886), chemist and antiquary; studied chemistry at Berlin; lectured at Royal Institution, 1841; publishedRural Chemistry 1843; professor of chemistry at Addiscombe, 1845-9; had a large antiquarian library; wrote much in Notes and Queries and edited Titles of Honour (1879) for Index Society.
^ Samuel Solly (1805–1871), surgeon; son of Isaac Solly, a Baltic merchant; apprenticed to Benjamin Travers of St. Thomas's Hospital, London, and became surgeon and lecturer there (1853). He was F.R.S; (1836) and president of Royal Medical and Chirurgieal Society, 1867-8. A good clinical teacher and operator, he wroteSurgical Experiences 1865, and prof, -s OM;II treatises.
^ Thomas Solly (1816–1875), philosophical writer ; after studying at Caiut* College, Cambridge, ami Inner Temple (barrister, 1841), became lecturer on English language and literature at Berlin University, 1843; published a Syllabus of Logic 1839,A Coronal of English Verse 1864, and other works, and contributed to Coon's Shakespeare in Germany
^ Thomas Solme or Soleman (d. 1541). See Soulemont.
^ Thomas Solme (fl. 1540-1553), see Some.
^ Heinrich Maastricht Solms, count of Solms-Braufels (1636-1693) general in the Dutch service;.-ntered Dutch army, e. 167U, ro*e to be general, 1680, sailed with Prince of Orange, October 1688, and led Dutch guards into Westminster; be was distinguished at the Iioyne, but much cemmrul for not supporting English brigade under Mackay at Steinkirk; died from a cannon-shot woand at Neerwinden.
'^ Abraham Solomon (18M-1862), painter; learned bis art in SaaCs school, Bloomsbury, London; exhibited game ami costume canvases regularly nt Hoyal Academy, 1841-62. He waa a good colourUt, and sltowed.marked advance in some of hi* luU-r pictures, especially * Waiting for the Verdict 1857.
^ Saint Solus (.. 700?), on English monk who settled in Suabia under Charles the Great.
^ Robert Some (1542–1609), master of IVterhotwc, Cambridge; fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge, IMS; M.A., 1505; D.D.. I.-.HU; appointed marter of Peterbonse, Cambridge, 1589, and wa* vice-chancellor four time*; steered a middle courm? between hih Aiiu'licun-i un.l puritans; wrote a Treatise of tin- - 1682), and, trir.l to interpose us moderator m Mar-1'relate controversy i (1688).
^ Thomas Some or Solme (fl. 1540-1563) protestant divine; an unwilling monk, took up advanced protestant views; an active preacher under Edward VI; fled abroad on Mary's accession; his treatise, the Lord's Flail burned by Bonner, 1546.
^ Henry Somer (fl. 1407-1413), chancellor of the exchequer; friend of Hoccleve and possibly of Chaucer; made baron of exchequer, 1407, chancellor, 1413.
^ John Somer , Semur, or Somerarius (fl. 1380) Minorite astronomer; of Oxford; wrote a calendar, dated 1380, with astronomical tables.
^ Paul van Somer (1576–1621 ). See Van Somer.
^ Lawrence Somercote, Swinercote or Somerton (fl. 1254) canonist; canon of Chicbester, 1247; wrote on " Canonical Election of Bishops 1254.
^ Robert Somercote or Ummarcote (d. 12-11), cardinal; of English birth; favoured by Langton, entered papal curia and was made cardinal by Gregory IX, 1238.
^ Somerled, lord of the Isles (d. 1164). See Sumerled.
'^ Edmund Sigismund Somers (1759?-1824) physician: studied at Dublin and Eiliuburgh; M.I). 1-xl-nl.iii-L'h, 1783; hcrved in Jamaica and in Peninsula under Wellington.
^ Sir George Somers or Summers (1554–1610), discoverer of Bermudas; served on buccaneering voyage under Sir Amyas de Preston: took part in Voyage, 1597; knighted, 1003; commanded a fleet conveying settlers for Virginia, as one of founders of South Virginia Company, 1609; wrecked on Bermudas or Summer islands; took possession of islands for king of England in July, 1609; died there; his shipwreck and sojourn in Bermudas commemorated by Silvef ter Jottrdain, whence Shakespeare derived some details of The Tempest
^ John Somers or Sommers, BARON SOMERS (1C61-1716). lord chancellor of England; sou of John Somers, a Worcestershire attorney: educated at Worcester Cathedral school and Trinity College, Oxford; called to the bar from Middle Temple, 1676: counsel for seven bishops, June 1688; M.P., Worcester, 1689; asserted virtual abdication of James II, aud presided over the drafting of the Declaration of Rights: ninde rolicitorgeneral and knighted, 1689; became lord-keeper, 1693, member of the Kit-Cat Club and friend ninl patron of Addison, Congrcve, Steele, Vertue, Tindal, Rymer, and, for a time, Swift, who dedicated to him the Tale of a Tub 1704; with Montagu, Locke, and Newton planned ia 1695 the reform of the currency; lord high chancellor of England, 1697; created Baron Somers of Evesham, 1697; po seraed great influence, aecood only to that of Sunderlu. u one of the council , irturn in 1696 shared his unpopularity as the abettor of a policy ncceaiU.. army, and after repeat* attacks by the country party be had to surrender tbe great ami, IftO; a demand ralesd in 1700 for bU Impeachment on account of bis share te the secret partition treatie* of 16VH: was acquitted. ami would have been restored to power but for William Ill's death, upon which he Joined the whig party, exert influence, eseciall in aw Influence, especially in settling term* of iiiiton with Scotland. 1707; suoni president of the i 708; fell with the junto in the autumn of 1710. was a great lawyer, bat his Influence and capacity as a statesman have perhaps been unduly magnified by Macaulay and other His four political tract* of 181 are models of lucid presentation.
^ Robert Somers (1812–1891), journalist; edited Scottish Herald 1844, and after iu amalgamation with the Witness managed that paper un.hr Hugh ; from 1*49 to 1859 aliu-d -North British Daily Mall; wrote for Encyclopaedia Britannic*
^ Richard Somersham (d. 1531). See Richard Bayfield.
^ Dukes of Somerset . See BI:AI H UT. JOHN, first DI-KK, 1403-1444; BKAI-KHUT, KHMIM, second DUKK, . 1455; BKAUVORT, HKNKY, thinl IM-KK, 1436-14A4; SEYMOUR, EDWARD, first DUKE of the.symour family, 1506 7-1552; SKYUOUR, WILLIAM, second DUKK, 15HH1660; SBYMOIMC. CII.-.RLKR, sixth DUKK, 1662-1748; SKTMOUR, AUJKUNON, seventh DUKK, 1684-1750; SKTMOUR, EDVAKI ADOI.IMII s, eleventh DUKK, 177*1855; SKYMciuit, KuwAitn Ai).n.riit, twelfth DUKE, 1804-1886.
^ Earlr Somerset or. Bee MOHUX, WIUJAM DK, .f. 1141: fiKAVFOKT, JOHN, first EARL, 1373 7-1410; CARH, ROBERT, d. 1645.
^ Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester (1460?-1526), bastard son of Henry Beaufort, third duke of Somerset: fought at Bos worth, and waft employed by Henrv VII on important embus* ies, 1490-1504; .-hainU -rluin a Lord Herbert of Raglan, 1M5: negotiated with Louis XII. Maximilian, and Charles V, 1515-18; created Earl of Worcester, 1514.
^ Kdward Somerset , fourth Earl of Worcester (1563-1628), great-grandson of Charles Somerset, earl of Worcester; succeeded E**ex as Qneen Elizabeth's master of the borre, 1601; examined conspirators of 1605: became lonl privy seal, 1610, and was great chamberlain at Charles 1's coronation.
^ Edwakd Somerset . sixth Earl and second Marquis of Worcester and titular Earl of Glamorgan (1601-1667), as Lord Herbert served for Charles I in South Wales and garrisoned Raglnu Castle; defeated by Waller at Highnam, March 1643: created Karl of Glamorgan, 1644, and selected by Charles I to distribute honours aud raise troops in Ireland; poesihly exceeded bie oomuiitKion (which Charles I eventually dUnvowed, 1646) by throwing himself into the arm* of Rinuccinl and the ultramontane party in Ireland; bis appointment aa lord-lieutenant requested of Charles I by the papal nuncio, but the Anglo-Irish preferred Ormonde; uent to Paris, 1648; compelled by his narrow means to return to England, 1652; impri*onl for two years, but released In October 1664. and later given a pension of W. a weak: recovered the bulk of his estates at the Restoration, and gave his time to mechanical experiments: published (1663) hi*Century of Inventions, 1 written in 1654, in which he suggested a calculating machine (No. K4 )and an hydraulic machine (No. 68)for driving up water by fire This wa* a very ingenious adumbration of a steam pumping-engim-, but there is no evidence of any practical attempt by Worcester to give effect to such an idea.
^ Lord Edward Somerset (1776-1842). See Lord Robert Edward Henry Somerset.
^ Lord Fitzroy James Somerset 1 first BARON RAGLAN (1 788-18*5 X youngest son of fifth I Duke of Beaufort; served at Rolica and Vimiero as Wellesley's aide-de-camp: fought at Busaco, Fuentes -ro and Badajo*: wounded when close to Wellington at Waterloo: secretary at Horse Guard?, 1827-52, when he succeeded Wellington as commander of the forces And was made Baron Raglan; selected to command British truopa for Crimea, 1854; accepted position at Sebastopol; won battle of Alma, 20 Sept. 1854; blamed Lucan for blunder and loss of light brigade at Balaclava, 36 Oct. 1854; showed judgment and almost rmh bra very at Inkermanon 5 Nov., and was thanked by Queen Victoria: made the scapegoat of mismanagement during the terrible winter of 1854-5; suffered intensely owing to the failure of the mistimed attack ou the MalakhofT and Redan, 18 June 1855, and died ten days I later the victim of England's unreadiness for war
^ Lord Granville Charles Henry Somerset (1792–1848), chancellor of duchy of Lancaster: second son of Henry Charles Somerset, sixth Duke of Beaufort: M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1817: M.P., Monmouthshire, 1888-48: supported Liverpool and subsequently Peel: chancellor of duchy, 1841-6.
^ Henry Somerset , first Duke of Beaufort (1629-1700), son of Edward Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester; renounced Catholicism and was friendly with Cromwell, on whose death, however, he demanded a full and free parliament; sat in Convention, November 1659; favoured Restoration; succeeded as third marquis of Worcester in 1667: president of council of Wales, 1672; K.G., 1672; opposed exclusion, and was made Duke of Beaufort, 1688; opposed both Monmouth and Prince of Orange, but was reconciled to William III; maintained great state in retirement at Badminton.
^ Henry Somerset, second Duke of Beaufort 1684-1714), grandson of Henry Somerset, first duke of Beaufort; pillar of the tory party, and a member of j Swift's Brothers Club; K.G., 17 12.
^ Henry Somerset, seventh Duke of Beaufort (1792-1853), aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula, 1812-14; M.P., Monmouth, 1813-32; M.P., West Gloucestershire, 1835; K.G., 1842. A typical tory and sportsman, he figured in the 'Badminton Hunt' and in Nimrod's sporting sketches.
^ John Somerset or Somerseth 1455?), physician to Henry VI; studied at Paris: M.D.; attended Henry VI constantly as doctor and astrologer; chancellor of exchequer, 1441-6, and executor of Humphrey of Gloucester.
^ Poulett George Henry Somerset (1822-1875), aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan; nearly killed at Inkerman; subsequently M.P. for Middlesex,
^ Lord Robert Edward Henry Somerset (1776-1842), general; known as Lord Edward Somerset; served in Holland and throughout Peninsular campaign, 1909-14: led cavalry brigade under Uxbridge at Waterloo, was thanked by parliament, and appointed to command first brigade of cavalry in the army of occupation in France; general, 1841.
^ William Somerset, third Earl of Worcester (1526-1589), served at coronations of Edward VI and Queens Mary and Elizabeth; took part in trials of Protector Somerset, Norfolk, and Mary Queen of Scots; went to Paris on an embassy, 1573; raised laud force against Armada, 1588.
^ Alexander Somerville (1811-1885), social reformer; son of a Lothian carpenter; after serving in army wrote ou economic subject*, especially corn-law reform; collected facts for Cobden; wrote for Manchester Examiner and other journals; published Autobiography f u Working Man,* 1848, and other books.
^ Alexander Neil Somerville (1813–1889), Scots divine; a pioneer of Scots free church, 1844; journeyed on missions in India, 1874, Spain, Africa, and elsewhere, making many converts.
^ Andrew Somerville (1808–1834), painter; R.S.A.; exhibited at Edinburgh, 1830-4.
^ Hugh Somerville, fifth Baron Somerville (1483?-1549), joined James V at Stirling in 1628; prisoner at Solway Moss, 1543; took a pension from Henry VIII, and joined English party among Scots.
^ James Somerville, sixth Baron Somerville (d. 1569), son of Hugh Somerville, fifth baron Somerville; employed by Mary of Guise in negotiating with Chatelherault; fought at Langside, 1568.
^ James Somerville (1632–1600), family historian; fought in covenanting army under General Leslie, and was at rout of Dunbar, September 1650; joined Scots royalists, but took little further part in affairs; his Memorie of the Somervilles(179) edited by Sir Walter Scott in 1816.
^ John Somerville or Somervile (1560–1583), traitor; of Roman catholic faith; formed design to shoot Queen Elizabeth, was sentenced to death, December 1583, and found strangled in the Tower of London,
^ John Southey Somerville , fifteenth Baron Somerville (1765–1819), succeeded his uncle to title and estates, 1796; representative Scots peer; ousted Sinclair from presidency of board of agriculture, 1798: aided George III in introducing merino sheep: invented a plough; published agricultural works.
^ Mary Somerville (1780 - 1872), scientific writer; daughter of Sir William George Fairfax; read Newton's * Principia in Latin; married, as a second: husband, in 1812, William Somerville (1771-1860), and moved in a brilliant intellectual circle; wrote on spectrum and on Laplace: her best work, The Connection of the Physical Sciences 1834, which illustrates in its able summary the width of her scientific acquirements.
^ Thomas Somerville (1741–1830), historian; after education at Edinburgh, visited London in 1769, and associated with Hume, Robertson, Franklin, and other eminent men; appointed minister at Jedbnrgh, 1772; wrote useful histories of Restoration and fall of Stuarts, 1792, and of Queen Anne, 1798, and an interesting autobiography, first published, 1861.
^ William Somerville (1675-1742), poet; of an ancient Gloucestershire family; educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford: fellow of New College, Oxford; student at the Middle Temple, 1696; led a country and sporting life, devoting leisure to letters; his poem of four books in blank verse, The Chase published first in 1735; his hawking poem, Field Sports a kind of supplement, published, 1742.
^ William Somerville (1771–1860), physician: eldest son of Thomas Somerville; surgeon at Cape town, 1795; travelled among Kaffirs, the journey beingdescribed in an appendix to Barrow'sCochin China,* 1806; hospital inspector in Canada; married in 1812 Mary Somerville; F.R.S., 1817; became physician to Chelsea Hospital, London, 1819.
^ Sir William Meredyth Somerville , Baron Athlumney in the peerage of Ireland, and Baron Meredyth in the peerage of the United Kingdom (1802–1873), represented Drogheda in liberal interest, 1837-52; became chief secretary for Ireland, 1847-52; raised to peerage, 1863; supported William Ewart Gladstone's land bill, 1870, and Irish church bill.
^ William Sommers (d. 1560), Henry VIII's fool; amused Henry VIII by his jokes on Wolsey; was painted with Henry VIII, and was not without influence at court; left court in 1547. Nash and other writers introduced him as a chorus, or one of the dramatis personae, into their plays.
^ William Somner (1598–1669), Anglo-Saxon scholar; registrary of Canterbury diocese for a while under Laud; a zealous antiquary and loyalist; wrote on Canterbury and Kent, but is best known for his version of Anglo-Saxon Laws, 1 1568, and his Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum 1659.
^ Sir George Sondes, Earl of Feversham (1600-1677), royalist; K.B., 1626; suffered in estate and was in prison, 1645-50, but suffered more in mind by fratricidal act of his younger son, Freeman, who was hanged for killing his brother George, 1665; for his unwavering loyalty was made an earl in 1676, but died without issue.
^ William Sonmans (d. 1708). See Sunman.
^ William Soone or Zoone (fl. 1540-1575) professor of law at Louvain and cartographer: published maps at Cologne, baaed mainly on Ortelius, 1572.
^ John Soowthern (. 1584). See Southern.
^ Thomas Sopwith (1803–1879) mining engineer; studied stratigraphical geology, and directed attention of Kentish Association and Royal Society to bearing of railway cuttings upon subject; F.R.S. n 184*; wrote valuable ical works.
^ Thomas Sorocold (1561-1617), divine: M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1585; rector of St. Mildred's, Poultry, London, 1590-1617; published Supplication of Saints, 1608.
^ Charles Sotheby (d. IW4), rear-admiral; son of William Sotheby; took part in the battle of I7s, and m the operation! in Egypt, 1801, and against the Turk.-, 1M07.
^ Samual Sotheby (1771 1842), auctioneer and antiquary: nephew of John Sotheby, who founded Covent iarden Kale-room, London, for books and print*. 1744; anoved business to Strand, 1817; United many important catalogues.
^ Samuel Leigh Sotheby (1806-1 861 ), auctioneer and antiquary: sou of Samuel Sotheby (q. v.; took his accountant Wilkinson into partnership as salesman, 1843, and devoted himself to cataloguing; wrote on early printing andBlock Books 1858, and Milton's autograph, 1861.
^ William Sotheby 1757–1833), author; rerved ill dragoons, 1774-80; studied classics zealously; mixed rate literary circles; prominent in Dilettante Mouiety from 1792: iwoed Poems 1790: made a highly eulogised version of Virgil's Georgics (1800), also original verses which fell fiat: produced unacted tragedies: devoted himself latterly to a verse translation of Homer, 183ii-4: maintained affectionate terms with Sir Walter Scott, and wrote of his death.
^ Seth Sothel (d. 1897). colonial governor: after adventures among Algerine pirates was (1683-91) governor of the Carolines.
^ Simon Sotherey (fl. 1398).
^ Edward Askew Sothern (1826–1881), actor; son of a Liverpool merchant; played Claude Melnotte at St. HeUers, 1849; played subsequently in provinces and America with slender encouragement; first appeared in New York as Lord Dundreary, a brainless peer, in Our American Cousin 1858, not a striking part until worked up by Sothern; introduced the part at the Hay market, London, 1861, and carried the part, though nearly a failure at first, through 496 nights, the caricature, which grvw into a series of monologues, eventually becoming the tali; of London; his next best part, David (iarrick, 1864; revisited America, 1875-8; celebrated as a wag and practical joker: ambitious of shining an a tragedian, though his real vein was eccentric comedy.
^ Lytton Edward Sothern (1856–1887), actor; son of Edward Askew Sothern; acted in London, Philadelphia, and Australia.
^ Thomas Henry Sutton Sotheron-Estcourt (1801-1876). See Estcourt.
^ John Sotherton (1562-1631?) judge; of a Suffolk family: M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1588; barrister, Inner Temple, 1597; bencher, 1610; cursitor baron of exchequer, 1610.
^ Thomas Soulemont, Soleman, or Solme (d. 1541 ), French secretary of Henry VIII: native of Jerw-y, entered Henry VIII's and then Cromwell's service: clerk of parliaments, 1540: a learned antiquary
^ Sir John de Soulis (d. 1321?). Scots soldier : supported claim of Balliol, by whom he was appointed ) -guardian of Scots realm with John Comyn; negotiated with France and papacy; banished, 1304.
^ Sir James South (1785–1867), astronomer: observed in London with Sir John Frederick William Herscbel and in Paris with Laplace, 1835: president in 1829. as one of founders of Astronomical Society: knighted, 1830: failed with a great telescope he projected at Campden Hill; published pamphlet*. *72
^ John Flint South (1797-1886), surgeon: hatf _.jther of Sir James South: lectured at St. i:..,....,.... i.-. --..,.., Ms subject, and wrote Memorial* of the Craflof Hargerr lliL274f
^ Robert South (1634-1716). divine; student of urch, Oxford, 16*1; fcjjiaj ?!* abroad; public orator. Oxford, 160-7; net. i-o.:::;. 1::-;;:::;;;;:;,:.:,-.-;;, TTithetsm: was offrfd.bot declined, see of Rochester; often very humorous In the pulpit; his sermon* frequently reissued and collected.
^ Duke of Southampton (1662-1730). See Charles Fitzroy.
^ Earls of Southampton. .. 11 ,,jrr t Thorna*, flr isoft-isfto: WRi.n-ntti.KT, HKT. second BARK itu1581; WI:I.,TIO:M.M. HKMIT, third EARL, 1573-1624; Wnononir, TIIOM A*, fourth EARL, 1607-1667.
^ Baron Southampton(1737–1797). See Charles Fitzroy.
^ John Southcote (1511-1585), judge: serjeant-at-law. 1559: raised to queen's bench, 1563; sat as aMee* at trial of Norfolk, 1572.
^ Joanna Southcott (17SO-1814) fanatic; a Devonshire farmer's daughter: in domestic service for many years; began in 1792 to write doggerel propbecies. and broke with her methodist connections: begun to uttnirt notice and make convert* in IHU, when *)ie set forth her claims in a pamphlet: int-rpn-t4-l dreams und in 1802 declared that she was about to lhiik into the world a spiritual man, Shlloh; died of t.miit disease: a lf-convincel impostor.
^ Henry Southern (1799–1843, founder of 'Retrospective Review'; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1822: founded the Retrospective Review 1820, and edited it till 182rt; joined diplomatic service, and died minister at Rio de Janeiro.
^ John Southern or Soowthern (fl. 1584), poetaster; published in 1584 a now very rare volume of somewhat clumsy sonnets, based on those of Ronsard and addressed to his Mistresse Diana.
^ Thomas Southerne (1660–1746). dramatist; born at Oxmantown and educated at Trinity College, Dublin: M.A., 1696: entered Middle Temple, 1678, and four years later produced The Loyal Brother manifesting writer's strong tory sympathies; after 1688, liavlng to fall back on drama for a livelihood, attaclial himself to Dryden, and produced The Fatal Marriage 1094% and 4 Oroonoko 1696. Though bin later plays wen inferior. the two plays mentioned held the stage nearly a hundred years.
^ Earls of Southesk (1575-1658). See David Carnegie.
^ Mrs Caroline Anne Southey (1786-1854), poetess; daughter of Captain Charles Bowles; began to write in 1816: encouraged by Robert Soutbey to publish The Widow's Tale 1822, and similar metrical narrative*: corresponded regularly with Southey, and married him in 1839, his health being then greatly on the wane.
^ Henry Herbert Southey (1783–1865), physician: M.D. Edinburgh, 1806: younger brother of Robert Southev; F.R.C.P., 1823: became physician to V. 1823. anil to Queen Adelaide: F.KS, 182*; commissioner in lunacy, 1836: Harveian orator, 1847; publishedObservations on Pulmonary Consumption,* 1814.
^ Robert Southey (1774–1843), poet and man of letters: expelled from Westminster School for a precooieu protest against dogging; proceeded in 1792 to Balliol College, Ox ford, where he punned his private stadia without interference, and beganJoan of Arc an epic; visited there by Coleridge; converted by him to unltarianismand pantisocracy: married Edith Pricker (d. 1837) and visited Spain. 1795, Portugal, 1800; there finished Thalaba and planned BMon..f Port....; tUhted 1801, Madoc 180ft; Curse of Kenama, his chief epic, published, 1810: settled at Keswick and set to work compiling and translating from Spanish: bflOUkia 1808 thirty rear work as a regular contributor to the Quarterly at iOO. an article: his admirable short Life of NeNon expanded from an article, 1813; accepted in 1813 the laureateship, which had been offered to Scott: his Vision of Judgment(parodied by Byron), published, 1821; his Life of Wesley 18*), his well-filled commonplace-book?, OmniananndThe Doctor 1812 and 1837, and his stamlardLifeand edition of Oowper, 1833-7: remained ly with Wordsworth, and in 1839 contracted a 1 marriage with Caroline Bowles; enjoyed from 18U a pension of SOW., granted by Peel.
^ Henry Southgate (1818–1888), anthologist; a London print-auctioneer; compiled useful treasuries of quotation, notably Manv Thoughts of Many Mind* 1867, and Noble Thoughts iu Noble Language 1871.
^ Richard Southgate (1720–1795), numismatist: B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1749; a London curate, then rector of Warsop, and assistant-librarian, British Museum, from 1781; formed a great collection of ancient coins and medals Museum Southgntianurn) and aided Pinkerton in his Essay on Medals 1784.
^ Simon southrey or Sotherey(fl. 1397–1401), Benedictine monk: D.D. Oxford; prior of St. Albans, 1397-*. 1401; wrote treatises against Wycliffites.
^ South -SAXONS, kings of. See Aella .d. 514?; Osmund. 768.
^ Edward Southwell (1671–1730), statesman; ron of Sir Robert South well ( 1635-1702); of Merton College. Oxford: clerk to the council, 1699: vice-admiral of Munstcr, 1699; secretary of state for Ireland, 1702; joint-commissioner of the privy seal, 1701 and 1716; M.P., Rye, 1707-11, Tregony, 1711 and 1713, Preston, later in 1713: M.P., Kinsale (Irish parliament), till 1730; clerk to the crown nnd prothonotary of the king's bench, 1715; secretary of state, 1720.
^ Nathanael Southwell, real name Bacon (1598–1676), Jesuit; on mission in England, 1622-8: returned to Knirlish College, Home: complete 1 Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu 1676.
^ Sir Richard Southwell (1504–1564), courtier nnd official; of a Suffolk house; a tool of the court and Cromwell against monasteries, 1535-0; knighted, 1542; was a privy councillor under Edward VI; master of ordnance, 1554-60.
^ Sir Robert Southwell (d. 1559), master of the rolls: younger brother of Sir Richard Southwell; knighted. 1537; profited greatly by suppression of monasteries, and was made master of rolls, 1542.
^ Robert Southwell (1561?–1595), Jesuit and poet; educated at Douay and Rome; took Roman orders and came on English mission, 1586, with Henry Garnett ; became in 1689 domestic chaplain to Countess of Arundel; wrote religious tracts; captured when going to celebrate mass in 1592; subsequently tortured and executed. He left St. Peter's Complaint, with other poems 1595, MaeouiaV 1595, and A Foure-fould Meditation containing devotional poetry of a very high order, notably the Burning Babe admired by Ben Jonson.
^ Robert Southwell (1607–1677), vice-admiral of Munster: collector of the port of Kinsale, 1631-54; sovereign of Kinsale, 1657; vice-admiral of Munster, 1670.
^ Sir Robert Southwell (1635–1702), diplomatist; son of Robert Southwell (1607-1677); B.A. Queen College, Oxford, 1655; entered Lincoln's Inn 1654; knighted, 16C5: succeeded to his father's office in MtmnU-r, 1677: hon. D.C.L. Oxford, 1677; English envoy in Portugal, 1665-8, and after other diplomatic work became principal secretary of state for Ireland, 1690; P.R.S., O- 6
^ Thomas Southwell, real name Bacon (1592–1637), Jesuit; educated at Rome: theological professor at Liege, 1627-35; wrote some controversial tracts in Latin.
^ Thomas Southwell, first Baron Southwell (1667-1720), rose to importance in Ireland under William III; fostered linen industry and protestant immigration; ennobled in 1717.
^ William Southwell (1669–1719), colonel of 6th foot; brother of Thomas Southwell, first baron Southwell; fought in Plunder* and Spain with much gallantry, 1394-1708. especially at Itarcclona, 1705: colonel, 1706: M.P., Baltimore (Irish House of Commons), 1715-19.
^ George Brettingham Sowerby, the elder (1788-1854), conchologist and artist; F.L.S., 1811; assisted his father and elder brother, and issued independently catalogues of shells and molluscs.
^ George Brettingham Sowerby, the younger (1812-1884), conchologist and artist; eldestson of George Brettinghain Sowerby the elder: F.L.S., 1844: produced Concholotrical Illustrations 1841, and a number of handbooks on shells.
^ Henry Sowerby (1825–1891), mining expert; brother of George Brettingham Sowerby the younger ; assistant-librarian to the Linnean Society, 18431852; wrote on Popular Mineralogy 1850: went to Australia, 1854.
^ James Sowerby (1757–1822), naturalist and artist: abandoned study of flower-painting for that of botany: his great work on English Botany issued. 1790-1814: published alsoEnglish Fungi 1797-1815, and compilations on mineralogy, conchology, and the like.
^ James de Carle Sowerby (1787–1871), naturalist and artist; eldest son of James Sowerby; F.L.S., 1823: secretary of Royal Botanic Society and Gardens, 1838; executed botanical and also mineralogical and conchological plates, and aided his father and brother in many compilations.
^ John Edward Sowerby (1825–1870), botanical draughtsman; illustrated botanical works, and brought out an Illustrated Key to British wildflowers, 1865.
^ Alexis Benoît Soyer (1809–1858), cook ; the 'Mirobolant* of Thackeray's Pendennis: left Paris in 1830. served Duke of Cambridge, and became chef at Reform Club, 1837; proceeded in 1855 to Scutari, reorganised victualling of the hospitals, and introduced a cooking wagon; wrote several cookery books, including a History of Food in all Ages 1853.
^ Elizabeth Emma Soyer (1813–1842). painter ; wife of Alexis Benoit Soyer: a pupil of F. Simoneau: excelled in depicting street arab?, exhibiting with success, 1823-42. 8P ALBINO, JOHN (ft. 1650), Scottish historian; of Aberdeen; wrote the valuable annalistic History of the Troubles and Memorable Transactions in Scotland 1241645 (first published, 1792); theSpalding Clubnamed after him.
^ Samuel Spalding (1807–1843), writer on moral philosophy; M.A. London, 1840: wrote an essay (based on Mackintosh) onThe Philosophy of Christian Morals,* issued, 1843.
^ William Spalding (1809–1859), author ; M.A. Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1827; published n valuable book onItaly 1841, also aHistory of English Literature 1853, and contributed toEdinburgh Review,* especially on Shakespearean subjects.
^ Thomas Spark (1655–1692), classical scholar; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1679; D.D., 1691; chaplainto Judge Jeffreys; dedicated an edition of Zosimus to Busby, 1679; annotated Lactantius, 1684.
^ Edward Sparke (d. 1692), divine ; M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1633; B.D., 1640 (incorporated at Oxford, 1653); chaplain to Charles II. His devotional work, 'Scintillula Altaris 1G52, reached many editions.
^ Joseph Sparke or Sparkes (1683–1740), antiquary; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1704; edited, in two folio volumes, 'Historiae Anglicance Scriptores varii' 1723.
^ Thomas Sparke (1548–1616), divine; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1569; M.A., 1574; D.D.. 1581; a conforming puritan of note and prebendary of Lincoln and rector of Bletchley, attended Hampton Court conference.;u3; was influenced by James I and wrote a Brotherly Persuasion to Unity aud t 1 !, 17; wrote other controversial treatises,
^ William Sparke (1587–1641), chaplain to Buckingham: fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; 1609; B.D.,
^ Anthony Sparrow (1618–1684), royalist divine: fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1631; became bishop of Exeter, 1667, of Norwich. 1676; wrote a valuable lutionale upon the Book of Common Prayer 1M7 (reedited by Newman, 1839).
^ John Sparrow (1615–1665?) mystic; of the Inner Temple; a student of Jacob Boehme; issued prophetical passages and a mystical commentary on Genesis.
^ Robert Spearman (1708–1761), eccentric theologian; pupil of John Hutchinson (1674-1737); published An Enquiry after Philosophy and Theology, 1756.
^ Robert Spears (1825–1809), Unitarian preacher and journalist; master of New Connexion Methodist school at Scotswood-on-Tyne, 1846; joined Unitarians 1849; minister at Sunderland, 1852-8; originated Christian Freeman magazine, 1866; established Christian Life weekly paper, 1876; founded Unitarian chapel at Highgate, London, 1886; co-secretary, 1867, and general secretary, 1869-76, of British and Foreign Unitarian Association; published biographical and theological works.
^ James Spedding (1808–1881), editor of Bacon's Works; educated at Bury St. Edmunds and Trinity College, Cambridge; junior optime, 1831; held a temjiorary poet in colonial office, but In 1841 devoted himself to study of Bacon; contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine(August 1850) a discussion on Shakespeare and Fletcher's respective shares in Henry VIII (reprinted by the New Shakspere Society) 1874; published Bacon's Life and Letters 7 vols. 1861-74, as a supplement to Bacon's Worksin 7 vols., 1857-9 (the Life abridged, 1878); remained through life the close friend of the Tennysons, Sir Henry Taylor, and Edward FitzGerald. Several essays by him were published after his death, which was due to an accident.
^ William Speechly (ft. 177C-1820), agriculturist: gardener to William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third duke of Portland; published a manual of Rural Economy 1820, and essays.
^ Adolphus Speed (ft. 1652), agricultural writer; commenced hisAdam out of Kdtn 1626 (published, 1659); wrote also a Cornucopia 1C62; lifelong ally of Samuel Hartlib.
^ John Speed (1552?-1629), historan and cartographer: brought up as a tailor by his father: settlc-1 in Moortields, London, and obtained a post in cufetom-house, 1598: made various maps of English counties and wan encouraged by Camden, Cotton, and others, whose Society of Antiquarieshe joinel, to write his carefully digested History of Great Britaine 1611: wrote also A Cloudc of Witnesses confirmingGod's Holie Won! 1616.
^ John Speed (1595–1640), scholar: son of John Speed (1552 7-1629): M.A. St. John's College, Oxford, 1620; M.D., 1G28; wrote tracts and Stonehenge a pastoral, 1635.
^ John Speed (1628–1711), author: son of John Speed (1595-1640): fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, 1647: M.A.. 1660: M.D., 1666: wroteBatt upon Batt a poem, and formed manuscript collections relating to Southampton, of which he was mayor in 1681 and 1694.
^ Samuel Speed (. 1681), stationer and bookseller of Fleet Street, London; wrote in doggerel Pragmenta Oarceris 1874, and Prte on Piet ic
^ Samuel Speed (1631–1682), divine : eldest son of John Speed (1595-1640): of Westminster Mod R nl Christ Church, Oxford: student: M.A., 1660: wm presented to vicarage of Godalmin* nfter Restoration, with other benefices; published (167. -f th. 'Roma.- Autiquse Descripttoof Valerius Maximo*.
^ Thomas Speght (fl. 1598). editor of dancer and schoolmaster: M.A. IVterhous*. Ciubridgr. U7S; poesiblr bead.master of Ely Cathedral sehooTu7; editt. IV.-:..:,..:...- -,.-.-.:. i: !.., Poet, Geffrey Chaucer.* A new edition was called for in :-.:..:,.-..,..!!...-..::...:.: of a former Chaucer editor*! sou, Krai* -..
^ George Speke (d. 1690), royalist; su heavily during civil war: M.P., Somerset, 1679; joined Green Ribbon Club, and was ponbhed by fine for abetting Monmouth supporters in 1685.
^ Hugh Speke (1656-1724?), political agitator; son of George Speke; of St. John's College. Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn; refected on the Duke of York in a pamphlet on the murder of Essex, 168S; sent to prison by Jeffreys for three years on a charge of sedition, 1681; on the news of the Prince of Orange's landing in 1M8 II. but betrayed him to the ; in a Secret History of the Revolution* offered hi* services to James MnoJ which set the mob upon the catholics; failed miserably in his attempts to extort bribes for these services.
^ John Hanning Speke (1827-1864), African explorer and discoverer of the source of the Nile; served in Punjab under the first Viscount Gough, but left India. 1854, to explore Somaliland under (Sir) Hirhard Barton; set out in 1S5G under R;irton to iim-stu- Lake Nyasaa. and discovered Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza, the hitter Independently of Burton: his theory that V. Nyauza was the source reservoir of the Nile subsequently confirmed by himself and Grant in the summer of 1862; hi* Journal of the Discovery of the Nile published, 1863; nee information to (Sir) Samuel White Baker which enabled him to discover the third lake, Albert Nyanxa; was. with Grant, the first European to crow equatorial Africa.
^ Clement Spelman (1598-1679), cursitor baron of exchequer; of Queens' College, Cambridge: barrister, Gray's. Inn, 1024: wrote in support of lib father, Sir Henry Spelman's views of sacrilege; bencher of Gray** Inn, 1660; cursitor baron of the exchequer, 1663-78. ron o te exc!
^ Edward Spelman or Yallop (d. 1767) author and translator: published well-known versions of Xenophon's Anabasis 1742, and of fragments of Polybius, 1743, and Dionysius Halicarnassus (1758).
^ Sir Henry Spelman (1564?-1641), historian and antiquary: studied at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1683), and Lincoln's Inn: M.I, Cartle Rising, 1597: commissioner on unsettled Irish land*. 1617: settled in London for study, 1612, and (1613) printed his'De non teiiH-randis Ecclesiis material for his much more elaborate work, the History of Sacrileire * (published, 1688); hisglossaryof obsolete Latin and old English puhlii-hwl,J vols., 1626, 1664; compilations on Councils of the Church the by Knight Service: founded a xhort-lived Anglo-Saxon readership at Cambridge, 1636.
^ Sir John Spelman (1495?-1544), judge of king's bench; reader of Gray's Inn, 1514 and 1519; a discreet counter; appointed a judge of king's bench, 1633, and special commissioner at trials of More, Fisher, and Anne Boleyn.
^ Sir John Spelman (1694–1643), royalist and author; son of Sir Henry Spelman: educated at Cambridge, Gray's Inn. and i'aris, and in Italy; gained Charles I's favour early in civil war: knighted, 1641: brought out some learned pamphlet*, and compiled a Life of King Alfred * (published, 1678)
^ Benjamin Edward Spence (18SS-18M), sculptor; studied mid. r R. J. Wyatt aud John Gibson; exhibited at Royal Academy five times, 1849-66.
^ Elizabeth Isabella Spence (1768-18MX) author; wrote novels aud home-travel sketches, 1799-1823.
^ George Spence (1787-1850), jurist; M.A. Glasgow. 180S; M.P. successively for Reading and Ripon. 1826-32; a pioneer of chancery reform; improved legal education; published a standard work on chancery jurisdiction. 1846-9.
^ James Spence (1x12-1882), surgeon: studied at Edinburgh: Uiiiu'ht anatomy and surgery there, 18341889: appointed professor of surgery, 1664: a great operating Mirgeon of the older school.
^ Joseph Spence (1699–1768), anecdotist and friend Of Pope: of Winchester School and Magdalen Hull and New College, Oxford: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1720: M.A., 1727; succeeded Thomas Warton (1688?1746) as professor of poetry at Oxford, 1728; accompanied young men of rank on foreign tours, and in 1742 was given as a sinecure the regius professorship of modern history at Oxford; publishedPolymetis(a treatise on classical mythology), 1747; took notes of the j conversation of Pope and his circle. His admirable lite- i rary anecdotes were used by Dr. Johnson and others, but not published until 1820, when two editions appeared simultaneously, the best by Samuel Weller Singer
^ Thomas Spence (1760–1814), bookseller and author of the Spencean scheme of land nationalisation; submitted his plan of corporate land tenure, upon semisocialist io principles, to a local philosophical society in 1776; expelled from the society for hawking his pamphlets; was consistently persecuted for his views and his pamphlets on the rights of man, the millennium, the natural state of man, phonetic spelling, and other schemes. His views found many supporters, but were directly challenged by Malthas.
^ William Spence (1783–1860), entomologist; collaborated with William Kirby in the celebrated * Introduction to Entomology 1815-26; wrote also some itu-, economic treatises; president, 1847, of the Entomological I 1801-6 Society, which he had helped to found in 1833.
^ Aubrey George Spencer (1795–1872), first bishop of Newfoundland; of Magdalen Hall, Oxford: after work in the Bermudas was appointed bishop of Newfoundland, 1839: laid first stone of the cathedral of St. John's, Newfoundland; translated to Jamaica, 1843.
^ Sir Augustus Almeric Spencer (1807–1893), general; grandson of George Spencer, fourth duke of Marlborough; commanded 44th regiment at Alma and Inkerman; wounded during the siege of Sebastopol, June 1866; C.B.; obtained the Crimea medal; commanded in 1860 a division of Madras army as majorgeneral; commander-in-chief of Bombay army, 1869; general, 1878.
^ Sir Brent Spencer (1760–1828), general ; served with distinction in the West Indies, 1779-82, 1790-4, and again as brigadier-general in 1797 against Toussaint rOuverture; commanded 40th regiment in the Duke of York's expedition to the Helder, 1799; commanded at Aboukir Bay and Alexandria under Moore and Abercromby, 1801; returned to England and became an enuerry of George III; served at Copenhagen and Cadiz, and was second in command to Wellesley at Rolica and Vimiera; K.B., 1809; returned to Peninsula, 1810, and commanded a division at Busaco and at Fuentcs d'Onoro; superseded by Graham, 1811; general, 1825. His pessimistic letters home had shaken Wellington's faith in his capacity.
^ 'Buck' Spencer (1743-1803), singer and actress. See Mrs Woodham.
^ Charles Spencer , third Earl of Sunderland (1674-1722), statesman and bibliophile; second son of Robert Spencer, second earl of Sunderland; early contracted a taste for rare books, and began to develop brary at Althorp; entered parliament for Tiverton in 1696 as a zealous whig, affecting the airs of a republican; married Anne Churchill, 1700, thus gaining the support of Marlborougb, whose approximation to the VKnodox whig party the alliance served to further; went out:,, an envoy extraordinary to Vienna, 1705: through father-in-law's influence was named secretary of state for the southern department, appointing Addison as his 1706; especially hated by Harley and the who persuaded Queen Anne to dismi-s 0*1 * -j % J v**%*Aw*t*p ocviuu of the tories who came into power in the autumn of 1710; during last years of Queen Anne was in constant communication with Hanover; his zeal very displeasiny to the heads of the whig party; on gnecn Anne's death was excluded from the lords justices and sent to Ireland as viceroy; became lord privy seal, 1716, but had no real influence; fomented opposition to Townshend and Walpolc with considerable success, ousting them from office in 171 7, and himself becoming first lord of the treasury. March 1718; on account of the threatening attitude of Walpole and the general feeling that he was largely responsible for the South Sea fiasco, was forced to resign early in 1721 in favour of his rival; still retained influence with George I, though this did not prevent his coquetting with the tories. As a politician he was singularly unattractive, crossgrained, and tactless, but in the main honest and x.ealmi:-, for liberty.
^ Charles Spencer, third Duke of Marlborough and fifth Earl of Sunderland (1706-1758), third son of Charles Spencer, third earl of Sunderland; grandson of the great Duke of Marlborough; succeeded in turn to both titles, 1729 and 1733; opposed the court down to 1738 in order to curry favour with the old duchess; accepted a colonelcy of the 38th foot and a place in the bedchamber, 1738; commanded a brigade at Dettingcn, 1713. and the abortive expedition against St. Malo in 1758: despatched with an English contingent to join Prince Ferdinand in Westphalia, 1758; died suddenly at Minister.
^ Lord Charles Spencer (1740–1820), politician: sat for Oxfordshire as moderate whig, 1761-84 and 1796-1801; admiralty lord, 1779; vice-treasurer of Ireland, 1782; postmaster-general, 1801-6; master of the mint.
^ Dorothy Spencer, COUNTESS OF SUNDERLAND (1617-1684), Waller's Sacharissa: courted at Penshurst from c. 1634 till 1638 by Waller, whose attachment seems ! to have been mainly literary; married, 1639, Henry, lord Spencer (created Earl of Sunderland shortly before his death from a wound received at Newbury, 1643); retired to Althorp after her husband's death, and assisted many distressed clergy and royalists: married (Sir) Robert Smythe, 1652; spent much time at Halifax's seat of Rufford, and often met her old admirer Waller, whose attentions have made her name and beauty famous.
^ George Spencer , fourth DUKE of MARLBOROUGH (1739-1817), son of Charles Spencer, third duke of Marlborough; captain of the 20th foot, 1756; left the army, 1758; obtained office in the Grenville ministry as lord privy seal, 1763-5: hon. D.C.L. Oxford, 1763: K.G., 1768; took little part in political affairs after his early years.
^ George Spencer , fifth DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH (1766-1840), of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford: M.A., 1786; D.O.L., 1792; M.P., Oxfordshire, 1790-6, Tregony, 1802-4; a lord of the treasury, 1804-6; spent enormous sums on his gardens and library of early printed books at White Knights, near Reading, giving 2,260. for Valderfen's edition of theDecameronat the Duke of Roxburghe's sale, 1812.
^ George John Spencer , second EARL SPENCER (1768-1834), M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1778: M.P., Northampton, 1780, Surrey, 1782; succeeded his father, John Spencer, first earl Spencer, in the upper house in 1783; deserted the extreme whig faction as a follower of Burke; made first lord of the admiralty by Pitt, 1794: improved the naval administration, and helped to achieve great victories, such as St. Vincent and Camperdown, by his organising skill: the mutinies of Spithead and the Nore putdown under his rule: singled out Nelson and sent him to win the battle of the Nile: K.G.. 1799: resigned office with Pitt, 1801: home secretary, 1806-7: while in retirement helped to form the Roxburghe Club, 1812, and rehabilitated the Althorp Library, as described by Thomas Frognall Dibdin in his Bibliotheca Spenceriana The collection went in 1892 to form the nucleus of the Rylands Library at Manchester.
^ George Trevor Spencer (1799–1866), bishop of Madras; B.A. University College, Oxford, 1822: consecrated, 1837; created D.D., 1847; remained in India for twelve years, publishing journals of his southern visita i i-riVi ui i l"uuuea vueen Anne to aismiss twelve years, publishing journals of his southern visit* : hi mpeachment desired by theextreme section tioiis; appointed chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, 1 stio.
^ Spencer r, Kit V l.miniahlH Minis*; copying a portrait of one of the fumily in win. -!i he was servant; produced artistic miniatures in ivory and ..iui.,,-1.
^ Henry le Spencer (d. 1406). See Henry le Despenser.
^ Henky Spencer, first Earl of Sunderland (1620-1643); created M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford, .lIM; fouirht for Charles I and was killed by Falkland's side at Newbury, SO 8*p4 LMIi Burled fM Ml Sidney, and had issn aeoond earl of Sunderiand (
^ Lord Henry John Spencer (1770–1796), second son of George Spencer, fourth duke of Marlborongh (q. v.; educated at Bton and Oxford; showed great promise as envoy at the Hague, Stockholm, and Berlin, 1790-8. "*
^ Sir John Spencer (d. 1610), lord mayor of London; a Levant merchant: vNitol ly y.uvn Klimbeth at Canoubury, London, 1681; kept hU mayoralty, 1694-6, at Crosby Place, London; knighted, 1696; a nofcwl hunu-r down of papists.
^ John Spencer (1569–1614), president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. See SPENSER.
^ John Spencer (1601–1671), controversialist: entered Society of Jesus, 1626; professor at Liege and missioner at Antwerp; became superior of Worcester district, 1668; wrote several controversial works against John Lenthall, bishops Uunuiug, Pearson, and others.
^ John Spencer (1630–1693), master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; became fellow there, e. 1666; master of the college, 1667-93: M.A., 1662: D.D., 1666; was an erudite hebraist, and in hisDisserUtio de Urim etThnmmim 1669, andDe Legibus Hebneorum laid the foundations of the science of comparative religion, tracing the connection between the rites of the Hebrew religion and those practised by kindred Semitic races.
^ John Charles Spencer , Viscount Althorp and third Earl Spencer ( 1782-1 845), eldest son of George John Spenoer, second earl Spenoer; left in childhood to the care of servants: went to Harrow, 1790: became devotedly attached to field-sport*; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1802; his jlebt? and clumsy manners a source of embarrassment to his parents, who tried In vain to interest him in foreign art and manners; became M.P. for Okehampton, 1804, and supported Pitt: M.P., St. Albans, 1806, Northamptonshire, 18O6-34; rarely spoke in parliament, devoting himself to the Pytebley hunt, prize fights, and races: drawn into active politics by Ins admiration for Fox; joined the advanced whig party, voting with ! Whitbread, Mackintosh, Kouiilly, and Brougham; from 1816 to 1820 studied economic history and working-class grievance?, supporting Huskixson and even Joseph Hume; became in 1830 leader of the whig opposition in the Commons, and on Wellington's resignation in December dnncellor of the exchequer and leader in the lower house un.i.T Karl Grey; behaved with signal Industry and honesty of purpose; returned to office with an increased whig majority, 1831, and showed his real for the Reform Bill by the vigour with which he rallied his followers on its rejection by the lords in October; resigned again in May 1832, but had to return to office in a few days, and iw the Reform Bill paw the lords on 4 June 1832: de.r.~--l by the intrigue* of O'Connell, 1833-4: lost influence at tin- time of the rise of Peel; he retained office reluctantly till his succession to the earldom, 1834; withdrew with satisfaction to country pursuits, emerging only in 1841 to pronounce in favour of the repeal of the corn laws. Almost devoid of political ambition, he stepped at one stroke to the leadership of the House of Commons, and won absolute trust from friends and opponents alike li.y his truthfulness and integrity. Macaulay raid of liitn that he hadthe temper of Lord North with the principles of Romilly.* only son of Henry naenrer. first earl of by his wife. Dorothy Bacbarisaft see SPKXCKR, DOROTHY: born at Paris; succeeds title, 1643; studied In Southern Europe and ,;.,. V:,,;.;,......:....;... court to Charles II's mtotreseaa, obtained political emi to Madrid aad ptoMfl p uriy in 1679, upon payment of jouo., son as secretary of state for the nor .l.:t.:..M!... n.x- sJbSJB -- - - -- --- a --- T. t__ northern department; ry 1681 X with t on which be recanted, made abject snhmlealnii to. duke of York, and regained his place la 1663. striving especially to oust Halifax and Rochester from favour: as a strenuous supporter of the royal prerogative, no Iras than as a subtle contriver of expedtetaVoommended hte self to James U on his nceession in 1686, and showed Ma skill by the way in which be avoided being oomprwiilaU by Moumouth; bis unscrupulous Intrigues against hia chief rival with Jamea II, Rochester, consummated by his throwing in his lot with the victorious catholic party, and by his gaining the complete confidence of James IPs queen; supported the repeal of the Test Act, the recall *i t!:.- three British regiments from Holland, and the committal of the seven bishops; renounced protexUntbm. 1687, but was disturbed by the internal fends of the catholic party, and was all the time maid m? overtures to the Prince of Orange: was sceptical of the success of an invasion, bat flattered himself that be might act as mediator between rapacious, and moat unscrupulous of Wage;
^ Robert Spencer , first Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (d. 1627), the descendant of a knightly family which had derived great wealth from sheep.brecd. ing; reputed the richest man in England: created baron by James 1, 1603: active as an opponent of Bacon at the latter's trial; an adherent of Southampton, and a rabaoriber to the Virginia Company. king and parliament: advised remedial measures too late; fled infemale disguise to Rotterdam early in November 1688; reverted to protestantism, and from Rotterdam sent William of Orange (William III) numerous explanations and suggestions, which convinced William that his skill as a wirepuller was Indispensable: advised William III to confide in a united whig ministry in preference to a composite body of whigs and toriee, and by his own diplomatic skill made the scheme a success; endeavoured to obtain ostensible position and power, and (1697) was made lord chamberlain and one of the lord* justices: his appointment strongly resented, even the whig junto, though they owed him much, shrinking from his defence: hastily resigned office, but retained his great wealth and mtu-h of his influence until his death. He ha generally been considered, and probably with justice, as the craftiest, matt all the politicians of
^ Sir Robert Cavendish Spencer (1791–1830V captain in the navy; served against New Orkau* in 1H13, and Commanded the Naiad against Algiers, 1824: employed on the coast of Greece during the war of independence; K.C.H. and knighted, 1828; reputed a pattern commander; died off Alexandria.
^ Thomas Spencer (1791–1811) independent divine: trained at the Hoxton College (entering the pulpit at seventeen); obtained great repute as a preacher in London, at Brighton, awl, in M 1, at Liverpool; his Sermon* printed posthumously, 1829.
^ Thomas Spencer (1796-1853). writer on social subjects; ninth wrangler, St. John's College, Cambridge, 1820; came under Charles Simeon's influence at Cambridge, 1816-20: fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1823: became a zealous Mdal reformer in his curacy of Hinton Charterhouse, 1826-47; a keen opponent of slavery, the corn laws, intemperance, and pauperism; published pamphlets.
^ William George Spencer (179O-18C6). mathematician; elder brother of Thomas Spencer (17*61863): taught private pupils in mathematJcs with much originality and success: published Intentional Geometry I860, a work of which the soundness of both principle and method is widely recognised: rove system of lucid shorthand. Both works have been by his son, Mr. Herbert Spenoer.
^ William Robert Spencer (1T69-18S4). post and wit: educated at Harrow and Christ Church. mixed freely in the society of Sheridan, Fox, Sydney Smith, and Homer; translated from the German of Burger;.t tr.i.-toi Pjajsji;.-. *att v ir,-,;,nd r.ri..,uvr: North hy his ballads: died after a life of extravagance in poverty and obscurity at Paris. O
^ Lily Spender , known as MKrs John Kent (1835-1896), novelist; nee Headland; wrote for Ixiiiilnn Quarterly and other reviews, and produced over , novels, 1869-95.
^ Sir James Spens (fl. 1598-1630), Scots adventurer nnd diplomatist; attempted, unsuccessfully, to settle the island of Lewis, 1598; entered service of Charles IX of Sweden; knighted; envoy from James I to Gustavus Adolphus. 1612: served as intermediary between Gustavus and England, 1623-7 and 1629-30.
^ Sir John Spens (1520?–1573), of Condie; queen's advocate: educated at St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews; was made a judge in 1560, holding at the same time the office of queen's advocate: showed sympathy with Knox, bat adhered to- Mary Stuart's party, and prosecuted officially both the murderer of Riccio and that of Darnley; remaimed office until his death.
^ Thomas de Spens (1415?–1480), bishop of Aberdeen; went on embassies to Henry VI of England, 1446, ami to Charles VII of France, 1449; became bishop of Aberdeen, 1449; keeper of the privy seal, 1458; went on to Edward IV and to Charles the Bold; gave information to Edward IV of a conspiracy against him formed at Bruges; was captured by English war-ships as he was escorting the Duke of Albany to Scotland, 1464, but .veil treated by Edward IV and feent back to Scotland: helped to secure the meeting between Edward IV and Louis XI at Pecquigiiy, and to maintain the peace between James III and Edward IV; again keeper of the Scots privy seal, 1468-71; treated at Alnwick for a permanent peace with the English, 1471, the treaty being eventually signed iu 1473; negotiated the betrothal of Prince James with Cecilia, youngest daughter of Edward IV, 1474; rebuilt the bishop's palace, and was a munificent benefactor of St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen.
^ Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599), poet: elder son of John Spenser, described as a gentleman and a journeyman in the art of clotlimakiug; born probably,. 1552, iu East Smithfleld, London, whither his father had migrated from the Burnley district of Lancashire; his hereditary connection with this district confirmed by the dialect employed in the Shephcard's Calendar and other early pieces; educated at Merchant Taylors* School; matriculated sizar from Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, May, 1569; at Cambridge; studied Latin, Greek, French, and Italian assiduously, making influential friends; M.A., 1576; while still at Cambridge, contributed fourteen sonnet Visions from I)u Bellay to an edifyingTheatre for Worldlings 1568; obtained in 1578. through his college friend, Gabriel Harvey, a place in Leicester's household; became, through Leicester, acquainted with Sir Philip Sidney; with Sidney, Dyer, and Drant formed a literary club styled the Areopagus; while under Leicester's roof and in love with a fairRosalind(probably a yeoman's daughterX made experiments, at the instance of Harvey and Edward Kirke, in classical measures; published (with archaic glossary suggested partly by Kirkc) the Shcpheard's Calendar(twelve eclogues), 1579, and began the* Faerie Queene his Shep hoard's Calendar enthusiastically received; was appointed secretary to Arthur Grey, fourteenth lord Grey de Wilton, then going to Ireland as lord deputy, 1580; was well rewarded for his work in Ireland, which remained his home until within a month of his death; left the neighiKmrhood of Dublin for Kilcolman Castle upon an estate lie had acquired near Cork, 1688; occupied himself with l:t-rary work, writing his elegy on Antrophel(Sidney) in 1586, and preparing for the press his Faerie Queene three book? of which were entrusted to the printer on the poet's visit to London, November 1689; reluctantly returned to Kilcolman, 1591, and pennedColin Clouts come home again* (printed, 1695): by the reputation of the Faerie Queeneled the publisher Ponsonby to collect IU minor verse ami jutxnilli, in part rewritten, as Complaints, containing Kimdric small poems of the worlds vanltie 1590; married (1694) Elizabeth Boyle, whom he bad wooul in his Amon-tti and celebrated the marriage in hU splendid Epithalamion (the two printed together. lo5); published the second instalment of three books of theFaerie Queeneand Foure Hymnc.- l'96, being in London for the purpose at Essex House, where he wrote his Prothalamion and also his well-informed, though one-sided, prose View of the Present State of Ireland; returned to Kilcolman, depressed both in mind and health, 1697; his castle of Kilcolman burned, October 1698, in a sudden insurrection of the natives, i-hieliy NVills, under the sntran Earl of Desmond, on which, with his wife and four children, he was compelled to flee for refuge to Cork; sent over to England early in December 1598 with a despatch from the president of Munster to the government in London: died in distress, if not actual poverty, at a lodging in King Street, Westminster, a month later; buried near his favourite Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. Four portraits of him are extant. His main achievement, the moral and allegorical, but pre-eminently pictorial, 4 Faerie Queene was the only great poem that had been written in England since Chaucer died. As a scholar ranking near Milton and Gray, as a metrist and inventor of the Spenserian stanza, and as the poet's poet his high position and influence iu our poetic literature cannot be overestimated.
^ John Spenser (1559–1614), president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; M.A. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1581; elected president, 1607, having been previously fellow and Greek reader at the college; took part in the authorised version of 1611, being upon the New Testament committee; vas at great pains in bringing out in complete form the work of his friend Richard Hooker, 160k
^ John Sperling (1793–1877), lieutenant, royal engineers; served in Holland under Sir James Cannichael Smyth, 1813-14; prepared defence against Napoleon's invasion of 1815, was at Waterloo, and Paris, 1816; retired from service in 1824, and wrote a diary of his active service, published, 1872.
^ Henry Spicer (1743?–1804), miniature portraitpainter; exhibited, 1765-1804; painter in enamel to George, prince of Wales.
^ Alexander Spiers (1807–1869), lexicographer: doctor of philosophy, Leipzig: English teacher at Paris; produced, after fourteen yearswork, his General English and French Dictionary 1846, which won him a cross of the Legion of Honour.
^ Henry Spigurnel (1263?–1328), judge; was. summoned to parliaments of Edward I and Edward II, and made a justice of oyer and terminer, 1300; sent on a mission to papal court, 1311; interpreted the ordinances, 1312; retired, 1327.
^ Daniel Spillan (d. 1854), scholar and medical writer; educated at Trinity College, Dublin; M.A. and M.B., 1826; unsuccessful in practice; wrote manuals of therapeutics, clinics, chemistry and medicine, and translated from Sophocles, Tacitus, and Livy; died in St. Pancras workhouse, London.
^ James Spiller (1C92-1730), comedian ; wn of theGloucester carrier; learned painting, but drifted as a player to Drury Lane, London; played with Pinkethmau at Greenwich, 1710, and three years later settled under John Rich at Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, playing such parts as lachimo, Pistol, Pandarus, Dr. Caiua, Marplot, Sir Politick Wouldbe, and Brainworm; frequently confined in the Marsh alsea for debt, an inn near Clare Market, London, which he frequented becoming noted a,s the Spiller's Head.*
^ John Spilsbury (1730?–1795?), engraver ; drawing-master at Harrow; executed heads, and fifty engravings from gems, 1785.
^ Jonathan Spilsbury (fl. 1760-1790), engraver; practised mainly in mezzo- portraits, but engraved some subject-pieces after Rembrandt, Rubens, and Murillo.
^ Maria Spilsbury (rf. 1820?X rural painter; daughter of Jonathan Spilsbury; exhibited domestic and rural pieces, 1792-1813, and a few etchings.
^ Nathaniel Spinckes (1653–1727), non juror ; Rustat scholar of Jesus College, Oxford: M.A., 1677; became chaplain to first Duke of Lauderdale, 1681, and n close friend of his fellow-chaplain, George Hickes; deprived of preferments, 1690, upon declining to take oath of allegiance to William and Mary; became ft among UOM jurors, and was consecrated a bishop them by Hi.rk.s. 1 713: iri,-nd of thepious Robert Nehwo; published sermons an: lill. 406)
^ John Spittlehouse (4. 1653), pamphleteer; fought against Charles I from 1644; renium.l u: of Worcester with the Roundhead army, of which be wrote several vindications.
^ Josiah Spode (1764–1827) potter ; of Stoke-upon-Trent; improved the old willow pattern, jasper, cream, and black ware; opened a large London warehouse; commenced making porcelain with improved (bone) paste in 1800; made potter to George 1 1 1. 1806; the most loocessful china manufacturer of his time.
^ Reginald Spofforth (1770-1827) glee composer: composed about seventy lively glees for Nobleman's Catch Club and other clubs, besides stage music; a good pianist.
^ Charles Spooner (d. 1767), mezzotint engraver; a skilful copyist; engraved many good portraits in Dublin, 1749-66, awl afterwards In London.
^ Charles Spooner (1806–1871), veterinary surgeon: passed the Royal Veterinary College 18)9, and was appointed veterinary surgeon to the Zoological was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at the Hoyal Veterinary College, 183 and principal and chief professor, 1853, and by 1858 was president of the incorporated Royal College of Veterinary Sun."-
^ William Charles Spooner (1809?–1886), veterinary surgeon; son of a Blandford innkeeper: practised at Southampton; studied chemical manures; was a great judge of horses, and wrote two treatises on veterinary matters, but was chiefly known for his standard work on Sheep 1844.
^ Richard Sporley or Sporte (d.1490?), historian; monk of Westminster, e. 1430; wrote a collection of annals, 1043-1483.
^ Alexander Spottiswood or Spotswood (1676-1740), colonial governor; fought at Blenheim in Bath's regiment; made governor of Virginia, 1710: a successful administrator, but superseded in 1722, though he remained in colony; major-general, 1740.
^ James Spottiswood (1567–1645) bishop of Clogher; graduated at Glasgow University, 1583; accompanied James VI to Denmark, 1589; persuaded by Whitgift to take orders in Anglican church, awl (1621) was mode bishop of Clogher; fled to England, 1641: died and was buried at Westminster.
^ John Spottiswood, Spotiswood, or Spotswood (1510-1586), Scots reformer: studied at Glasgow (M.A., 1536), but proceeded to London and was admitted to orders by Cranmcr, c. 1640: became intimate with Knox; sat on committee for First Book of Discipline; was ecclesiastical superintendent of Lothian, and officiated nt coronation of James VI.
^ Spottiswood, Spottiswoode, Spotiswood, or Spotswood (1565-1639), archbishop of St. Andrews and Scots historian: studied at Glasgow under James and Andrew MelviUe, 1680-1; M.A., 1681; accompanied Duke of Lennox to France awl James I to London, 1603: made by James I archbishop of Glasgow in place of Beaton, and a member of the Scots privy council, since he found him a thorough era- tian ami a pliant instrument in subjugating the kirk; became archbishop of St. Andrews, 1616: secured the passing of the Five Articles of Perth In 1618, and retained the favour of Charles 1: tried, however, to prevent the introduction of the liturgy in 1637, and to modify the policy of Charles 1: hail to take refuge at Newcastle, and was deposed by the assembly; proceeded to London, and died there; buried in Westminster Abbey. fUii-412
^ Spottiswood, Spottiswoode, or Spotiswood (1666–1728), Scots advocate and legal author; studied at Edinburgh University; became professor of law there, 1703; edited his grandfather Sir Robert Spottiswood's Practicks of the Laws of Scotland 1706, and other legal works.
^ Sir Robert Spottiswood (1596–1646) Scottish judge: studied at Glasgow (M.A., 1613), at Exeter College, Oxford, and in France; promoted to Scot* bench, 16M; president of the court of session. 1633; aasailed by ,,,-.,...-.,.;.. -..:-.-.,...,.! Charles in Scotland; taken prisoner with Montrose at !.:;..-..,.:...:,-: i!:. Law of Scotland published by his grandson, John Spottiswood.
^ Arthur Cole Spottiswoode (1809–1874) major-general; served with distinction at Bhartpur and Benares M i- * Mai Brttaa; oota*,
^ William Spottiswoode (1826-1883), mathematician and physicist: son of a partner in Eyre & SpoUiswoode's; obtained a nrholanhip at Balliol College, Oxford, and a university mathematical scholarship: B.A., 1846; worked on curves and surfaces and the polarisation of light, and was a successful lecturer and writer on polarisation and electrical discharge; president of the Royal Society, 1878-83.
^ Sir Edward Spragge (d. 1673), admiral : born in Ireland; knighted, 1666; took part in the great battle of June 1666 tinder Prince Rupert, and commanded at Bbeerneas in 1667, when the Dutch forced the Medway; destroyed the Algerine fleet In Bugia Bay, 1671, and took a brilliant part in battle of Solebay. 1672: admiral of the blue, 1672: served in thrm action* during 1073, in the third of which, against Cornells Trump, on 11 Aug., he was drowned.
^ Thomas Sprat (1635–1713), bishop of Rochester and dean of Westminster; studied at Wadham College, Oxford; M.A. 1657; D.D., 1669 (incorporated at Cambridge, 1671); one of the scientific circle from which sprang the Royal Society; his poem on the death of Cromwell publisho!, with others, by Dryden and Waller, 1669; published a stinging reply to Sorblere's remarks on England, 1664, and a history of the Royal Society, of which he was (1663) one of the first fellows, 1667; published (1668) an account of Oowley, for whose monument be wrote the inscription: supposed to have taken some part in Buckingham's * Rehearsal; noted as a preacher, and in 1680 made canon of Windsor; promoted dean of Westminster, 1683, bishop of Roclxwter, 1684; giveu by James II a seat on the new ecclesiastical commission, 1686: read the Declaration of Indulgence to empty benches In Westminster Abbey, 1688; subsequently assisted &t tlie coronation of William and Mary; drew up an admirable narrative of Robert Young's plot, of which he was a victim, being arrested, 169J; directed Wren's repairs at Westminster Abbey, and gave facilities for Dryden's burial: buried in Westminster Abbey: celebrated in literature for the excellent prose style of hU sermons.
^ James Spratt (1771-1853), naval commander: fought with great bravery at Trafalgar, 1808; was forced to Invalid by wounds, and was given command of a prison ship at Plymouth, 1815; retired, 1817, baring during hU service saved nine men from drowning.
^ Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt (18ll-1888), vice-admiral, hydrographer, and author; eldest son of James Spratt; commanded vessels doing sun work in the Mediterranean: laid down positions for t hi* during Crimean war: promoted captain, 1856: 1855: F.RJS., 1866; retired, 1870: published log-books of bis Mediterranean surveys, 1847-66.
^ Aloys Sprenger (1813–1893), orientalist: native of Tyrol; studied at Vienna awl Paris; naturalise 1 in England, 1838: appointed principal of Mohaminedar. college, Delhi, 1848; while at Delhi, Lucknow, and Calcutta translated important Hindustani. Arabic, and Persian texts, including the Miulifctan of Saadi. 1861, and began an elaborateLife of Mohammad left Iixlui, 1867, and settled at Heidelberg.
^ Joshua Sprigg (1618-1684), divine: of New Inn Hall, Oxford: M.A. Edinburgh, 1639; a retain. Thomas Fairfax; made fellow and bursar of All Souls College, Oxford, by the parliamentarians, 1649; opposed the execution of Charles I, and retired from Oxford at the Restoration; published a judicious compilation called Anglia Rediviva 1647, upon the successes of Fairfax's army.
^ William Sprigg (fl. 1657), pamphleteer ; brother of Joshua Sprigg; fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, from 1652 till the Restoration; M.A., 1655; published philosophical essays and A modest Plea for an Equal Commonwealth 1667.
^ Tom Spring (1795–1851), pugilist. See Thomas Winter.
^ Thomas Spring-Rice, first Baron Monteagle of Brandon in Kerry (1790-1866), B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1811: represented Limerick in the Whig interest from 1820; suggested Irish reforms to Canning government; secretary to treasury in Grey's administration, 1830-4; chancellor of exchequer in Melbourne's second administration, 1835-9; introduced the penny postage scheme, 1839, but having lost popularity, especially with the radicals, was not adopted for the speakership, us lie bad hoped; retired and was made a peer, 1839.
^ John Sprint (d. 1590), treasurer of Salisbury Cntbedral; of Corpus Christ! College, Oxford; D.D. Christ Church, Oxford, 1574; dean of Bristol, 1571; treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral, 1584.
^ John Sprint (d. 1623), theologian: student of t Ch.irch, Oxford, 1592: M.A., 1699; appointed vicar of Thornbury, 1610, awl after conforming reluctantly to the Anglican ritual published several treatises in defence of it, 1607-13.
^ George Sprott (d. 1608), conspirator; convicted of having forged three letters purporting to be from Robert Logan to John Ruthven, third earl of Gowrie, concerning the murder of James VI: found guilty of complicity in the conspiracy and executed.
^ Thomas Sprott or Spott (fl. 1270?) historian and monk of St. Augustine's, Canterbury; wrote a history of that foundation, a fragment of which is now among the Cottonian MSS., British Museum.
^ Richard Spruce (1817–1893), botanist and traveller; began working upon mosses when a master at St. Peter's School, York; went to the Pyrenees, and (1849) to South America with Hooker and Bentham; ured many new plants in the Amazon region, where he met Wallace; collected cinchona plants for India, and returned home in 1864, much enfeebled in health, to work out his results, in aid of which, having had severe losses, he received a small government grant.
^ Henry Harpur Spry (1804–1842), writer on India; surgeon on Bengal staff; F.R.S., 1841; published Modern India, 1 1837.
^ Sir Richard Spry (1715–1775), rear-admiral ; captured by the Spaniards while in command of the Comet bomb, 1744; served under Boscawen at Pondicherry; at Louisbourg, 1758; commanded (1772) a squadron in the Channel; knighted, 1773.
^ Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892), preacher: born at Kelvedon, Essex; became usher in a whool at Newmarket, 1849; left independents and became a zealous baptist in 1850; became pastor of the baptist congregation at Waterbcach, 1852; came to London, 1854, and became so popular a preacher that Exeter Hall could not hold his hearers; the Metropolitan Tabernacle, to hold 6,000 persons, having been opened in 1861, he ministered there till his death; was a convinced Calvinist, adhering staunchly to that system of theology, though bis resentment at what he called the down-grade development of modern biblical criticism led to his withdrawing from the Baptist Union in 187; his pulpit, as well as his private utterances, marked by a rich vein of humourhi* sermons, which were far famed, were published at the I rate of one a week; author of John Ploughman's Talks 1869,John Ploughman's Pictures 1880 and other works; edited the Treasury of David 1870-85.
^ Bahoxs Spynie . See LINDSAY, ALRXANDI:I;, j first BAUOX, d. 1607; LINDSAY, ALKXAXDKK, second 1 HAKOX, l. 1646; LINDSAY, GKOUGE, third BAHOX,. ! 1671.
^ Edward Squire (d. 1598), alleged conspirator; employed in Queen Elizabeth's stables; became involved with the Jesuits, and was charged with an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth by poisoning her saddle, and executed on slight grounds.
^ John Spurgin 1797-l866), medical writer; proceeded from Caius College, Cambridge, to Edinburgh but returned and became M.D., Im.-:,: I.!;.(. P., 1826; censor, 1829; Harveian orator, 1861; published medical lectures, 1853-60; physician to the Foundling Hospital, London, 1835-66; projected an edition of Swedcnborg's philosophical works.
^ William Spurstowe (1606?–1666), puritan divine; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1630; fellow of Catharine Hull, Cambridge; put into the mastership of Catharine Hall by the puritans, 1645; objected to the execution of Charles I, hut lost his mastership at the Restoration: one of the five divines who wrote, in 1641, as Smectymnuus
^ John Squire (1780–1812), brevet lieutenant-colonel, royal engineers; served under Abercromby in Holland and Egypt; travelled through Syria and Greece; was employed on lines of Torres Vedras 1810, and in bridging the Guadiana; suffered in health after Hadaioz, and died at Truxillo.
^ Samuel Squire (1713 - 1766), bishop of St. Davids: fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 17155; M.A., 1737; curried favour with Newcastle and Chesterfield, obtained a deanery at Bristol, 1760, and the see of St. Davids, 1761; published historical essays, and fostered Anglo-Saxon studies in Cambridge,
^ William Squire (d. 1677), controversialist; B.A. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1650; M.A., Brasenose College, Oxford, 1653: chaplain of All Souls College and fellow of University College, Oxford; wrote two tracts on the Unreasonableness of Romanists shortly before his death.
^ Edward Stack (d. 1833), general : of Irish birth; entered French army, but quitted it for Irish brigade; narrowly escaped being shot as a spy by Napoleon I; general in the British army, 1830.
^ Richard Stack (d. 1812), author : M.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1779; fellow, 1779; D.D., 1786; vicepresident of Royal Irish Academy, contributing to Transactions and writing lectures.
^ John Stackhouse (1742–1819), botanist : fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1761-4: studied seaweeds and was an early F.L.S.; published the Nereis Britannica * (on sea-wracks), 1795, and other standard botanical memoirs.
^ Thomas Stackhouse (1677–1752), theologian; of Durham and St. John's College, Cambridge; was a poor curate at Sheppcrton, at Amsterdam, and at Finchley; obtained vicarage of Benham Valence, 1733: latterly worked for booksellers at Chelsea; produced a History of the Bible 1737, and many short histories and abridgments.
^ Thomas Stackhouse (L 1781), writer ; younger son of Thomas Stackhouse( 1677 1752): compiled several school-books, 1762-81.
^ Thomas Stackhouse (1756–1836), antiquary and theologian; nephew of Thomas stackhouse (d. 1784) ; wrote on theAncient Barrows 1806, andRemains of Ancient Pagan Britain 1833; wrote also schoolbooks and obituaries of quaker?, having joined that denomination.
^ Marquis of Stafford (1721–1803). See Granville Leveson-Gower.
^ Viscount Stafford (1614–1680). See William Howard.
^ Anthony Stafford (1587–1645?). devotional writer: of Oriel College and Inner Temple; created M.A., 1623: published The Female Glory (a panegyric of the Blessed Virgin), 1636.
^ Edmund de Stafford (1344–1419), bishop of Exeter; dean of York, 1385; keeper of the privy seal. 1389; consecrated bishop of Exeter, 1395; lord chancellor from 1396 till the abdication of Richard II in 1399; assented to the deposition of Richard II; again lord chancellor, 1403; was regarded as the second founder of Stapeldon Hall, Oxford, the name of which was changed to Exeter College in his day.
^ Edward Stafford, third Duke of Buckingham (1478-1521) ,, ,.!,-; ,,,ii ,,f ii. i. Moond Ink of lttirk:ntdiamij. v. 1;.-orn privv 1SI9; attrf-ti'J.il,-onrt llrnry VIII. iM'n;.-.ii.. uni.-l and executed. Charges of li-;...i:ty to H.-i.ry V11I having been trumped upagaitut him in 1621.
^ Sir Edward Stafford (1552?-1605), diplomatist: rarrii-.l on ii.--otiatii.ns i,, r a tni.oii between Qu beth and li.-iii-:i7a: kuigh ai,.l..i- Midor at Paris, 1683-90.
^ Henry Stafford, second Duke of Buckingham (1454?-1483), grandson of Humphrey Stafford, first duke; pronounced sentence as high steward on Clarence, 1478: joined Richard of Gloucester (afterwards Richard III), 1483, and acted as great chamberlain at his coronation; raised a force against Richard III ti.m months later; his army rendered useless by the floods of the river Wye and Severn, and wa himself captured and executed at Salisbury.
^ Henry Stafford , first Baron Stafford (1501-1563), courtier; K.B.. 1532; M.P, Stafford, 1M7; sapiccessively Henry VIII, Protector Somenet, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth.
^ Hugh de Stafford, second Earl of Stafford (1342?-1386), second son of Ralph de Stafford, first earl of Stafford; went with John of Gaunt to France, 1373: K.G., 1376: officiated at coronation of Richard II, 1377, and was member of his council; having lost his eldest son by treachery, went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and died at Rhodes.
^ Humphrey Stafford, first Duke of Buckingham (1402–1460), accompanied Henry VI abroad, 1430; captain of Calais, 1442; created Duke of Buckingham, 1444, and warden of Cinque ports, 1450; opposed the Duke of York: subsequently tried to reconcile Queen Margaret with the Yorkits, but was killed at the battle of Xortlm: -n.
^ Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon (1439-1469), fought for and was knighted by Edward IV at Towton, 1461; won numerous honours, was made a privy councillor, and Earl of Devon, 1469; wilt to oppose Robin of Redesdale, 1469, but quarrelled with William Herbert, first earl of Pembroke, and retired with all his troops, on which Edward IV ordered his execution.
^ John Stafford (d. 1452), archbishop of Canterbury; D.C.L. of Oxford before 1413; appointed archdeacon of Salisbury, 1419, ami keeper of the privy seal, 1421; joined party of Henry Beaufort; consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells, 1425: first to have the title of lord chancellor 1432; archbishop of Canterbury, 144.1-52,
^ John Stafford (1728-1800), independent divine: a wool-comber by trade; became minister of New Broad Street chapel, London, 1758; published Calvini-tlctreatises.
^ Ralph de Stafford , first EARL OF STAFFORD (1299-1372), served Edward III in Flanders, 1338-40; led reinforcements to Britanny, 1342; taken prisoner at Vannes and exchanged; seneschal of Aquitaine, 1345: fought at Crecy and at siege of Calais; defeated French near Agen, 1352; fought in Scotland and (1356) at Poitiers: assisted at treaty of Bretigny, 1360: dial at Tonbridge.
^ Sir Richard Stafford , styled 'of Clifton' ( ft. 1 337-1 389), seneschal of Gascony: brother of Ralph de Stafford, first earl of Stafford
^ Richard Stafford 1663–1703) Jacobite pamphleteer: of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and the Middle Temple: distributed rabid Jacobite tracts; showed signs of lunacy, and was sent to Bedlam, 1691.
^ Richard Anthony Stafford (1801-18M), surgeon: attracted notice of Abernethy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London; studied in Paris; wrote on spine and urethra.
^ Thomas Stafford (1681?-1657), rebel : travelled hi Italy and Poland; opposed Queen Mary's Spanish marriage, and, claiming royal descent on both sides, sailed from Dieppe, by connivance of Henri II, with two ships, and made a landing at Scarborough, April 1657, but WM : . M
^ Sir Thomas Stafford (. 1681 1 reputed l by Cblol:. 1611; inherited the manuscripts of George Carew, earl of Totnes, and from them compiled history of the Irish wars Pacata Hibernia, 1633.
^ William Stafford ( 1564-1612), alleged author of Compendious Examination of certain ordinary Complaints; of Winchester OoUeye ani I. How of New CoUejre, Oxfnni. 1573; implicated obscurely in a plot of 1586. The bonk nttnt.utal to Mm. upon sod* ard VI. was probably in reality by John Hales (d. 1571)
^ William Stafford (1593-1684) pamphleteer ; created M.A. ChrUt Church, Oxford, 1618; wrote on war from parliamentarian standpoint, 1644-.
^ John Stagg (1770-1823), Cumberland poet; lost eyesight in his youth; described Cumberland peasantry !.;- --i..... f IliL 4691
^ Nicholas Staggins (1660?–1700), musician: master of his majesty's music, 1676; Mns.Doc. Cambridge, 1682; composed birthday music and songs,
^ Sir Richard Stainer (rf. 1669). See Stayner.
^ Sir Thomas Staines (1776-1830), captain in the navy: served in the Victory under Hood, 1796, and under Jervis, 1796; captnred by Spaniards, 1798; served on Foudroyant under Nelson, and afterwards at siege of Toulon: promoted captain, 1806: bad great success in South of Spain and Naple*; knighted, 1809, and appointed to Britain frigate; accidentally struck on Pitcairn'n island, 1813, and sent account of lie colony to England.
^ Henry Tibbats Stainton (1822-1892), entomologist: began studying smaller *epidoptera, 184O; pnbli-hMl numerous books on British insect*, especially the :inr(,lr: founded magazines; president of the Entomological Society, 18*1-2; secretary of Bay Society, 1861-72; F.R.S., 1867.
^ Earls of Stair .S OF. sv DAI.HVMI-I.K, Sut J..H.V. tir-t KAKI, 164H-17U": DAUIYMI-I.K. Jux, tecoinl KAKI., 1673-1747: DALRYMPLB, JOHN, fifth BAKU 17SO-178S; DALRYMIM.K. JOHN, sixth EAHU 1749-1821; PALHYMIM.K. Sin JOHN HAMII.TI. MACUILI eighth EARL, 1771-1863.
^ Viscount Stair, first ( 1619–1696). See James Dalrymple.
^ William Grant Stairs (1863–1892), captain and traveller; bom at Halifax, Nova Scotia; gazetteil lieutenant, royal engineer?, 1HS5: sailed on Emtn relii-f expeilition, 1K86; jounu-ytil with St.nili-y through central forest of Africa, and explored the Mountain of the Moon. 1888; took command of Belgian expedition to sooth of Congo Free state, 1891; died on way back from Katanga.
^ William Staley or Stayley (d. 1678), victim of the popish plot: a catholic goldsmith and banker: charged with treason by the informer Carstairs: tried by Lord justice Scroggs, and hanged at Tyburn,
^ John Stalham (d. 1681) puritan divine : said to have been educated at Oxford; vicar of Terling, 1638: : a strong puritan and congregationalist; wrote much against quakers; ejected, 1662.
^ Eaklb of Stamford . See GHKY, HKXKY, first 1599?-1673; (.HEY, THOMAS, second EAUL, 1654i 1720.
^ Sir William Stamford (1509–1658). See STANFORD.
^ William Stampe (1611–1653?), divine: M.A. Pembroke College. Oxford, 1633 (incorporated at Cambridge, 1640): D.D., l3; fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford; vicar of Stepney, 1641: sequestered by i minster Assembly as a loyalist: chaplain to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia; died at the Hague. (llli. 469
^ John Stanbridge (1463–1510), grammarian: fellow of New College:. and M.A.; became rector of Winwick and prebendary of Lincoln, 1609; wrote Vocabula Vulgaria, Accidentia, and other glossaries and grammars printed by Wynkyn de Worde.
^ John Stanbury, Stanbery, or Stanbridge (d. 1474), bishop of Hereford; D.D. Exeter College, Oxford; confessor to Henry VI, and first provost of Eton; bishop of Hereford, 1453-74.
^ Arthur Standish (.ft. 1611), writer on agriculture: published the Commons Complaint (1611), advocating systematic planting.
^ Frank Hall Standish (1799–1840), connoisseur and author; wrote on Voltaire, on northern capitals of Europe, and on Seville, where he lived; bequeathed his fine collection of pictures and manuscript? to King LouisPhilippe of France.
^ Henry Standish (i. 1535), bishop of St. Asaph : D.D.: preached at Henry VIII's court: maintained that the clergy were liable to punishment in secular courts, but by Henry VIII's favour escaped punishment by convocation; opposed Colet and Erasmus, ami was very hostile to heresy; bishop of St. Asaph, 1518-35; consecrated Oranmer, 1533.
^ John Standish (1507?-1570), archdeacon of Colchester; of Brasenose and Corpus Christi colleges, Oxford; M.A.,1531; D.D., 1541: chaplain to Edward VI; conformed subsequently both under Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth; wrote several tracts.
^ Myles Standish (1584–1656), colonist ; of Lancashire: a descendant of the Dnxbury branch of the family; served under the Veres in the Netherlands before 1603; embarked on Mayflower from Leyden, 1620, and settled at New Plymouth: chosen military captain of the colony, 1621; awed the Indians by his rapid and wellconcerted measures, and ensured the success of the Plymouth colony; died at Duxbury, New England; his estate still in the possession of descendants on the north side of the bay. His daring exploits against the Indians are celebrated in poems by Longfellow and Lowell.
^ Clarkson Stanfield (1793–1867), marine and landscape painter; son of James Field Stanfield; entered the merchant service, 1808, and was pressed into the navy, 1812, but left the sea, 1818; became scene painter finally at Drury Lane, London, and painted a drop-scene for Dickens; R.A., 1835; painted The Battle of Trafalgar 1836: settled at Hampstead, 1847; styled the English Vandevelde; famous for his cloud-forms.
^ George Clarkson Stanfield (1828–1878), painter; son of Clarksou Stanfield; exhibited, 18441876.
^ James Field Stanfield (rf. 1824), actor and author; wroteObservations on a Guinea Voyage 1788, andThe Guinea Voyage 1785), against the slave traffic, of which he had had some experience: had the direction of a theatrical company in the north of England.
^ Charles Stanford (1823–1886), divine; minister at Devizes: became president of the London Baptist Association, 1882; published Philip Doddridge, D.D. 1880, and other memorial lives.
^ William Stanford, Stamford, or Staunford (1509–1558), judge; of Oxford and Gray's Inn: barrister, 1536; M.P., Stafford, 1541, 1545-7; Newcastle-under-Lyme, 1547-62; appointed justice of common pleas, 1655; knighted, 1555; chief work, Les Plees del Coron (1560).
^ Christopher Stanger (1759–1831), physician; studied at Edinburgh and abroad: M.D. Edinburgh, 1783; Gresham professor of medicine, 1790; became physician to Foundling Hospital, London, 1792; unsuccessfully contested admission to the fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians; published medical tracts.

[1] Aaron Smith (d. 1697?) solicitor to the treasury; a whig plotter at the time of the Popish plot; arrested at the time of the Rye House plot, and not released till March 1688; appointed solicitor to treasury and public prosecutor, 1689; detected a more or less imaginary conspiracy in Lancashire, 1G94; dismissed for malversation, 1696.

[2] Aaron Smith (fl. 1828), seaman; charged with piracy in the West In i his piratical acts shown to have been committed upon compulsion: published (1824) aNarrativeof his sufferings, and subHequently brought a charge of libel against a man who styled him a pirate, obtaining 10. damages.

[3] Adam Smith (1723–1790). political economist; ;.:,:-. DDl.. t I. 60 iBSSt**?, " OS,;:: DM,:!!-..,!,.:.-:.: !.-,. (n... I* HI t: !.--. i i.:.. ate with Bane; published bU Theory of the Moral nenu 1769; his lectures the means of his attaining ...,,:.-..,,.;..,,!!., H:.,-. Turgot, and others in Paris, and Votuira at OMV; ratamati to London, 1764, and ssttfad. 1747. in KirkcaJd on a pension from the Duke of Boodeooh: from the physiocrats the perception that a Qdtl. t!:,..r,,;..,.,;,.,1,.:-...,.! bOV,MM,, n.. and differenov of wage*, and published (1766) his mat study of political economy M a separate sdsacsj; hs book being studied, among others, by Pitt; edited the autobfanaptq 3 M MM,.-. m i tool tt:..- Bto -. ;;;T: sjagM kofd Ml* ri Oftsjl DUvOTlty. i;-;: member of Dr. Johnson's Club.

[4] Albert Richard Smith (181t-18X Merchant Taylors School, Middlesex Hospital, began writing for Punch.* and (1842) sent The Adventures of Mr. Lolbury to Bentiey's; brought outChristopher Tadpole IMx; wrote a number of extravaganzas, and was well known for his entertainments at the Egyptian Hall-tin iverland Mail Mont Blanc 1862, and China

[5] Alexander Smith (fl. 1714–1726), biographer of highwaymen; called Captain Smith: wrote " Lives of Higbwaymcit 1714, lives of celebrated beauties, 1716, and lives of Buyliffs Jonathan Wild, and other*. ;;.;;.:.;

[6] Alexander Smith (1684–1766), Roman catholic prelate: consecrated bishop of Mosinopolis in partibus infidelium, 1735: sucoeeded to the vicariate of the lowland district of Scotland, 1746. of logic at Glasgow, and next year transferred to chair of

[7] Alexander Smith (1760?-1829). See John Adams.

[8] Alexander Smith (1829-1867). Scottish poet: a. tace pattern designer in Glasgow; patr tillan ai:d George Ilir1 A-W r,: published in 1863 Life Drama and other poems which made a sensation: satirised by Aytoun in Firuiilian; published sonnets on the Crimean war with his friend Dobell, 1866, and Dreamthorp (essays), 1863.

[9] Sir Andrew Smith (1797–1872), ili rector-general, army medical department; wrveil at the Cape and in Natal, 1821-37: wrot.- on r(.logy of South Africa: director-general of the onuy aiwl ordnance medical departments, 1853-8: hlutiiM for lu- administration of medical department in the Crimea; K.C.1L, 1869.

[10] Anker Smith (1759–1819). engraver: became a famous engraver of small plate* in line; A.H.A., 1797.

[11] Aquilla Smith (1806–1890), Irish antiquary; studied at Trinity Collejre, Dublin; M.D. Awri oeuua. Dublin, 183); king's professor of materta medlca and pharmacy in the school of physic, Dublin, 1864-81: collector of coins; wrote on archaeological, numismatic, and medical subject*. I""- "1

[12] Archibald Smith (181S-1872V mathematician : of GhMgow and Trinity College, Cambridge; senior wrangler, 1836: M.A.. 1839: barrister, Lincoln's Ian, 1841; F.R.S.. 1866: rewarde.1 by government, 187; wrote on the deviation of the compass.

[13] Arthur Smith W. W. (1825-18C1X terUiJMr: managed entertainment* for his brother AUwrt Richard Smith, and also for Charles Dickens q. v

[14] Augustus John Smith (1804–1872), loseeof the UDto Obnrch, Oxford, l*. obtained i. uirfer tlw crown, 1834, ulnetv-nlna : largely rebuilt and reorganised Industrial J., Truro, 1867-66.

[15] See Bodichon.

[16] Benjamin Smith (1754–1833) engraver: in the stipple manner of his master Bartolozzi.

[17] Benjamin Smith (1783-1860), politician; son of William Smith (1756-1835); supported corn law repeal as M.P. for Norwich, 1838 and liS-11-7

[18] Bernard Smith (formerly SCHMIDT) (1630?-1708), called Father Smith; organ-builder; came from Halle in Charles II's time; built organ for Westminster Abbey and for Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford and Durham Cathedral; built also orpin for St. Paul's, London, 1097, and for Trinity College, Cambridge.

[19] Charles Smith (1715?-1762), Irish county historian; wrote histories of Down (1744), Waterford (1746), Cork (1760), and Kerry (175C), which were praised by Miwaulay.

[20] Charles Smith (1713–1777), writer on the corn trade; earned praise of Adam Smith by his treatise on the import and export laws.

[21] Charles Smith (1749-1824), painter; native of the Orkneys; painted in India, 1783: published aTrip to Bengal (musical entertainment), 1802.

[22] Charles Smith (1786–1856), singer ; chorister of Chapel Royal, London, 179G; became organist nt the Welbeck Chapel and (1816) at Liverpool; wrote songs and operettas.

[23] Sir Charles Felix Smith (1786–1858), lieutenant-general; served as engineer in Spain, with distinction at Gibraltar, December 1811; served at Vittoria and in Wellington's army of occupation, 1815-18; in West Indies, 1823-37; as commanding engineer at Gibraltar, 1838-42, gaining K.C.B. for gallantry at St. Jean d'Acre; lieutenant-general, 1851, and colonel-commandant, royal engineers, 185C.

[24] Charles Hamilton Smith (1776–1859), soldier and writer on natural history; of Flemish origin; served in English army, 1797-1820; wrote military part of Coxc's Marlborough and many military and naturalhistory book*.

[25] Charles Harriot Smith (1792–1864), architect; becnme an authority on building-stone and ornamental stone-carving, and published Lithotomy 1842.

[26] Charles John Smith (1803–1838), engraver: executed plates for Stothard and John Gough Nichols , 1829; F.S.A., 1837.

[27] Charles Roach Smith (1807–1890), antiquary ; a great collector of, and authority on, Roman and British antiquities: sold a collection in 1856 to British Musenm for 2,000.; wrote largely for Archaeologia and Numismatic Chronicleand editedAntiquarian Notesfor Gentleman's Magazine,* besides helping to found British Archieological Association in 1843, and publishing useful Collectanea

[28] Charlotte Smith (1749–1806, poetess and novelist; daughter of Nicholas Turner; married Richard Smith, a merchant, 1765, who became bankrupt; produced some successful novels,Enuneline 1788,Celestino 1792, Desmond 1792, The Old Manor House 1793, and Conversations introducing Poetry 1804.

[29] Colvin Smith (1795–1875), portrait-painter; studied at London and Rome: settled at Edinburgh, 1826; painted Scott, Jeffrey, and Macintosh, and exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy.

[30] Edmund Smith (1672–1710), poet ; son of Edmund Neale; adopted name of Smith from his guardian; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A., 1696expelled from Christ Church for lampooning Dr. Aldrich, 1705; adaptedPhredra and Hippolitusfrom Racine 1707; wrote elegy on John Philip?, 1708.

[31] Edward Smith or Smyth (1666-1 720), bishop of Down and Connor; M.A. and fellow, 1684; D.D, 1696 and later vice-chancellor of Dublin University; chaplain to William III; consecrated bishop, 1699.

[32] Edward Smith (1819-1874), physician and medical writer; M.D. London, 1843; LL.B, 1848; F.R.C s", l: -tudied physiological chemistry: made F.R.S., 1860; cturer, Charing CTOM Hospital, London, 1853: published medloa work*,

[33] Elizabeth Smith (1-76-1806), oriental scholar; born near Durham; learned Hebrew and Syriac, 1796-9; her Vocabulary, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian printed, is I l.

[34] Erasmus Smith (1611–1691), educational benefactor: Turkey merchant; army contractor, 1650; ob! tiiincd large grants of land in Tippeniry, 1662; founded grammar schools find lectureships in Ireland,

[35] Francis Smith (ft. 1770), painter; born in Italy : exhibited oriental views at the Royal Academy, 1770-3.

[36] Sir Francis Pettit Smith (1808–1874), inventor of screw-propeller for steamships; constructed a ; model quite independently of other experimenters in 1836: by hia experiments on the Archimedes steamer in 183 (. ! led the admiralty to construct the Rattler in 1841-3 with ! Smith's four-bladed screw; knighted, 1871.

[37] Frederick William Smith (d. 1835), sculptor ; son of Anker Smith; modelled some fine groups, 1818-28.

[38] Gabriel Smith (d. 1783), engraver ; engraved after Watteau, Boucher, and French school, 1765-80.

[39] George Smith (1693–1756), nonjuring divine ; of Durham; sou of John Smith (1659-1715); studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and Inner Temple; was a student of early English history and antiquities; completed his father's Bede 1722, and edited other learned works; consecrated nonjuring bishop, 1728.

[40] George Smith (1713–1776), landscape-painter: studied under his brother William (1707-1764); exhibited landscapes, 1760-70; patronised by Duke of Richmond,

[41] George Smith (1797?–1850), captain in navy; invented a new method of sighting guns, and wrote professionally,

[42] George Smith (1800–1868), historian and theologian: a Cornwall notability and keen antiquary; R.A.S. and F.S.A.; issued numerous religious and archaeological volumes, including The Cassitcrides 1863.

[43] George Smith (1815–1871), bishop of Victoria; M.A. Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1843; missionary to China; consecrated bishop of Victoria in Hongkong, 1847; wrote on consular cities of China and on Japan.

[44] George Smith (1840–1876), Assyriologist ; devoted his leisure as a bank-note engraver to studying Assyrian inscriptions at British Museum; encouraged by Rawlinson and Birch; deciphered the Chaldaean account of the deluge from Layard's tablets, 1872; made three great excavating expeditions to the site of Nineveh at the expense of the Daily Telegraphand British Museum authorities, whose collection he vastly enriched: dial near Aleppo, leaving valuable Assyriological works,

[45] George Smith (1831–1895), philanthropist ; started life as a brickmaker; educated himself; strenuously advocated the cause of women and children employed in brickworks, on canal boats, and in caravans; his agitation highly successful; wrote several books, and in 1885 received a grant from royal bounty.

[46] George Smith (1824-1901), publisher, and founder and proprietor of the Dictionary of National Biography; joined in 1838 the firm of Smith & Elder, publishers and East India agents, of 65 Cornhill, London, which his father had founded in partnership with Alexander Elder in 1816, soon after coming in youth to London from his native town of Elgin. In 1843 Smith took charge of some of the fl rm's publishing operations, and on his father's death in 1846 became sole head of the firm. Under his control the business quickly grew in both the India agency and publishing directions. The chief authors whose work- Ikpublished in his early career were John Ruskin, Charlotte Bronte, whoseJane Eyrehe issued in 1848. and W. M. Thackeraj whoseEsmondhe brought out in 1851. In 1853 he took a partner, H. S. King, and, after weathering the storm of the Indian Mutiny, started in 1869 * The Oornhill Magazine with Thackeray as editor, and numerous leading authors and artists as contributors. In 1865 Smith founded the Pall Mall Gazette a London evening newspaper of independent character and literary quality, which remained his property till 1880. In 186H Indissolved partnership with King, leaving him to carry on the India agency branch of the old firm's business, and soon extended in many ways, publication of medical book His chief authors now included Robert Browning. Matthew Arnold, (Sir) Stephen, mid Miss Tlinckera were intimate prr-omil f n.nd*. Mennwhlfc to with great snooess in many meroantUe venture the purchase, ss ith tWO OtOCrt, in 1873, of tto - 1-I 1882 togaVe proof of his, Le"coyjd 7 - I7 * X **** Stephen and Mr 100U), with three portrait was pail. posthumously by tto I,-:.,,,;--. tary volumes (1901). Smith's -.0. F. Watte, RJL, 1876. and John Collier, 1901. A tablet to

[47] George Charles Smith (1782-1863), 'boatwain Smith'; pressed into navy; served at Copenhagen, 1801: left navy, 1803: became a baptist pastor and devoted himself to open-air preaching to sailors and watermen: founded tto first sailors- home, in 1828, In Wellclo-e Square. London, performing other missionary work both as a preacher and a pamphleteer.

[48] Gerard Edward Smith (1804–1881), botanist and divine; of Merchant TaylorsSchool, London, and St. John's College, Oxford; BJL, 1829; prWedacatalogue of rare phanerogamous plant*, 1829; wrote on the flora of Derbyshire, and was the flrat to recognise several British plants.

[49] Harry George Wakelyn Smith], first baronet (1788-1860), victor of Aliwal; served in South America, 1807, at Corona, Fuentes d'Onoro, Ctudad Rodrigo, and Badajos, also in battles of 1812-14, and at Bladeiusburg and Waterloo: took a leading part in subduing the Kaffirs, 1836; went out to India as adjutant-general under (.iough, 1842; served in G waller and Sikh campaigns, leading the charge against the Sikhs at Aliwal, 28 Jan. 1846, and commanding first division of infantry at Sobruou, 1846; made baronet and major-general, and in 1847 governor of the Cape; routed (1848) at Boom Plaatx the Boers under Pretorius, who resented extension of British territory, many of them subsequently eroding tto Vaal and founding the Transvaal state; resisted the hinding of convicts at the Cape, 1840; put down another Kaffir rebellion, 1850; his connection with South Africa, whence he returned in 1852, commemorated by the names of the towns of Harrismith, Lady&mith, Whittlesey his native town, and Aliwal.

[50] Henry Smith (1550P-1591). puritan divine; of QueensCollege, Cambridge, and Lincoln College, Oxford; B.A. Oxford, 1579; became a great preacher at St. Clement Danes, where he was lecturer from 1 W7; known as silver-tongued Smith; dedicated his collected cannons to Ixml Burghley, who defended him when attacked by the bishop of London for his puritan inclinations.

[51] Henry Smith ( 1620-1 G68 ?), regicide; B.A. St. Mnry Hall, Oxford, 1640; student of Lincoln's Inn, 1640; .M.I, Leicestershire, 1640; signed Charles I's deathwarrant, 1640; attainted, 1600, but respited; probably died in prison.

[52] Henry John Stephen Smith (182C-1883), son of a Dublin barrister; went to Rugby and won the Balliol scholarship (classical), 1844; fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, 1849; M.A.,1865; mathematical tutor at Balliol, though equally brilliant in classics; elected Saviliau professor of geometry, 1860: F.R.S. and F.1LA.8., 1861; the greatest disciple of Gauss; elucidated the theory of number*, his mathematical papers being collected in 1804.

[53] Horatio Smith (' Horace ')( 1770 1819), poet and author; brother of James Smith (1775-18:W): gained an introduction to the literary orld through Richard Cumberland the dramatist, aud fume In 1812 as joint author with his brother James of Rejected Addresses his best parodies being those of Byron and Scott; Subsequently wrote novels, including Brauiblctye House 1826 (imitation of Sir Walter Scott): published many other works: the Tin Trumpet (a medley), 1836: aided Campbell on the New Monthly hi* 1'oUicul Work collected, 1846. writer: M.D. and other tru

[54] '^ Hugh Smith (d. 1790), medical writer.

[55] '^ Hugh Smith (1736?–1789), M.D. at Leyden.

[56] Humphrey Smith (d. 1663), quaker.

[57] James Smith (1605–1667), divine and poet.

[58] James Smith (1645–1711), Roman Catholic prelate; D.D. Douai, 1680; elected president of Douai College 1682; was one of fcir catholic VkTraposiillS7bfc of Galliopolis; 1688, and inuTfa SlnSS in 1700.

[59] James Smith (1775–1839), author and humourist; elder brother of HoratioSmith; SUCOMII as solicitor to board of ordnance. 1813; produced brother -Be;*ctod Addresses 1812, and -Horace in Loodon 1815; also wrote clever nonsense for Charles Mattow*.

[60] James Smith (1789–1850 1 agricultural engineer; invented a reaping-machine, 1811; devtod a tjitem of deep ploughing and thorough draining for his farm at Deanston: wrote upon the subsoil plough 1831.

[61] James Smith, 'Smith of Jordanhill', geologist and man of letters; merchant by studied glacial questions; wrote on the New 1862, and on the Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul 1848; an authority on ancient shipbuilding and navigation. liii 591

[62] James Smith (1805–1872), merchant; wrote largely, 1803-70, upon the Quadrature of the Circle a problem which he imagined be had solved.

[63] Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828), botanist; studied at Edinburgh, and in 1784 purchased collections; founded LUmuin Society, 1788; knighted, 1814; produced numerous botanical works of high value, including English Botany(illustrated by bowerbyj. 1790-1814, in 36 vols., and Introduction to Botany.mi English Flora 1824-8.

[64] James Elimalet Smith , 'Shepherd Smith' (1801-1867), divine and essayist: studied at Glasgow University: influenced by John Wroe, the Southcott Jaa prophet, and by Robert Owen, for whom he lectured; started (1834) his own organ, The Shepherd; became euayist to the new Family Herald 1843; published Divine Drama of History and Civilisation 1854.

[65] James Hicks Smith (1822–1881), barrister-at-law; wrnot Jeremiah Smith (I771-I8*4); compiled Reminiscenced and antiquities of Manchester,

[66] Sir Jeremiah Smith or Smyth (d.1675) admiral; adhered to Cromwell, 1653; fought in Dutch war, 1665, against Tromp.

[67] Jeremiah Smith (d. 1723), divine; wrote oa Trinity duntig Sailers Hall debates, 1719.

[68] Jeremiah Smith (1771–1854), master of Manchester grammar school; M.A. Hertford College, Oxford, 1797; D.D., 1811.

[69] Jeremiah Finch Smith (1815–1895), prebendary of Lichfield: son of Jeremiah Smith ( 1771-18*4) ; edited Manchester School Register 1874. IH41;.: x sn sj ii.

[70] Sir John Smith or Smythe (1534?-1607), diplomatist and military writer; first cousin of Edward VI, through his mother; entered Queen Elizabeth's service, 1574; knighted, 1576; criticised Leicester's force at Tilbury, and wrote commending use of archery; was slighted by Queen Elizabeth: reported to Burghley for treasonable talk, and confined, 159-8.

[71] John Smith or Smyth (d. 1612), the Se-baptist; ,,t t'hrisi-s I'ollivi Oiinbridirn. an.l ( 157'J) M.A.; , tracts in dcicMrr,.f luptist principles, mid was known among Kniflish at Amsterdam as be-bapti-t s. Ifbaptiscr): his religious views uud tracts incoherent, nn.l diitra* toi t liii - 68

[72] John Smith (1563–1616), divine: M.A. St John's OoUore. Oxford, 1685; B.D., 1591: fellow of bis college; lecturer at St. Paul's Cathedral, 1592; wrote cpntrover

[73] John Smith (1580–1631), soldier and colonist ; of Willoughby; travelled in South-eastern Europe, 1601-5: set oat with Virginia colonists in December 1606: said to have been rescued when taken prisoner by the Indians by the Indian princess Pocahontas 1607; became head of colony, 1608, and explored coasts of Chesapeake: visited New England, 1614: later produced; maps and pamphlets in London on behalf of American colonisation; buried in St. Sepulchre's, London.

[74] John Smith or Smyth (1567–1640), genealogist; ! steward of Berkeley family at Netley: wrote valuable; lives of the first twenty-one lords of Berkeley, first edited, 1881. Dili- 73

[75] Sir John Smith (1618–1644), royalist; fought in j the Netherlands; joined royalist party in civil war; knighted on the field at Edgehill for saving the royal standard; killed at Cheriton.

[76] John Smith (1618–1652), Cambridge Platonist; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1644; lectured at QueensCollege, Cambridge; his select discourses published, 1660.

[77] John Smith (fl. 1633–1670), writer on trade: privately sent to visit the Shetlands and report on their industries, 1633; wrote on British fisheries, husbandry and trade.

[78] John Smith (1630–1679), physician; M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1653; M.D., 1652; F.R.C.P.; published in 1666 a curious book on old age.

[79] John Smith (fl. 1673–1680), 'philomath'; wrote on clocks, 1675, oil-painting, 1676, the weather-glass, 1688, and hydropathy The Curiosities of Common Water, 1722).

[80] John Smith (1659–1715), divine; grandson of Matthew Smith (1689-1640); educated at St. John's College, Cambridge; M.A 1681; D.D., 1696; became treasurer of Durham, but spent much time at Cambridge studying for an edition of Bede (completed by his son, George Smith (1693-1766), in 1722).

[81] John Smith or Smyth (1662–1717), dramatist; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1686; usher at Magdalen College school, 1689-1717; published a comedy (1691) and burlesques.

[82] John Smith (1665–1723), politician: of St. John's College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; sat in parliament from 1678; M.P., Ludgershall, 1678-9, 1680-1, and 1688-9, Beeralston, 1691-5, Andover, 1695-1713, East Looe, 1716-23; as a stout whig, acting as whip for the party; elected speaker, 1705, for three years; chancellor of the exchequer, 1708-10; friend of Godolphin.

[83] John Smith (1657–1726), judge; of Lincoln College, Oxford; barrister. Gray's Inn, 1684; became a baron of exchequer, 1702, and lord chief-baron of exchequer, 1708.

[84] John Smith (1652?-1742), mezzotint engraver; engraver after Kneller, Lely, Dahl, and many classical painters; sold prints in Covent Garden, London.

[85] John Smith (fl. 1747), author of 'Chronicon Rusticum-Commerciale; LL.B. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1725: settled in Lincolnshire; published Chronicon Rusticum-Commerciale, or Memoirs of Wool, a standard work, 1747.

[86] John Smith (1717–1764), painter; brother of George Smith (1713-1776); executed landscapes, MsWiimn on name canvas with his brother.

[87] John Smith (1747–1807), antiquary and Gaelic -ohoUr; hon. D.D. Edinburgh, 1787; publishedGaelic Antiquities 1780, Life of St. Columba* (translated from Cummin and Adamnan), 1798, and other works.

[88] John Smith (1790–1824), missionary ; went out to evangelise negroes of Demerara in 1817, and was arrested for refusing to take up arms against insurgent slaves, and died in prison.

[89] John Smith (1749–1831), water-colour painter ; known as Warwick Smith; patronised by the Earl of Warwick; joined Water-colour Society, 18U5; executed views in Italy and the Lakes.

[90] Sir John Smith (1754–1837), general: served under Sir William Howe and Sir Henry Clinton in America, 1777-81; captured at Yorktown, 1781, but soon released: commanded artillery at St. Vincent and Trinidad, 1797, and under Duke of York in Dutch expedition, 1799; G.C.H., 1831; became colonel of horse artillery, 1833; general, 1837.

[91] John Smith (1797–1861), musician ; became vicar choral of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1819, and wrote cathedral music.

[92] John Abel Smith (1801–1871), banker and politician; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1827; M.P., Midhurst, 1830, Chichester, 1831-59, and 1863-8; took an active part in first Reform Bill.

[93] John Chaloner Smith (1827–1896), author of 'British Mezzotinto Portraits B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1849; engineer of Irish railways, 1857-94; produced a notable catalogue of mezzotints with biographical notes, in four parts, 1878-84.

[94] John Christopher Smith (1712–1795), musician: bom at Anspach: a pupil of Handel, for whom he acted as amanuensis; appointed first organist of Foundling Hospital, 1750; carried on Handel's oratorios until 1774; presented Handel's scores and harpsichord to George HI.

[95] John Gordon Smith (1792–1833), professor of medical jurisprudence; graduated in medicine at Edinburgh, 1810; wrote on forensic medicine, and lectured on it as professor at London University, but had no pupils; resigned and died in a debtor's prison.

[96] Sir John Mark Frederick Smith (1790–1874), general; served under Sir John Stewart in South Italy, 1809: commanding royal engineer of London district, 1830: knighted, 1831; inspector-general of. railways, 1840; M.P., Chatham, 1857-68; colonel commandant, royal engineers, 1860; general, 1863; translated Marmout's Present State of the Turkish Empire 1839.

[97] John Orrin Smith (1799–1843), wood-engraver : became a very delicate wood-engraver; illustrated Curmer'sPaul et Virginie 1835, Wordsworth'sGreece 1840, and other works.

[98] John Prince Smith (1774?–1822), law reporter ; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1801; edited the Law Journal and king's bench reports, 1807.

[99] John Prince Smith (1809–1874), political economist; advocated free trade principles hi Germany as a journalist; wrote several German works, and translated Hager's Political Economy 1844.

[100] John Pye Smith (1774–1851), nonconformist divine: son of a Sheffield bookseller; theological tutor at Homerton College, 1806-51; publishedScripture Testimony to the Messiah 1818-21, andRelation between the Holy Scriptures and some parts of Geological Science 1839.

[101] John Raphael Smith (1752–1812), portraitpainter and engraver; began life as a linendraper at Derby; made famous by his engravings after Reynolds, Romney, Gainsborough, and others: turned from miniature painting and engraving to crayon portrait drawing.

[102] John Russell Smith (1810–1894), bookseller; sold topographical and philological books in Old Compton Street, Sobo, London; began publishing in Soho Square, London, 1842, retiring, 1884, when his Library of Old Authors(a series of reprints) was sold to William Reeves for l,000f. liii. 88 3

[103] John Sidney Smith (1804–1871), legal writer ; M.A. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1850; barrister. Middle Temple, 1845; published a useful Treatise on the Practico of the Court of Chancery 1834-5.

[104] John Stafford Smith UD (1760–1836), composer aii'l nri.-.i! antiquary; became orvumxtol Cnu Lon.loii, !*:; jiubli-h.M hi* *Muica

[105] John Thomas Smith (1786–1811), topographical draiiKhtfltnan and aoti -: compiles! antiquities of London. 1791-1800: keeper of print, and drawings at i: published NoUekenaaiidhta Times 18J8, London. appoint.-.! M.i..--.iii.i8i and -Hook fur ultalny Day pwthumwft, 1841.

[106] John Thomas Smith (1805-1882), colonel; Pal r:nt.-i,.i DCMbMrM Mlni-. mi r- irvins.il tir M.i'lr.i :H.M: *M MAI mtol Mfaf change, a ; and 1839: built a lighthouse mint; lieutenant-oolom-1. at r.ili-utte, 1866, greatly Improving honorary colonel, 1864; wrote on currency prof oudSyXi

[107] John William Smith (1809–1846), legal writer; of Westminster School and Trinity College, Dublin; special pleader at Inner Temple: publishedCompendium Law 1884, and Leading Cases (Kali ed. 1896) and other works, showing great legal acumen and learning.

[108] Joseph Smith (1670–1756), provost of Queen's Oxford: B.A. Queen's Colk*e, Oxford, 1694; diploma, 1697: fellow, 1698; made chaplain to Caroline, princess of Wales, 1715: -provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 1730-56; obtained several donations and legacies for the college; wrote works against deists and nonjurors.

[109] Joseph Smith (1682–1770) British consul at Venice: known as a collector of objects of vertu: prepared, 1729, an exact reproduction of the 1627 edition of Boccaccio's Decameroue; British consul at Venice, 1740-60: his books and art treasures sold to George in, 1765. Most of hi* books are now In the King's Library at the British Museum.

[110] Joseph Smith (1733?-1790) soldier: served as ensign under Cllve in Carnatic, 1752; captain, 1764; accompanied expedition under Lieutenant-colonel Heron to Madura, 1755: temporarily commanded garrison at Tri.-hinopoll, 1757; assisted In reduction of Karikal, 1760: major, 1760; colonel, 1766: commanded forces intended to co-operate with Nizam AH against Haidar All, 1776, nn! when Haidar joined the Nizam worsted the combined armies and concluded treaty with the Nizam, 1768; major-general: took Tanjore, 1773.

[111] Joshua Toulmin Smith (1816–1869), publicist and constitutional lawyer: articled to a Birmingham solicitor; lectured in America: returned to England, 1814: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1849; devoted much time to sanitary and municipal reform, writing on Local Self Government and on The Parish; established the Parliamentary Remembrancer,* 1857; wrote on Gilds and in defence of the Hungarian movement and on geological and antiquarian subjects.

[112] Josiah William Smith (1816–1887), legal writer: LL.B. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1841: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1841: bencher, 1861: Q.C., 1861; issued Manual of Equity," 1845, ofReal and Personal Property 1855, and of Common Law 1884

[113] Sir Lionel Smith , baronet (1778–1842), Uentenant-geueral: served in West Indies and was made governor of Windward and Leeward islands, 1888, bat wa? unpopular as a favourer of slaves; created baronet, 1837; governor of Mauritius, 1840-2; G.OB 184 L :.!..r,j

[114] Matthew Smith (1589–1640). royalist : barrister Inner Temple; member of the council of the north, 1639 left in manuscript two dramatic pieces and annotations on Littleton's Tenures HiL 76)

[115] Matthew Smith (fl. 16MX Informer : trafficked in Jacobite secrets and charged Shrewsbury and Vernon with complicity and Jacobite designs of 1696: wrote tracts and extorted blackmail, but was effectually silenced in 1700.

[116] Michael William Smith ( 1809–1891 X general served as colonel of dragoons during Indian mutiny mainlv in pursuit of Tantia Topi: O.R, 1869: general, 1877: wrote on Cavalry Outpost Drill and -Skirmish iiig 1867.

[117] Miles Smith (. 1654). bishop of Qloocwter: of 67: D.D., 1694; became a distinguished oriental scholar and on* of translators of authorised version: conhop. 1I9: was oppossd to ceremonies and vred (i louoastor Cathedral to fall into decay, bat was .-.-::..:.!!..:. i..:.. UUt, 1646: produced a

[118] Sir Montagu Edward Smith (1808–1891 judge: barrister. Gray's Ian. 188ft: beneher. MldUkTemple. 1868: M.I, Truro. 1819: mad* a iuotfot of com. o pleas by Lord Westbory, 186ft; knighted. 186*.

[119] Percy Guillemard Llewellin Smith (1838-1893), general: lieutenant, royal engineers, 186ft: ncted defences at Portland, Portemouth, Malu: wrote notes on building construction (187ft-9); retiml with the honorary rank of major-general, 1887.

[120] Philip Smith (1817–1886), writer on history: brother of Sir William Smith: BJL London. 1840: master of Mill Hill school: pabUshed Student * histories, 1862-78.

[121] Pleasance Smith (1778–1877) centenarian: of Lowestoft: married, 1796, Sir James Edward Smith: was painted by Opie: published a memoir of her husband. 1882: retolnel her faculties until tl.,last, numbering among her friends Sarah Amain, WbewelL uid St.in-..-y.:u.l r.-a-.v:u ftmfl*Mjl fr-.m QflMB vTcftOI t, 1878.

[122] Richard Smith (1500–1568), Roman catholic divine; fellow of Merton College, Oxford. 1527; M.A., 1530: D.D., 1536; retracted his views under Edward VI. but was restored as regius professor of divinity at Oxford by Queen Mary: combated Cranmer in argument: fled to Douay, 1559; became chancellor of university there, 1562; wrote many controversial works.

[123] Richard Smith (1666–1666), bishop of Chalcedon: studied under Bellarmlne at Rome; chosen vicar-apostoUe for England and Scotland. 1626: resided at Turvey and at the French embassy, where his sermons drew larg* congregations. In spite of a proclamation for his arrest; being suspended by Pope Urban VIII for bis arbitrary treatment of the regular*, found refuge at the English Austin nunnery in Paris, and died there; wrote controversial works In English and In Latin.

[124] Richard Smith or Smyth (1590-1675) book-collector; formed a valuable library In Little MoorflekU. London, catalogued and sold in 1682 for 1.4I4.: best known as the compiler of the Obituary of Kit-nan 1 Smyth (1G27-74X* extant in Sloane MS. 886 British Mu*rum, printed, 1849.

[125] Richard Baird Smith (1818–1861) chief engineer at the siege of Delhi: fought at Aliwal and Sobraon. 1846, and at Chilianwala (1849), and Gujrat, during second Sikh war: during furlough wrote an elaborate report on Italian Irrigation 1862: appointed superintendent of canals in North- West Province*, 1864: proceeded from RurkL which he had successfully defended, to Delhi in June 1867, and forced on the bombardment and a*aalt in September in spite of a painful wound and reluctance of Sir Archdale Wilson to take responsibility: promoted colonel, 1869, and miut niAsu-r at Calcutta: made a survey of the great famine of 1861; left several works on Irrigation.

[126] Richard John Smith (1786-1886) actor; known as O. Smith; seen as a boy as Ariel at Bath: after adventures as a sailor on the Gaboon river, and as a straffing player in the provinces, was engaged by Elllston at the Surrey, London, 1810: playedObiin melodrama awl The Bottle Imp * at the Lyceum, London: was eminent to $- s*to,r5em*,mo i trooprs, md InSim par* mostly at Drury Lane, London, or the Adelpbl, London: formed large dramatic collections now in British Mosmm.

[127] Robert Smith (fl. 1689-1729), schoolmaster; educated at Marischal College. Aberdeen: became scbool

[128] Robert Smith (1689–1768). mathematician and founder of Smith's prize at Cambridge; M.A. Trinity College. Cambridge, 1715; LL.D., 1723; D.D. per literas regii, 1739; became senior fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Plumian professor of astronomy, and master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1742; left large sums for university and college purposes, besides pictures and sculptures; wrote on Optics 1738, and Harmonics 1749.

[129] Robert Smith , first BARON CARRINGTON (1752–1838), son of a banker; M.P., Nottingham, 1779-97; attached himself to Pitt and was rewarded by a peerage, ;;...,

[130] Robert Angus Smith (1817-1 884), chemist ; was educated at his native Glasgow and under Liebig in Germany: Ph.D. Giessen, 1841; settled as consulting chemist in Manchester, 1844; studied organic impurities of the air: became inspector of alkali works, 1863: wrote on Disinfectants 1869, 4 Air and Rain 1872; did valuable work as pioneer chemist of sanitary science

[131] Robert Archibald Smith (1780–1829), musical composer: became musical conductor at Paisley, and in 1823 at Edinburgh, where he also gave lessons; wrote sacred musio and melodies for songs by Tannahill and others.

[132] Robert Henry Soden Smith (1822–1890), keeper of the art library. South Kensington; obtained his keepen-hip in 1868 and organised library, compiling Mjveral catalogues.

[133] Sir Robert Murdoch Smith (1835–1900), majorgeneral, archiBologist, and diplomatist; educated at Glasirnw: obtained commission in royal engineers, 1855; i-ommandcd party of sappers which accompanied archaeological expedition under (Sir) Charles Thomas Newton . v.l to Asia Minor, and discovered real site of mausoleum ntHalk-arnassus, 1856-9: explored cities of the Cyreuaica in North Africa, 1860-1; employed on Persian section of line of telegraph from England to India, 1868; director of Persian telegraph at Teheran, 1865-86; director of Science and Art Museum, Edinburgh, 1885; director-in-chief of Indo-European telegraph department, 1887; retired from army as major-general, 1887; went on special mission to Persia to adjust differences arising from occupation of Jashk by British-Indian troops, 1887; K.C.M.G., 1888; published archaeological and other writings.

[134] Robert Payne Smith (1819–1895). See Payne Smith.

[135] Robert Percy Smith, known as Bobus Smith (1770–1846), advocate-general of Bengal; elder brother of Sydney Smith; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1797; barrister, Lincoln's Inn; appointed advocategeneral, 1803: returned home rich in 1810; M.P., Grantham. 1812, Lincoln, 1820-6; renowned for his wit and his Latin verses.

[136] Robert Vernon Smith (afterwards Vernon), Baron Lyveden (1800–1873), son of Robert Percy Smith [q. v.]; studied at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; :.A.1S22: student. Inner Temple, 1822; M.P., Tralee, IK2-J and 1830, Northampton, 1831-59: junior lord of treasury under Melbourne; president of board of control under Palmuntou, 1865-8; raised to peerage, 1859.

[137] Samuel Smith (1587–1620), writer on logic; M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1612; M.B., 1620; wrote a manual of his subject, Oxford, 1613.

[138] Samuel Smith (1584–1662?), ejected divine; of Rt. Mary Hall, Oxford; perpetual curate of Cound and Orewage, 1648; ejected at the Restoration; wrote sermons and edifying tracts in numbers, 1618-58.

[139] Sir Sidney Smith (1764–1840). See William Sidney.

[140] Stephen Smith (1623–1678), quaker and foreign merchant; travelled with George Fox and wrote pious

[141] Stephen Oatter Smith 80N (1806–1872), porrait-painter; settled at Dublin; was very successful at or traits, first in black chalk, afterwards after Lawrence's ""inner; president of Royal Hibernian Academy, 1859 1864.

[142] Sydney Smith (1771–1845), canon of St. Paul's ; educated at Winchester Cuik-.ro and Now College, Oxford; fellow of New College. Oxford, 1791; took orders, 1791; lecame tutor to Michael Hicks Beach, residing at Edinburgh, where he was intimate with Jeffrey, Brougham, and Homer; projected, and with the first two of these started the Edinburgh.Review 1802; proceeded to London, though his resources were slender, 1803; lectured on moral philosophy at Royal Institution to large audiences, 1801-6, and shone among whigs at Holland House; published the Plymlev Lettersin defence of catholic emancipation, 1807; settled at his living of Fosbrooke, near York, 1808; was given a prebend at Bristol, 1828, and made a canonresidentiary of St. Paul's, London, 1831; followed Paley iu theology; a reformer, but opposed the ballot; published sermons and other writings, taking a purely secular view of the religious establishment; known, liked, and honoured, for his manliness, honesty, and exuberant drollery and wit.

[143] Theophilus Ahijah Smith (1809–1879), philanthropist; sou of George Charles Smith; aided his father at SailorsSociety and became secretary of the Protestant Association.

[144] Theyre Townsend Smith (1798–1852), divine: originally a presbyterian; studied at Glasgow University and QueensCollege, Cambridge; M.A., 1830: became Hulscan lecturer, 1839, and vicar of Vymondham, 1848; published lectures and sermons.

[145] Sir Thomas Smith (1513–1577), statesman, scholar and author; became fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1530; M.A., 1533; public orator at Cambridge, 1538; went to Paris and Padua (D.C.L. Padua), and endeavoured to reform Greek pronunciation at Cambridge; became regius professor of civil law and vice-chancellor, 1544; appointed secretary of state, 1548; knighted, 1548; went on several missions abroad; lived in retirement during Queen Mary's reign, and resigned his post as provost of Eton; sent ambassador to France by Queen Elizabeth, 1562, returning to England, 1566; readmitted to privy council, 1571, and reappointed secretary of state, 1572. Six years after his death was published (in English) his important work on the Tudor constitution, De Republica Anglorum.

[146] Sir Thomas Smith (1556?–1609), master of requests; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1578; became Latin secretary, and wt;s knighted in 1603.

[147] Sir Thomas Smith or Smythe (1558?-1625),, merchant; son of a Loud on haberdasher; acquired wealth by trade; elected first governor of East India Company, October 1600: acquitted of the charge of complicity in Essex's rebellion; knighted, 1603; re-elected governor, 1603, and made trear-irer of Virginia Company, 1620; amassed a fortune and endowed a free school and charities atTonbridge.

[148] Thomas Smith (fl. 1600–1627), soldier ; published The Art of Gunnery 1600 (with additions, 1627).

[149] Thomas Smith (1615–1702), bishop of Carlisle: M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1639; chaplain to Charles II: became dean, 1672, and, 1684, bishop of Carlisle: endowed Carlile grammar school.

[150] Thomas Smith (1. 1708), captain in the navy and renegade; did good service by gaining intelligence of French fleet off Brest, 1693; obtained a small command, but was neglected and eventually dismissed for irregularities in 1703; joined a French privateer, 1707, captured the English ship Nightingale, and in her was taken and subsequently executed.

[151] Thomas Smith (1638–1710), nonjuring divine and scholar; became a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1667; M.A., 1663; D.D., 1683: went for three years toConstantinople as chaplain, 1668; was ejected from Magdalen as nn anti-papist in 1688, but refused to subscribe oaths to William and Mary; became librarian of the Cottonian Library; wrote learned works on the Turks, 1672, on the Seven Churches and on the Greek church r left valuable books and manuscripts to his friend Thomas Hearne.

[152] Thomas Smith (d. 1762), admiral ; obtained popularity by compelling a French corvette to salute British flag near Plymouth, 1728; became commander-in-chief iir the Downs, 1755, and next year presided at court-martini of Admiral Byng; admiral of the blue, 1757.

[153] Thomas Smith (. 1767), known as B Derby landscape-painter: paint. Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Yorkshire..:

[154] Thomas Assheton Smith (1776–1858), sportsman; of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford: M.IVAndover, iwi-si, OarnarTOWblre, 1832-41; a great cricketer: hagaa* mart* of Goon trasfe liM Lt,x. BaopaUn pa.-k ut Penton, 1826, and afterward* at Ted worth; greatly improved bin Carnarvonshire estate*, and Intro SjMd onto ta MM Uii. 14J

[155] Thomas Barry Cusack-Smith - (179S-1MI), judge: son of Sir William Cusac Smith [q. v.]; B.A., Trinity College, Dublin, 1811; twouM tttoni. iMBrf for Ireland, 1842; prosecuted 0*0000011: M.P. for Klpoa; of the rolls.

[156] Thomas South Wood Smith (1788–1861), sanitary reformer; became Unitarian minister at Edinburgh and at the same time studied medicine, graduating M.D., i-;.: helped ko had ON Wwertnrtat Berl; 1SH The Useful Knowledge Soeteand Th *Jj'9i wrote valuable works on epldamlcs and sanitary improvements; Bentham left his body by will to Smith for Jim lion hi 183S.

[157] Walter Smith (. 152X author of an account (verse) of a roguish adventuress, "The Widow Bdyth, Tweloe Merry Ge*tys 1525.

[158] Wentworth Smith (. 1601–1623), dramatist ; wrote. In partnership with others, numerous plays for the Admiral's Company at the Rose Theatre, London: also wrote The Hector of Germanie (published, 1615) and one or two other plays printed as by W. Smith.

[159] William Smith or Smyth (1460?–1514), bishop of Lincoln and co-founder of Brasenose College, Oxford; educated in a noble family: became a member of Henry VH'a council. 1486; bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1493; chancellor of Oxford University. 1495; translated to Lincoln, 1496; became lord president of Wales, 1501; with Richard Button in 1518 founded Brasenose College, Oxford, the first statutes of which he drew up. He had made other charitable bequests, but is said to have peopled Lincoln Cathedral with William Smiths, probably his kinsmen.

[160] William Smith (. 1596), poet: a disciple of Spenser: published (1596) a collection of sonnets called 'Chloris'. One of these, a description of the world, hod appeared In "The Pbanlx-nest, 1 1595, signed *W. S., gentleman

[161] William Smith (1550?–1618), herald: educated at Oxford University: created Rouge Dragon, 1597; wrote on the county palatine of Chester, 1585 (work printed, 1656), besides many genealogical works.

[162] William Smith (fl. 1660), author; wrote, In defence of the Quakers, 4 The Wisdom of the Earthly Wise confounded, 1 1679.

[163] William Smith (rf. 1673), quaker ; joined quakers, 1658; frequently Imprisoned, many times in Nottingham gaol, where he wrote voluminous tracts.

[164] William Smith (fl. 1696), actor: joined the Duke of York's company under Sir William D'Avenant; created many part* In plays by Dryden, Etherege, Otway, and Lee; played successively at Dorset Garden, London, Theatre Royal, London, and Little Lincoln's Inn Fields, London: quitted the stage, 1685-95, owing to a cabal of Mohawks against him; was persuaded by Betterton and Congreve to reappear, and was cordially welcomed as Scandal in Love for Love

[165] William Smith (fl. 1726), surveyor to Royal African Company; issued a survey of Guinea, 1726.

[166] William Smith (1651?-1735) antiquary : fellow of University College, Oxford, 1675; M.A 1675: published Annals of his college, 1728.

[167] William Smith (1707–1764), painter ; brother of George Smith (1713-1776) of Chichester: practised portraiture in London and Gloucester.

[168] William Smith (1711–1787) translator from the Greek; M.A. New College, Oxford, 1737; D.D., 17W; feHMH l.-.-.nf ".. r. MB;,i'l.-1 i.:._:.. 1...:....... V,..;,....;..

[169] William Smith (1730?-1819), actor; * -.:..,,:!...., OeVeferUbm vhsMi hi M PS*** if M - oast Ipnojej Barry; after playing there twenty-one years appeared at Drury Lane. London, under Garrick as Btohar ,...,;..;...,........:.;.,;., notoriety by marrying the steer of a 1774, ,;

[170] William Smith (1756–1834) politician : son of a crobant; M.P. Sudbury. 1784-90. Camelford, irx..:.!.:r-.. ir... ISM, la. ". If, -. LSOr, ISIS,:-. 18JO, and 1826-30: became a follower of Fox, a defender :!:-.--...--. --..;..;..r: opposed the war with France: attacked Souther ns a reneemde: friend of Samuel Rogers, Wilberforce, Sir James Stephen, Opie, and Cotman.

[171] William Smith (1769-1839), geologist and engineer; obtained as a oanal surveyor a great insight into stratigraphy, and projected a grmt map of Biwllsh became known as an authority on drainage and Irr an extensive practice as an published, 1816, obtaining by it wide fame as a geologist: gave lectures from 1824-8, when he became land-steward of the Haokness estate; obtained the Wollaston medal. 1831. and a pension from the government; his fossils bought by the British Museum; the real founder of stratigraphical geology.

[172] William Smith (1808–1876). printseller: sold the Sheepshanks (Dutch and Flemish portions) and other collections of engravings to British Museum,and took part in managing the Art Union of Londou atvl In establishing the National Portrait Gallery; F.S.A., 1852.

[173] Sir William Smith (1813–1893), lexicographer; educated at University College, London, and Gray's Inn; contributed toPenny Cyclopedia edited classical texts, and wrote a lar re portion of Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities(1842); brought oat subsequently dictionaries of Greek and Roman biography, ot the bible, of Ctiristian antiquities and Christian biography: became adviser to John Murray, Initiating the Principle series and the * Student's manuals: knighted, 1892; annotated Gibbon; editor of the Quarterly Review 1367-93.

[174] William Smith (1816–1896), actuary and translator of Fichte; was apprenticed to a bookseller, but became in 1847 manager of the Law Life Assurance Association; win known in Edinburgh as a strong liberal; mode a mark in letters by translating the works of Fichte for John Chapman's Catholic Series

[175] Sir William Cusac Smith, second baronet (1766-1836), Irish judge; of Eton and Chrixt Chu ford; B.A., 1788; a friend of Hiirke: was made i. entered parliament (Donegal). 1795: rolici tor-general, 1800; baron of exchequer. 1HU1; unsuccessfully attacked for showing political bias by o'Connell: wrote verm and pamphlets iu defence of union.

[176] William Henry Smith (1808–1872), philosopher and poet; educated at Glasgow; knew M. Mill; wrote largely forHlackwood is known by two philosophical dialogues,Thorndale* and * Gravcnhiirrt, 1857 and 1861, and by the memoir prviixcd to Graveahurst In 1875 by Smith's widow.

[177] William Henry Smith (1825–1891 Xt*teman : entered his father's news agency business in Strand. l*il (junior partner, 1846): developed profits enormously by pecuring railway bookstall monopoly, and developing a circulating library: M.P. for Westminster from 186*; member of first Londou school board, 1Disraeli's cabinet as first lord of admiralty, 1877: first lord of treasury and leader of the House: un IT Imi Salisbury as premier In 1886. His widow WM created Viscountess Hambleden, 1891.

[178] William Robertson Smith ( 1846-1 894 X theologian and Semitic scholar: educated at Aberdfv burgh (New College), and Bonn: was also much Uv by RitMhlfltfl MtafH bMm(lS70)praAi r of Old Testament exegesis at the Free Church College, AbenlcctMin.l: member of the Old Tetament revision commiuuissed from his Aberdeen chair in : character of his biblical articles in .taiiniealth *!), of which work be became co-editor with Spencer Bayiies. in issl; proof Arabic at Cambridge from 1883.

[179] Sir William Sidney Smith, known as Smith (1764–1840) admiral ; entered navy, 1777: fought at St. Vincent, 1780, at Dominica, 1782; studied French at Caen, 1785-7; pent home with despatches after evacuation of Toulon, 1793; captured off Havre in 179G while conducting a cutting-out expedition from the Diamond frigate and imprisoned two years in the Temple, Paris; upon his escape, 1798, was put in command of the Tigre in Levant: undertook defence of Saint Jean d'Acre, May 1799, and finally after heroic efforts repulsed the French: served subsequently mainly in Mediterranean and Lisbon; theatrical and fond of self-laudation, but brave and energetic: admiral, 1821; G.O.6., 1838: died at Paris and was buried in the Pere Lachaise.

[180] William Tyler Smith (1816–1873), obstetrician; M.B. London, 1840: M.D., 1848; became physician at St. Mary's Hospital; wrote for Lancet and expanded his papers into Manual of Obstetrics 1858; helped to found Obstetrical Society of London, and tried to promote Seaford into a popular watering-place,

[181] Willoughby Smith (1828–1891), telegraphic engineer; entered Gutta Percha Company service and had charge of cable-laying and electrical department, introducing many improvements; assisted in laying Dover and Calais cables, 1849-51; wrote on. theProgress of Submarine Telegraphy 1891.

[182] James George Smith-Neill (1810–1857). See Neill.

[183] Harriet Constance Smfthson (afterwards Madame Berlioz) (1800–1854), actress : born at Eniiis ; first seen at the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin, in 1815, when she played Lady Teazle: was engaged by Elliston at Birmingham, and appeared at Drury Lane, London, on 20 Jan. 1818 as Letitia Hardy; seen to great advantage in the provinces in such parts as Desdemona; played at Boulogne and Calais, 1824, and in 1828 accompanied Macready to Paris; reappeared there at the Theitre Italien- and *leou in 1832, playing Jane Shore, Juliet, and Ophelia, and created a furore of some months duration at Paris, where her Irish accent was unperceived. Hector Berlioz, the composer, became enamoured of la belle Smidson and in October 1833 married her at the British embassy, Paris. She was separated from her husband in 1840, but was supported by him until her death.

[184] Sir Hugh Smithson , afterwards Percy, first Duke of Northumberland, of the third creation (17151786).

[185] James Smithson , known in early life as James Lewis or Louis Macie (1765–1829), founder of Smithsonian Institution at Washington; illegitimate son of Hugh Smithson Percy, duke of Northumberland; torn in France but matriculated from Pembroke College, Oxford, as James Louis Macie in 1782; was already distinguished as a student of mineralogy and chemistry by 1786; F.R.S., 1786; contributed valuable analyses to the 4 Philosophical Transactions(1802-17), and eighteen articles to Thomson's Annals of Philosophy(1819-25); spent much time abroad in Berlin, Rome, Florence, Geneva, and, latterly, Paris, among his correspondents being Davy, Gilbert, Banks, Thomson, Black, Arago, Biot, and Klaproth; died and was buried at Genoa. His politics appear to have been republican, and by his will he lft over 100.000. to the United States of America to found at Washington, as the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. The institution was inaugurated in 1846, and the handsome buildings now comprise a national museum (mainly soological and ethnological) and an astrophysical observatory. His own scientific papers nearly all perished in a fire at the institution in 1865.

[186] Caspar Smitz (rf. 1707?), painter; of Flemish origin; exhibited fruit and flower pieces, also small portrait*, and penitent Magdalenes, mainly in London and Dublin.

[187] Sir James Smollett (1648–1731), provost of Dumbarton; an active supporter of the revolution: knighted ty William 111, luy.s. and made judge of commissary court, Edinburgh: commissioner of the union,. 1707; M.I, Dumbarton; settled at Bonuill.

[188] Tobias George Smollett (1721–1771), novelist ; grandson of Sir James Smollett; born at Dalquhurn, Cardross; educated at Glasgow University: proceeded to London with a play to make his fortune, 1 7.T.): sailed as surgeon on the Cumberland in Ogle's West Indii, squadron, 1741-3; settled as surgeon in Downing Street; publishedRoderick Random a novel of eccentric and picaresque order, inspired by Gil Bias 1748; published 'Peregrine Pickle 1751,Ferdinand Count Fathom 1753,Sir Launcelot Greaves 1762, andHumphrey Clinker 1771; settled at Chelsea, 1753, and undertook vast labours as a compiler, founding The Critical Heview 1756, and bringing out a largeHistory of Englandin 1757; imprisoned for libel, 1759; edited tiunsuccessful Briton 1762; went abroad, 1763, and published ably written Travels 1766, and a coarse and ruthless satire on public affairs in England from 1754 to 1769 entitledAd ventures of an Atom 1769; revisited Scotland and Bath in 1766; left England, 1769, and died at Mmt. Nero, near Leghorn, on 17 Sept. 1771. As a novelist he had a vigorous originality and power of characterisation which often degenerated into caricature; few imaginative; writers have had more numerous imitators,

[189] Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819–1900), astronomer; son of William Henry Smyth q. v; born at Naples; assistant in Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, 1835; astronomer-royal for Scotland, 18451888; made experiments at Teneriffe on telescopic vision, 1856; elected F.R.S., 1857, but resigned, 1874, on tho society denying him the reading of a paper on his interpretation of the design of theGreat Pyramid member of Royal Astronomical Society, 1846; hou. LL.D. Edinburgh: published Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid 1864,. Teneriffe, an Astronomical Experiment 1858, and numerous other writings.

[190] Edward Smyth (1749–1812), sculptor; son of a Meath stonecutter; worked under Simon Vierpyl and Henry Darley, and was employed by James Gandon toexecute sculpture for the Dublin custom house (1700-70). for the Irish parliament house, the town courts, the castle chapel, O'Connell Bridge, and other buildings. 1-1821 ),medi

[191] James Carmichael Smyth (1741- 1821) Medical writer; born in Fifeshire; M.D. Edinburgh, 1764: travelled abroad; appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital, 1768; voted 5,OOO£. by parliament (1802) for experiments with nitrous acid gas for prevention of contagion in cases of fever; wrote several treatises on this subject, 1780 and 1805, establishing his claim to priority as a discoverer; added his mother's name Smyth to his own surname Carmichael; was one of George Ill's physicians: F.R.S., 1779.

[192] Smyth Sm JAMES CARMICHAEL, first baronet (1779-1838), governor of British Guiana; eldest son of James Carmichael Smyth; entered the royal artillery from Woolwich, 1794: transferred to royal engineers, 1795; after service against the Dutch in South Africa (1790) was promoted and (1805) joined Sir David Baird's. expedition to the Cape of Good Hope as commanding royal engineer; was absent from the battle of Blaauw-* ber-r, but greatly assisted Baird after the surrender of Capetown, and repaired the defences of Table Bay: was with Sir John Moore at Coruna; served in the expedition to Holland, 1814; responsible for the assault of Bergen-op-Zoom on 8 March; subsequently strengthened Antwerp. and other fortresses against the French; served on Wellington's staff at Quatre Bras and Waterloo, entered Pari? with him, and commanded royal engineers at Cambray until December 1816; created baronet, 1821: made governor of the Bahamas, 1829, and of British Guiana. 1833, where he carried through with firmness the emancipation of slaves; died at George Town, Demerara.

[193] John Smyth ( 1771?-l834?), sculptor; son of Edward Smyth; executed statues for public buildings in Dublin.

[194] Smyth JOHN ROWLAND (1806-1873), lieutenant general; educated at Trinity Coll.v, Dublin; n.t.-n-l If.th liUKvrs, IM-JI; Nrrv.il.11 Canada:uil in tti. (1843) and Siithrj (1846) campaign*; budly -. Aliwal Iwidiiika -h;irge with ma regiment ag. Sikh cavalry;.-..luii.-l of Ctu dragoon guards, 1868; lieutenant-general, 1870.

[195] John Talfourd Smyth lM9?-1851) a self-taught but finished engraver; worked njion plates tor th- Art.Journal after Wilkie, Mulready, and others at Edinburgh.

[196] Sir Leicester Smyth (1829–1891 X general ; educated at Eton; entered the rifle brigade, 1845; served in the Kaffir war, lighting at Berea, 1862: wa aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan, fought at Alma atid Inkerman. and brought home despatches on the (all of SebMtopol; assistant military secretary in UM Ionian island*, 18Mi-;i. oomnanbd at th.-V.i;.., 1880 I; MM tt ih commissioner for South Africa. 1883-3; K.C.M.G., 1884; general, 1888; K.OA, 1886; appointed governor of Gibraltar. Llni. 188

[197] Patrick James Smyth (18J6-1886), IrUh politician: joined the Repeal Association, 1844, siding with the Young Ireland party: after the failure of the insurrection of 1848 escaped to America disguised u a drover: wrote for Irish journals In America; visited Tasmania and planned the escape of John Mltchel: returned to Ireland, 1856, and for a short time owned "The Irishman M.P., Westmeath, 1871-8U, Tippernry, 1880-8; a founder of the Royal Geographical Society ( 1890), a - of the Society of nt i i.iri.*, cxmtril IIUIII.T..I- j,:i.-r- t I.-,-.- also onTlH- Cy.-l.- of Vl.-t: galnM i!.- *u....... raneair i I -., rlM?).

[198] Richard Smyth (1826–1878), Irish politician: studied at Bonn and Glasgow (M.A., 1850): became (1870) Dill professor of theology, Magee College, Londonderry, and moderator of the presbyterian church: supported Gladstone's Irish policy as M.P. for Londonderry, 1874-8.

[199] Robert Brough Smyth (18:iO-1889), mining surveyor; worked In Derwent ironwork?, migrated to Victoria, 1852, and became secretary and inspector of mines (1870) and director of geological fnrvey; went subsequently to India and helped to promote a disastrous boom in gold-mines there: wrote Ituudbooks for prospectors and handbooks to gold-fields, and a work on aborigines of Victoria, 1878.

[200] Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth (1817–1890), mineralogist: born nt Naples: son of William HiMirv Smyth: M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1844: studied geology In Germany on Wort* foundation, and was appointed mining geologist to the geological survey, 1844; appointed (1851) lecturer on mining in the school of mines, and Inspector of crown mineral?, 1857; appointed mineral surveyor to tho duchy of Cornwall, of which he liad an unrivnlle.1 geological knowledge, 1852; knighted, 1887; wrote, besides a treatise on coal-mining (1866), a pleasant record ofA Year with the Turks(1854), describing his own travels of ten years back. UN- 19 1

[201] William Smyth (1765–1849), professor of modern history at Cambridge;: son of a Liverpool banker; eighth wrangler, Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1787: M.A., 1790; his father's bank having failed, went as tutor to Richard Brinsley Sheridan's elder son Thomas, and had frequent skirmishes with the great wit while attempting to obtain arrears of salary; was tutor of Peterhouse, 1806; made regius professor of modern history, 1807. His lectures on modern history (2 vols. 1840) were revised by Professor Adam Sedgwlck; his lectures on tin- Fn-noh revolution were published, 1840. He was very popular in society, talked well, gave concerts, and wrote verses, publishing English Lyrics in 1797.

[202] William Henry Smyth (1788–1865), admiral and scientific writer; served in Kast India Company's ship Cornwallis, 1804; was transferred in it to the navy. 1805; saw active service in the East: after service off Spain made commander, 1815. and appointed to rorvey coasts of Sicily and adjacent shores of Italy and Africa, his results appearing In aMemoir of the Resources, Inhabitants, and Hydrography of Sicily and its Islands and 'A Sketch of Sardinia 1828 -.promoted post-captain and retired from active service. Devoting himself to tin- life of a savant, he became vice-president of the Royal.Society, St. John's College, Cambridge, where be wrote promising verse; M.A. jure natalium, 1840; M.P., Canterbury, 1841; became one of Disraeli's Young England party, and { was the type of the heroin Coningsby, 1844; became foreign under-secretary In Peel's second ministry, followed Peel in 1846, broke with Disraeli's party, and committed political suicide by his abstention from debate; fought with Colonel Frederick Komllly the last duel In England, 1852: from 1847 wrote much and brilliantly in I the press (especiallyMorning Chronicle and in the reviews. 8MYTHE, JAMES MOORE (1702-1734), playwright; i third son of Arthur Moore: a well-known fop of the Queen Anne period: wrote for Drury Lane Theatre, London, a dull comedy, 1 The Hival Modes(January 1727), which brought him 400. (for hU creditors) and the lasting resentment of Pope (seeDunciadand second Moral Essay.

[203] David Smythe, Lord Methven (1746–180$),' raised to Scots bench as Lord Methven, ..:.:.:.,. 17!n.

[204] Emily Anne Smythe, viscountess Strangford (d. 1887), daughter of Hlr Francis Beaof : married Percy Ellen Frederick daughter of Kir Francis Beaofor i,,.,rr:..l I:.-. I..:,,, MsJtfM W.K.ain Chth vlaooont Ktrangfonl of Ireland q. v.), descendant of the Beaufort* of the erosads* VM 1+fW l.y tl.,.,..itr..,r,-. o:.I.rt,.,:.-m t!.,-.,r.j,-r Of tfal Holy Sepulchre: organised a fund for the relief of the Bulgarian peasants, 187; went to the seat of war in Turkey, 1877, in order to superintend a hospital she bad established for Turkish soldiers: died at IBB. SbepnbllshedEgyptian Sepulchres ami Syrian Shrine* 186L and a work on the eastern snores of the Adriatic. :

[205] George Augustus Frederick Percy Sydney Smythe, seventh viscount Strangford and second Baron Penshurst (1818-1857) born at Stockholm, where his father was minister: went to Eton and lost popularity in Ireland through his hostility to Parnell uud the Land League.

[206] Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, sixth Viscount Strangford and first Baron Penshurst (1780-1855). diplomatist; entered the service fromTrum I lege, Dublin (B.A 1800), and became secretary of legation i at Lisbon, 1802; published Poems from the Portuguese I of Camoens a smooth version (often reissued), 1U03; while at Lisbon counselled prince regent of Portugal to sail for Brazil (November 1807), and later, at Canning's desire, drew up a report, which was much contested, of Portuguese situation; became ambawador at Stockholm, I 1817, at Constantinople, 1820; and at St. Petersburg fora few months only, 1824: friend of Moore, Croker, and I Rogers: devoted his leisure Utterly to literature, and I edited Household Expenses of Princes* Elisabeth for Camden Society.

[207] Percy Ellen Frederick William Smythe, eighth Viscount Strangford and third Baron Penshurst (1826-1889) philologist; youngest son of Perry Clinton Sydney Smythe, sixth viscount Strangford ? went from Merton College, Oxford, as stodent attach* at Constantinople, and became oriental ecretanr there, 8571868: mastered Fenian, Gret-k, Turkish, Arabic, Hindustani, and other extern tongm*: wrote brill, topici of the near East, mainly forPall Mall Gazette and contributed chapters toEastern Shores of the Adriatic(1863), written by his wife, Emily Anne, vtacountess Strangford

[208] Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe (1705–1778) judge: B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, from Inner Temple, 1724; became K.aaud a and M.P. for East Grinrtead, 1747; chief baron, 1772; resigned, 1777.

[209] William James Smythe (1816–1887), general; entered Woolwich from Antrim, 1880; obtained coming rion In royal artillery, 1881; served in Kaffir war, 183&, St. Helena, Nova Scotia, and on royal comnMon upon; Military education abroad, 1856; went to Fiji to report OMNtcenion to Kiurhm.l, 1*39; made meteorological observations, and iilH-rvi.M'i lis wife Sarah.Maria Smythe's Ten Months in Fiji Islands(1864); after four years in India Kitted in Ireland; colonel, R.A., 1880, retired general, 1881; left S,OOW. to the Royal Irish Academy,

[210] Charles Alan Smythies (1844–1894), bishop of Zniizitwr: born In London; educated at Felsted, Trinity Oolleoe. Cambridge (B.A., 1866), and Cuddeedon; became vicarof Roath, near Cardiff, 1880; sailed for Zanzibar as Mcond bishop of universities mission in Central Africa, in succession to Bishop Edward Steere, 1884; worked with the jrreateat energy at organising the mission and training native teachers, travelling thousands of miles on foot; raised 11,000* in England for a suffragan bishop for Nyasa district, 1890; succumbed to malarial fever, May 1894, and was buried at sea between Zanzibar and Aden.

[211] Thomas Snagge (1536–1592), speaker of House of Commons; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1554: at Gray's Inn, IMS,double reader 1574; M.P., Bedfordshire, 1571; attorney-general for Ireland, 1577-80; serjeant-at-law and treasurer of his inn, 1580, being at the time M.P. for Bedford; was chosen speaker, holding the office for two session*, 1588.

[212] Andrew Snape (1675-1742), provost of King's College, Cambridge; educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge: M.A., 1697; D.D., 1705; master of Eton, 1711; gave offence at court by his attacks on Benjamin Hoadly (1676-1761),and was removed from the list of royal chaplains; chosen provost of King's College, Cambridge, 1719.

[213] Edmund Snape (ft. 1576–1608), puritan : went to Jersey and framed a Calvinistic discipline for Huguenot ministers there; M.A. Merton College, Oxford, 1584; summoned with Oartwright before high commission for attempting to introduce presby terian usages into England, and was imprisoned for a short while, 1590.

[214] William Snatt (1645–1721), nonjuring divine; graduated from Magdalen College, Oxford (B. A, 1664); vicar of Seaford, loll); associated with Jeremy Collier in giving absolution to Parkyns and Friend, conspirators against William III in 1696; found guilty of serious misdemeanour, but treated leniently.

[215] Hannah Snell (1723-1 792), female soldier; stated in a chap-book history of her adventures, issued in 1750, to have enlisted in 1745, to have served in the fleet, and to have received a pension for wounds received at Pondicherry. The facts were much embellished, but there was probably a kernel of truth as in the cases of Phoebe Hessel, Christian Davies, and Mary Anne Talbot. Hannah, who was thrice married, died in Bedlam.

[216] John Snell (1629–1679), founder of Snell exhibitions at Balliol College, Oxford; studied at Glasgow University; fought on the royalist side at Worcester; secretary to Monmouth; left estates in trust for the further education of Glasgow scholars at Oxford. In 1G93 chanoery decided that Suell exhibitions should go to Balliol College. riiii. 206

[217] Thomas Snelling (1712-1773), numismatist; nokl book and coins, on which he wrote several treatises published, 1757-76, at 163 Fleet Street, London; chief works, threeViews respectively of silver, gold, and copper coins of England, 1762, 1763, 1766.

[218] John Snetzler or Johann (1710?-1774?), organ-builder; native of Passau; settled in England and built fine organs at Lynn (1754), Halifax (1766), and St. 'Martin's, Leicester (1774).

[219] John Snow (1813–1858), anaesthetist; M.D. London, 1844; discovered that cholera was communicated by contaminated water, and introduced scientific use of ether (firrt adopted in America) into English surgery practice, 4846-7; publishedChloroform and other Anesthetics 1868.

[220] William Parker Snow (1817–1895), mariner, explorer, and writer; born at Poole; after a wild life in the Australian bush and in West Africa became a literary amanuensis in London, transcribing for Macaulay the flrrt two volumes of the History; served on a Franklin vessel, 1850, and subsequently on a missionary ship off Patagonia; wrote for New York booksellers I between 1858 and 1864; wrote also on Arctic subjects ami on (1857)Tierradel Fuego

[221] John Snowden (1558–1626). See John Cecil (priest).

[222] Henry Soames (1785–1860), ecclesiastical historian; son of a shoemaker; passed from St. IVil's School, London, to Wadham College, Oxford (M.A., IHlu); became Bamptoii lecturer and chancellor of St. Paul's, London, 1842; edited Mosheim, 1841 (4th ed. by Stulihs, 1863), and wrote History of Reformation 1826-8, A nloSaxoii Church 1835, and Elizabethan Religious History 1839.

[223] George Soane (1790–1860), miscellaneous author ; son of Sir John Soane; B.A. Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1811; writer of numerous novels, plays, and translations.

[224] Sir John Soane (1753–1837), founder of Soane Museum; son of a mason named Swan; taken into George Dance's office; gained Royal Academy silver medal for nn architectural drawing, and went to Rome in 1777 as travelling student; after a wealthy marriage became, in 1788, architect of the Bank of England, rebuilding the whole structure and gaining a great reputation for the work; R.A., 1802; succeeded Dance as professor of architecture at the Academy, 1806, and began to collect the museum of paintings (including Hogarth'sRake's Progress and Election, sculpture, drawings, and gems in a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, which in 1833 he presented with its contents to the nation; knighted, 1831. In philanthropic endeavour Soane was munificent, but he is said to have declined a baronetcy in order to spite his son George Soane

[225] Gerard Soest (d. 1681), portrait-painter ; native of Soest, near Utrecht; came to London in 1656 and obtained many commissions; painted Colonel Blood and Bishop Cartwright, and might have rivalled Lely but for his uncouth demeanour.

[226] Daniel Charles Solander (1736–1782), botanist: native of Norrland, in Sweden; noticed by Linnaeus at Upsala, and recommended by him to naturalists in England, where he arrived in 1760; familiarised English botanists with Linnean system, and was made assistant-librarian to catalogue naturalhistory collections at British Museum, employing a deputy there from 1768, when he accompanied (Sir) Joseph Banks on Cook's voyage in Endeavour; went with Banks to Iceland, 1772, and became his secretary and librarian in Soho Square, London, until in 1773 he was made keeper of printed books at the British Museum.

[227] Moses Solanus or MOISE DU SOUL (d. 1735?), Greek scholar; a refugee from Saumur; came from Amsterdam to England; was encouraged by Bentley; projected an elaborate Lucian and published a fine edition of Plutarch's Lives (5 vols. London, 1729).

[228] William Sole (1741-1802), botanist; educated at King's School, Ely; went as surgeon to Bath to be near his relative, Christopher Anstey the poet; studied grasses, and issued (1798) his chief botanical work, Menthae Britannicae

[229] Edward Solly (1819–1886), chemist and antiquary; studied chemistry at Berlin; lectured at Royal Institution, 1841; publishedRural Chemistry 1843; professor of chemistry at Addiscombe, 1845-9; had a large antiquarian library; wrote much in Notes and Queries and edited Titles of Honour (1879) for Index Society.

[230] Samuel Solly (1805–1871), surgeon; son of Isaac Solly, a Baltic merchant; apprenticed to Benjamin Travers of St. Thomas's Hospital, London, and became surgeon and lecturer there (1853). He was F.R.S; (1836) and president of Royal Medical and Chirurgieal Society, 1867-8. A good clinical teacher and operator, he wroteSurgical Experiences 1865, and prof, -s OM;II treatises.

[231] Thomas Solly (1816–1875), philosophical writer ; after studying at Caiut* College, Cambridge, ami Inner Temple (barrister, 1841), became lecturer on English language and literature at Berlin University, 1843; published a Syllabus of Logic 1839,A Coronal of English Verse 1864, and other works, and contributed to Coon's Shakespeare in Germany

[232] Thomas Solme or Soleman (d. 1541). See Soulemont.

[233] Thomas Solme (fl. 1540-1553), see Some.

[234] Heinrich Maastricht Solms, count of Solms-Braufels (1636-1693) general in the Dutch service;.-ntered Dutch army, e. 167U, ro*e to be general, 1680, sailed with Prince of Orange, October 1688, and led Dutch guards into Westminster; be was distinguished at the Iioyne, but much cemmrul for not supporting English brigade under Mackay at Steinkirk; died from a cannon-shot woand at Neerwinden.

[235] '^ Abraham Solomon (18M-1862), painter; learned bis art in SaaCs school, Bloomsbury, London; exhibited game ami costume canvases regularly nt Hoyal Academy, 1841-62. He waa a good colourUt, and sltowed.marked advance in some of hi* luU-r pictures, especially * Waiting for the Verdict 1857.

[236] Saint Solus (.. 700?), on English monk who settled in Suabia under Charles the Great.

[237] Robert Some (1542–1609), master of IVterhotwc, Cambridge; fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge, IMS; M.A., 1505; D.D.. I.-.HU; appointed marter of Peterbonse, Cambridge, 1589, and wa* vice-chancellor four time*; steered a middle courm? between hih Aiiu'licun-i un.l puritans; wrote a Treatise of tin- - 1682), and, trir.l to interpose us moderator m Mar-1'relate controversy i (1688).

[238] Thomas Some or Solme (fl. 1540-1563) protestant divine; an unwilling monk, took up advanced protestant views; an active preacher under Edward VI; fled abroad on Mary's accession; his treatise, the Lord's Flail burned by Bonner, 1546.

[239] Henry Somer (fl. 1407-1413), chancellor of the exchequer; friend of Hoccleve and possibly of Chaucer; made baron of exchequer, 1407, chancellor, 1413.

[240] John Somer , Semur, or Somerarius (fl. 1380) Minorite astronomer; of Oxford; wrote a calendar, dated 1380, with astronomical tables.

[241] Paul van Somer (1576–1621 ). See Van Somer.

[242] Lawrence Somercote, Swinercote or Somerton (fl. 1254) canonist; canon of Chicbester, 1247; wrote on " Canonical Election of Bishops 1254.

[243] Robert Somercote or Ummarcote (d. 12-11), cardinal; of English birth; favoured by Langton, entered papal curia and was made cardinal by Gregory IX, 1238.

[244] Somerled, lord of the Isles (d. 1164). See Sumerled.

[245] '^ Edmund Sigismund Somers (1759?-1824) physician: studied at Dublin and Eiliuburgh; M.I). 1-xl-nl.iii-L'h, 1783; hcrved in Jamaica and in Peninsula under Wellington.

[246] Sir George Somers or Summers (1554–1610), discoverer of Bermudas; served on buccaneering voyage under Sir Amyas de Preston: took part in Voyage, 1597; knighted, 1003; commanded a fleet conveying settlers for Virginia, as one of founders of South Virginia Company, 1609; wrecked on Bermudas or Summer islands; took possession of islands for king of England in July, 1609; died there; his shipwreck and sojourn in Bermudas commemorated by Silvef ter Jottrdain, whence Shakespeare derived some details of The Tempest

[247] John Somers or Sommers, BARON SOMERS (1C61-1716). lord chancellor of England; sou of John Somers, a Worcestershire attorney: educated at Worcester Cathedral school and Trinity College, Oxford; called to the bar from Middle Temple, 1676: counsel for seven bishops, June 1688; M.P., Worcester, 1689; asserted virtual abdication of James II, aud presided over the drafting of the Declaration of Rights: ninde rolicitorgeneral and knighted, 1689; became lord-keeper, 1693, member of the Kit-Cat Club and friend ninl patron of Addison, Congrcve, Steele, Vertue, Tindal, Rymer, and, for a time, Swift, who dedicated to him the Tale of a Tub 1704; with Montagu, Locke, and Newton planned ia 1695 the reform of the currency; lord high chancellor of England, 1697; created Baron Somers of Evesham, 1697; po seraed great influence, aecood only to that of Sunderlu. u one of the council , irturn in 1696 shared his unpopularity as the abettor of a policy ncceaiU.. army, and after repeat* attacks by the country party be had to surrender tbe great ami, IftO; a demand ralesd in 1700 for bU Impeachment on account of bis share te the secret partition treatie* of 16VH: was acquitted. ami would have been restored to power but for William Ill's death, upon which he Joined the whig party, exert influence, eseciall in aw Influence, especially in settling term* of iiiiton with Scotland. 1707; suoni president of the i 708; fell with the junto in the autumn of 1710. was a great lawyer, bat his Influence and capacity as a statesman have perhaps been unduly magnified by Macaulay and other His four political tract* of 181 are models of lucid presentation.

[248] Robert Somers (1812–1891), journalist; edited Scottish Herald 1844, and after iu amalgamation with the Witness managed that paper un.hr Hugh ; from 1*49 to 1859 aliu-d -North British Daily Mall; wrote for Encyclopaedia Britannic*

[249] Richard Somersham (d. 1531). See Richard Bayfield.

[250] Dukes of Somerset . See BI:AI H UT. JOHN, first DI-KK, 1403-1444; BKAI-KHUT, KHMIM, second DUKK, . 1455; BKAUVORT, HKNKY, thinl IM-KK, 1436-14A4; SEYMOUR, EDWARD, first DUKE of the.symour family, 1506 7-1552; SKYUOUR, WILLIAM, second DUKK, 15HH1660; SBYMOIMC. CII.-.RLKR, sixth DUKK, 1662-1748; SKTMOUR, AUJKUNON, seventh DUKK, 1684-1750; SKTMOUR, EDVAKI ADOI.IMII s, eleventh DUKK, 177*1855; SKYMciuit, KuwAitn Ai).n.riit, twelfth DUKE, 1804-1886.

[251] Earlr Somerset or. Bee MOHUX, WIUJAM DK, .f. 1141: fiKAVFOKT, JOHN, first EARL, 1373 7-1410; CARH, ROBERT, d. 1645.

[252] Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester (1460?-1526), bastard son of Henry Beaufort, third duke of Somerset: fought at Bos worth, and waft employed by Henrv VII on important embus* ies, 1490-1504; .-hainU -rluin a Lord Herbert of Raglan, 1M5: negotiated with Louis XII. Maximilian, and Charles V, 1515-18; created Earl of Worcester, 1514.

[253] Kdward Somerset , fourth Earl of Worcester (1563-1628), great-grandson of Charles Somerset, earl of Worcester; succeeded E**ex as Qneen Elizabeth's master of the borre, 1601; examined conspirators of 1605: became lonl privy seal, 1610, and was great chamberlain at Charles 1's coronation.

[254] Edwakd Somerset . sixth Earl and second Marquis of Worcester and titular Earl of Glamorgan (1601-1667), as Lord Herbert served for Charles I in South Wales and garrisoned Raglnu Castle; defeated by Waller at Highnam, March 1643: created Karl of Glamorgan, 1644, and selected by Charles I to distribute honours aud raise troops in Ireland; poesihly exceeded bie oomuiitKion (which Charles I eventually dUnvowed, 1646) by throwing himself into the arm* of Rinuccinl and the ultramontane party in Ireland; bis appointment aa lord-lieutenant requested of Charles I by the papal nuncio, but the Anglo-Irish preferred Ormonde; uent to Paris, 1648; compelled by his narrow means to return to England, 1652; impri*onl for two years, but released In October 1664. and later given a pension of W. a weak: recovered the bulk of his estates at the Restoration, and gave his time to mechanical experiments: published (1663) hi*Century of Inventions, 1 written in 1654, in which he suggested a calculating machine (No. K4 )and an hydraulic machine (No. 68)for driving up water by fire This wa* a very ingenious adumbration of a steam pumping-engim-, but there is no evidence of any practical attempt by Worcester to give effect to such an idea.

[255] Lord Edward Somerset (1776-1842). See Lord Robert Edward Henry Somerset.

[256] Lord Fitzroy James Somerset 1 first BARON RAGLAN (1 788-18*5 X youngest son of fifth I Duke of Beaufort; served at Rolica and Vimiero as Wellesley's aide-de-camp: fought at Busaco, Fuentes -ro and Badajo*: wounded when close to Wellington at Waterloo: secretary at Horse Guard?, 1827-52, when he succeeded Wellington as commander of the forces And was made Baron Raglan; selected to command British truopa for Crimea, 1854; accepted position at Sebastopol; won battle of Alma, 20 Sept. 1854; blamed Lucan for blunder and loss of light brigade at Balaclava, 36 Oct. 1854; showed judgment and almost rmh bra very at Inkermanon 5 Nov., and was thanked by Queen Victoria: made the scapegoat of mismanagement during the terrible winter of 1854-5; suffered intensely owing to the failure of the mistimed attack ou the MalakhofT and Redan, 18 June 1855, and died ten days I later the victim of England's unreadiness for war

[257] Lord Granville Charles Henry Somerset (1792–1848), chancellor of duchy of Lancaster: second son of Henry Charles Somerset, sixth Duke of Beaufort: M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1817: M.P., Monmouthshire, 1888-48: supported Liverpool and subsequently Peel: chancellor of duchy, 1841-6.

[258] Henry Somerset , first Duke of Beaufort (1629-1700), son of Edward Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester; renounced Catholicism and was friendly with Cromwell, on whose death, however, he demanded a full and free parliament; sat in Convention, November 1659; favoured Restoration; succeeded as third marquis of Worcester in 1667: president of council of Wales, 1672; K.G., 1672; opposed exclusion, and was made Duke of Beaufort, 1688; opposed both Monmouth and Prince of Orange, but was reconciled to William III; maintained great state in retirement at Badminton.

[259] Henry Somerset, second Duke of Beaufort 1684-1714), grandson of Henry Somerset, first duke of Beaufort; pillar of the tory party, and a member of j Swift's Brothers Club; K.G., 17 12.

[260] Henry Somerset, seventh Duke of Beaufort (1792-1853), aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula, 1812-14; M.P., Monmouth, 1813-32; M.P., West Gloucestershire, 1835; K.G., 1842. A typical tory and sportsman, he figured in the 'Badminton Hunt' and in Nimrod's sporting sketches.

[261] John Somerset or Somerseth 1455?), physician to Henry VI; studied at Paris: M.D.; attended Henry VI constantly as doctor and astrologer; chancellor of exchequer, 1441-6, and executor of Humphrey of Gloucester.

[262] Poulett George Henry Somerset (1822-1875), aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan; nearly killed at Inkerman; subsequently M.P. for Middlesex,

[263] Lord Robert Edward Henry Somerset (1776-1842), general; known as Lord Edward Somerset; served in Holland and throughout Peninsular campaign, 1909-14: led cavalry brigade under Uxbridge at Waterloo, was thanked by parliament, and appointed to command first brigade of cavalry in the army of occupation in France; general, 1841.

[264] William Somerset, third Earl of Worcester (1526-1589), served at coronations of Edward VI and Queens Mary and Elizabeth; took part in trials of Protector Somerset, Norfolk, and Mary Queen of Scots; went to Paris on an embassy, 1573; raised laud force against Armada, 1588.

[265] Alexander Somerville (1811-1885), social reformer; son of a Lothian carpenter; after serving in army wrote ou economic subject*, especially corn-law reform; collected facts for Cobden; wrote for Manchester Examiner and other journals; published Autobiography f u Working Man,* 1848, and other books.

[266] Alexander Neil Somerville (1813–1889), Scots divine; a pioneer of Scots free church, 1844; journeyed on missions in India, 1874, Spain, Africa, and elsewhere, making many converts.

[267] Andrew Somerville (1808–1834), painter; R.S.A.; exhibited at Edinburgh, 1830-4.

[268] Hugh Somerville, fifth Baron Somerville (1483?-1549), joined James V at Stirling in 1628; prisoner at Solway Moss, 1543; took a pension from Henry VIII, and joined English party among Scots.

[269] James Somerville, sixth Baron Somerville (d. 1569), son of Hugh Somerville, fifth baron Somerville; employed by Mary of Guise in negotiating with Chatelherault; fought at Langside, 1568.

[270] James Somerville (1632–1600), family historian; fought in covenanting army under General Leslie, and was at rout of Dunbar, September 1650; joined Scots royalists, but took little further part in affairs; his Memorie of the Somervilles(179) edited by Sir Walter Scott in 1816.

[271] John Somerville or Somervile (1560–1583), traitor; of Roman catholic faith; formed design to shoot Queen Elizabeth, was sentenced to death, December 1583, and found strangled in the Tower of London,

[272] John Southey Somerville , fifteenth Baron Somerville (1765–1819), succeeded his uncle to title and estates, 1796; representative Scots peer; ousted Sinclair from presidency of board of agriculture, 1798: aided George III in introducing merino sheep: invented a plough; published agricultural works.

[273] Mary Somerville (1780 - 1872), scientific writer; daughter of Sir William George Fairfax; read Newton's * Principia in Latin; married, as a second: husband, in 1812, William Somerville (1771-1860), and moved in a brilliant intellectual circle; wrote on spectrum and on Laplace: her best work, The Connection of the Physical Sciences 1834, which illustrates in its able summary the width of her scientific acquirements.

[274] Thomas Somerville (1741–1830), historian; after education at Edinburgh, visited London in 1769, and associated with Hume, Robertson, Franklin, and other eminent men; appointed minister at Jedbnrgh, 1772; wrote useful histories of Restoration and fall of Stuarts, 1792, and of Queen Anne, 1798, and an interesting autobiography, first published, 1861.

[275] William Somerville (1675-1742), poet; of an ancient Gloucestershire family; educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford: fellow of New College, Oxford; student at the Middle Temple, 1696; led a country and sporting life, devoting leisure to letters; his poem of four books in blank verse, The Chase published first in 1735; his hawking poem, Field Sports a kind of supplement, published, 1742.

[276] William Somerville (1771–1860), physician: eldest son of Thomas Somerville; surgeon at Cape town, 1795; travelled among Kaffirs, the journey beingdescribed in an appendix to Barrow'sCochin China,* 1806; hospital inspector in Canada; married in 1812 Mary Somerville; F.R.S., 1817; became physician to Chelsea Hospital, London, 1819.

[277] Sir William Meredyth Somerville , Baron Athlumney in the peerage of Ireland, and Baron Meredyth in the peerage of the United Kingdom (1802–1873), represented Drogheda in liberal interest, 1837-52; became chief secretary for Ireland, 1847-52; raised to peerage, 1863; supported William Ewart Gladstone's land bill, 1870, and Irish church bill.

[278] William Sommers (d. 1560), Henry VIII's fool; amused Henry VIII by his jokes on Wolsey; was painted with Henry VIII, and was not without influence at court; left court in 1547. Nash and other writers introduced him as a chorus, or one of the dramatis personae, into their plays.

[279] William Somner (1598–1669), Anglo-Saxon scholar; registrary of Canterbury diocese for a while under Laud; a zealous antiquary and loyalist; wrote on Canterbury and Kent, but is best known for his version of Anglo-Saxon Laws, 1 1568, and his Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum 1659.

[280] Sir George Sondes, Earl of Feversham (1600-1677), royalist; K.B., 1626; suffered in estate and was in prison, 1645-50, but suffered more in mind by fratricidal act of his younger son, Freeman, who was hanged for killing his brother George, 1665; for his unwavering loyalty was made an earl in 1676, but died without issue.

[281] William Sonmans (d. 1708). See Sunman.

[282] William Soone or Zoone (fl. 1540-1575) professor of law at Louvain and cartographer: published maps at Cologne, baaed mainly on Ortelius, 1572.

[283] John Soowthern (. 1584). See Southern.

[284] Thomas Sopwith (1803–1879) mining engineer; studied stratigraphical geology, and directed attention of Kentish Association and Royal Society to bearing of railway cuttings upon subject; F.R.S. n 184*; wrote valuable ical works.

[285] Thomas Sorocold (1561-1617), divine: M.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1585; rector of St. Mildred's, Poultry, London, 1590-1617; published Supplication of Saints, 1608.

[286] Charles Sotheby (d. IW4), rear-admiral; son of William Sotheby; took part in the battle of I7s, and m the operation! in Egypt, 1801, and against the Turk.-, 1M07.

[287] Samual Sotheby (1771 1842), auctioneer and antiquary: nephew of John Sotheby, who founded Covent iarden Kale-room, London, for books and print*. 1744; anoved business to Strand, 1817; United many important catalogues.

[288] Samuel Leigh Sotheby (1806-1 861 ), auctioneer and antiquary: sou of Samuel Sotheby (q. v.; took his accountant Wilkinson into partnership as salesman, 1843, and devoted himself to cataloguing; wrote on early printing andBlock Books 1858, and Milton's autograph, 1861.

[289] William Sotheby 1757–1833), author; rerved ill dragoons, 1774-80; studied classics zealously; mixed rate literary circles; prominent in Dilettante Mouiety from 1792: iwoed Poems 1790: made a highly eulogised version of Virgil's Georgics (1800), also original verses which fell fiat: produced unacted tragedies: devoted himself latterly to a verse translation of Homer, 183ii-4: maintained affectionate terms with Sir Walter Scott, and wrote of his death.

[290] Seth Sothel (d. 1897). colonial governor: after adventures among Algerine pirates was (1683-91) governor of the Carolines.

[291] Simon Sotherey (fl. 1398).

[292] Edward Askew Sothern (1826–1881), actor; son of a Liverpool merchant; played Claude Melnotte at St. HeUers, 1849; played subsequently in provinces and America with slender encouragement; first appeared in New York as Lord Dundreary, a brainless peer, in Our American Cousin 1858, not a striking part until worked up by Sothern; introduced the part at the Hay market, London, 1861, and carried the part, though nearly a failure at first, through 496 nights, the caricature, which grvw into a series of monologues, eventually becoming the tali; of London; his next best part, David (iarrick, 1864; revisited America, 1875-8; celebrated as a wag and practical joker: ambitious of shining an a tragedian, though his real vein was eccentric comedy.

[293] Lytton Edward Sothern (1856–1887), actor; son of Edward Askew Sothern; acted in London, Philadelphia, and Australia.

[294] Thomas Henry Sutton Sotheron-Estcourt (1801-1876). See Estcourt.

[295] John Sotherton (1562-1631?) judge; of a Suffolk family: M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1588; barrister, Inner Temple, 1597; bencher, 1610; cursitor baron of exchequer, 1610.

[296] Thomas Soulemont, Soleman, or Solme (d. 1541 ), French secretary of Henry VIII: native of Jerw-y, entered Henry VIII's and then Cromwell's service: clerk of parliaments, 1540: a learned antiquary

[297] Sir John de Soulis (d. 1321?). Scots soldier : supported claim of Balliol, by whom he was appointed ) -guardian of Scots realm with John Comyn; negotiated with France and papacy; banished, 1304.

[298] Sir James South (1785–1867), astronomer: observed in London with Sir John Frederick William Herscbel and in Paris with Laplace, 1835: president in 1829. as one of founders of Astronomical Society: knighted, 1830: failed with a great telescope he projected at Campden Hill; published pamphlet*. *72

[299] John Flint South (1797-1886), surgeon: hatf _.jther of Sir James South: lectured at St. i:..,....,.... i.-. --..,.., Ms subject, and wrote Memorial* of the Craflof Hargerr lliL274f

[300] Robert South (1634-1716). divine; student of urch, Oxford, 16*1; fcjjiaj ?!* abroad; public orator. Oxford, 160-7; net. i-o.:::;. 1::-;;:::;;;;:;,:.:,-.-;;, TTithetsm: was offrfd.bot declined, see of Rochester; often very humorous In the pulpit; his sermon* frequently reissued and collected.

[301] Duke of Southampton (1662-1730). See Charles Fitzroy.

[302] Earls of Southampton. .. 11 ,,jrr t Thorna*, flr isoft-isfto: WRi.n-ntti.KT, HKT. second BARK itu1581; WI:I.,TIO:M.M. HKMIT, third EARL, 1573-1624; Wnononir, TIIOM A*, fourth EARL, 1607-1667.

[303] Baron Southampton(1737–1797). See Charles Fitzroy.

[304] John Southcote (1511-1585), judge: serjeant-at-law. 1559: raised to queen's bench, 1563; sat as aMee* at trial of Norfolk, 1572.

[305] Joanna Southcott (17SO-1814) fanatic; a Devonshire farmer's daughter: in domestic service for many years; began in 1792 to write doggerel propbecies. and broke with her methodist connections: begun to uttnirt notice and make convert* in IHU, when *)ie set forth her claims in a pamphlet: int-rpn-t4-l dreams und in 1802 declared that she was about to lhiik into the world a spiritual man, Shlloh; died of t.miit disease: a lf-convincel impostor.

[306] Henry Southern (1799–1843, founder of 'Retrospective Review'; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1822: founded the Retrospective Review 1820, and edited it till 182rt; joined diplomatic service, and died minister at Rio de Janeiro.

[307] John Southern or Soowthern (fl. 1584), poetaster; published in 1584 a now very rare volume of somewhat clumsy sonnets, based on those of Ronsard and addressed to his Mistresse Diana.

[308] Thomas Southerne (1660–1746). dramatist; born at Oxmantown and educated at Trinity College, Dublin: M.A., 1696: entered Middle Temple, 1678, and four years later produced The Loyal Brother manifesting writer's strong tory sympathies; after 1688, liavlng to fall back on drama for a livelihood, attaclial himself to Dryden, and produced The Fatal Marriage 1094% and 4 Oroonoko 1696. Though bin later plays wen inferior. the two plays mentioned held the stage nearly a hundred years.

[309] Earls of Southesk (1575-1658). See David Carnegie.

[310] Mrs Caroline Anne Southey (1786-1854), poetess; daughter of Captain Charles Bowles; began to write in 1816: encouraged by Robert Soutbey to publish The Widow's Tale 1822, and similar metrical narrative*: corresponded regularly with Southey, and married him in 1839, his health being then greatly on the wane.

[311] Henry Herbert Southey (1783–1865), physician: M.D. Edinburgh, 1806: younger brother of Robert Southev; F.R.C.P., 1823: became physician to V. 1823. anil to Queen Adelaide: F.KS, 182*; commissioner in lunacy, 1836: Harveian orator, 1847; publishedObservations on Pulmonary Consumption,* 1814.

[312] Robert Southey (1774–1843), poet and man of letters: expelled from Westminster School for a precooieu protest against dogging; proceeded in 1792 to Balliol College, Ox ford, where he punned his private stadia without interference, and beganJoan of Arc an epic; visited there by Coleridge; converted by him to unltarianismand pantisocracy: married Edith Pricker (d. 1837) and visited Spain. 1795, Portugal, 1800; there finished Thalaba and planned BMon..f Port....; tUhted 1801, Madoc 180ft; Curse of Kenama, his chief epic, published, 1810: settled at Keswick and set to work compiling and translating from Spanish: bflOUkia 1808 thirty rear work as a regular contributor to the Quarterly at iOO. an article: his admirable short Life of NeNon expanded from an article, 1813; accepted in 1813 the laureateship, which had been offered to Scott: his Vision of Judgment(parodied by Byron), published, 1821; his Life of Wesley 18*), his well-filled commonplace-book?, OmniananndThe Doctor 1812 and 1837, and his stamlardLifeand edition of Oowper, 1833-7: remained ly with Wordsworth, and in 1839 contracted a 1 marriage with Caroline Bowles; enjoyed from 18U a pension of SOW., granted by Peel.

[313] Henry Southgate (1818–1888), anthologist; a London print-auctioneer; compiled useful treasuries of quotation, notably Manv Thoughts of Many Mind* 1867, and Noble Thoughts iu Noble Language 1871.

[314] Richard Southgate (1720–1795), numismatist: B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1749; a London curate, then rector of Warsop, and assistant-librarian, British Museum, from 1781; formed a great collection of ancient coins and medals Museum Southgntianurn) and aided Pinkerton in his Essay on Medals 1784.

[315] Simon southrey or Sotherey(fl. 1397–1401), Benedictine monk: D.D. Oxford; prior of St. Albans, 1397-*. 1401; wrote treatises against Wycliffites.

[316] South -SAXONS, kings of. See Aella .d. 514?; Osmund. 768.

[317] Edward Southwell (1671–1730), statesman; ron of Sir Robert South well ( 1635-1702); of Merton College. Oxford: clerk to the council, 1699: vice-admiral of Munstcr, 1699; secretary of state for Ireland, 1702; joint-commissioner of the privy seal, 1701 and 1716; M.P., Rye, 1707-11, Tregony, 1711 and 1713, Preston, later in 1713: M.P., Kinsale (Irish parliament), till 1730; clerk to the crown nnd prothonotary of the king's bench, 1715; secretary of state, 1720.

[318] Nathanael Southwell, real name Bacon (1598–1676), Jesuit; on mission in England, 1622-8: returned to Knirlish College, Home: complete 1 Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu 1676.

[319] Sir Richard Southwell (1504–1564), courtier nnd official; of a Suffolk house; a tool of the court and Cromwell against monasteries, 1535-0; knighted, 1542; was a privy councillor under Edward VI; master of ordnance, 1554-60.

[320] Sir Robert Southwell (d. 1559), master of the rolls: younger brother of Sir Richard Southwell; knighted. 1537; profited greatly by suppression of monasteries, and was made master of rolls, 1542.

[321] Robert Southwell (1561?–1595), Jesuit and poet; educated at Douay and Rome; took Roman orders and came on English mission, 1586, with Henry Garnett ; became in 1689 domestic chaplain to Countess of Arundel; wrote religious tracts; captured when going to celebrate mass in 1592; subsequently tortured and executed. He left St. Peter's Complaint, with other poems 1595, MaeouiaV 1595, and A Foure-fould Meditation containing devotional poetry of a very high order, notably the Burning Babe admired by Ben Jonson.

[322] Robert Southwell (1607–1677), vice-admiral of Munster: collector of the port of Kinsale, 1631-54; sovereign of Kinsale, 1657; vice-admiral of Munster, 1670.

[323] Sir Robert Southwell (1635–1702), diplomatist; son of Robert Southwell (1607-1677); B.A. Queen College, Oxford, 1655; entered Lincoln's Inn 1654; knighted, 16C5: succeeded to his father's office in MtmnU-r, 1677: hon. D.C.L. Oxford, 1677; English envoy in Portugal, 1665-8, and after other diplomatic work became principal secretary of state for Ireland, 1690; P.R.S., O- 6

[324] Thomas Southwell, real name Bacon (1592–1637), Jesuit; educated at Rome: theological professor at Liege, 1627-35; wrote some controversial tracts in Latin.

[325] Thomas Southwell, first Baron Southwell (1667-1720), rose to importance in Ireland under William III; fostered linen industry and protestant immigration; ennobled in 1717.

[326] William Southwell (1669–1719), colonel of 6th foot; brother of Thomas Southwell, first baron Southwell; fought in Plunder* and Spain with much gallantry, 1394-1708. especially at Itarcclona, 1705: colonel, 1706: M.P., Baltimore (Irish House of Commons), 1715-19.

[327] George Brettingham Sowerby, the elder (1788-1854), conchologist and artist; F.L.S., 1811; assisted his father and elder brother, and issued independently catalogues of shells and molluscs.

[328] George Brettingham Sowerby, the younger (1812-1884), conchologist and artist; eldestson of George Brettinghain Sowerby the elder: F.L.S., 1844: produced Concholotrical Illustrations 1841, and a number of handbooks on shells.

[329] Henry Sowerby (1825–1891), mining expert; brother of George Brettingham Sowerby the younger ; assistant-librarian to the Linnean Society, 18431852; wrote on Popular Mineralogy 1850: went to Australia, 1854.

[330] James Sowerby (1757–1822), naturalist and artist: abandoned study of flower-painting for that of botany: his great work on English Botany issued. 1790-1814: published alsoEnglish Fungi 1797-1815, and compilations on mineralogy, conchology, and the like.

[331] James de Carle Sowerby (1787–1871), naturalist and artist; eldest son of James Sowerby; F.L.S., 1823: secretary of Royal Botanic Society and Gardens, 1838; executed botanical and also mineralogical and conchological plates, and aided his father and brother in many compilations.

[332] John Edward Sowerby (1825–1870), botanical draughtsman; illustrated botanical works, and brought out an Illustrated Key to British wildflowers, 1865.

[333] Alexis Benoît Soyer (1809–1858), cook ; the 'Mirobolant* of Thackeray's Pendennis: left Paris in 1830. served Duke of Cambridge, and became chef at Reform Club, 1837; proceeded in 1855 to Scutari, reorganised victualling of the hospitals, and introduced a cooking wagon; wrote several cookery books, including a History of Food in all Ages 1853.

[334] Elizabeth Emma Soyer (1813–1842). painter ; wife of Alexis Benoit Soyer: a pupil of F. Simoneau: excelled in depicting street arab?, exhibiting with success, 1823-42. 8P ALBINO, JOHN (ft. 1650), Scottish historian; of Aberdeen; wrote the valuable annalistic History of the Troubles and Memorable Transactions in Scotland 1241645 (first published, 1792); theSpalding Clubnamed after him.

[335] Samuel Spalding (1807–1843), writer on moral philosophy; M.A. London, 1840: wrote an essay (based on Mackintosh) onThe Philosophy of Christian Morals,* issued, 1843.

[336] William Spalding (1809–1859), author ; M.A. Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1827; published n valuable book onItaly 1841, also aHistory of English Literature 1853, and contributed toEdinburgh Review,* especially on Shakespearean subjects.

[337] Thomas Spark (1655–1692), classical scholar; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1679; D.D., 1691; chaplainto Judge Jeffreys; dedicated an edition of Zosimus to Busby, 1679; annotated Lactantius, 1684.

[338] Edward Sparke (d. 1692), divine ; M.A. Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1633; B.D., 1640 (incorporated at Oxford, 1653); chaplain to Charles II. His devotional work, 'Scintillula Altaris 1G52, reached many editions.

[339] Joseph Sparke or Sparkes (1683–1740), antiquary; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1704; edited, in two folio volumes, 'Historiae Anglicance Scriptores varii' 1723.

[340] Thomas Sparke (1548–1616), divine; fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1569; M.A., 1574; D.D.. 1581; a conforming puritan of note and prebendary of Lincoln and rector of Bletchley, attended Hampton Court conference.;u3; was influenced by James I and wrote a Brotherly Persuasion to Unity aud t 1 !, 17; wrote other controversial treatises,

[341] William Sparke (1587–1641), chaplain to Buckingham: fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; 1609; B.D.,

[342] Anthony Sparrow (1618–1684), royalist divine: fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1631; became bishop of Exeter, 1667, of Norwich. 1676; wrote a valuable lutionale upon the Book of Common Prayer 1M7 (reedited by Newman, 1839).

[343] John Sparrow (1615–1665?) mystic; of the Inner Temple; a student of Jacob Boehme; issued prophetical passages and a mystical commentary on Genesis.

[344] Robert Spearman (1708–1761), eccentric theologian; pupil of John Hutchinson (1674-1737); published An Enquiry after Philosophy and Theology, 1756.

[345] Robert Spears (1825–1809), Unitarian preacher and journalist; master of New Connexion Methodist school at Scotswood-on-Tyne, 1846; joined Unitarians 1849; minister at Sunderland, 1852-8; originated Christian Freeman magazine, 1866; established Christian Life weekly paper, 1876; founded Unitarian chapel at Highgate, London, 1886; co-secretary, 1867, and general secretary, 1869-76, of British and Foreign Unitarian Association; published biographical and theological works.

[346] James Spedding (1808–1881), editor of Bacon's Works; educated at Bury St. Edmunds and Trinity College, Cambridge; junior optime, 1831; held a temjiorary poet in colonial office, but In 1841 devoted himself to study of Bacon; contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine(August 1850) a discussion on Shakespeare and Fletcher's respective shares in Henry VIII (reprinted by the New Shakspere Society) 1874; published Bacon's Life and Letters 7 vols. 1861-74, as a supplement to Bacon's Worksin 7 vols., 1857-9 (the Life abridged, 1878); remained through life the close friend of the Tennysons, Sir Henry Taylor, and Edward FitzGerald. Several essays by him were published after his death, which was due to an accident.

[347] William Speechly (ft. 177C-1820), agriculturist: gardener to William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third duke of Portland; published a manual of Rural Economy 1820, and essays.

[348] Adolphus Speed (ft. 1652), agricultural writer; commenced hisAdam out of Kdtn 1626 (published, 1659); wrote also a Cornucopia 1C62; lifelong ally of Samuel Hartlib.

[349] John Speed (1552?-1629), historan and cartographer: brought up as a tailor by his father: settlc-1 in Moortields, London, and obtained a post in cufetom-house, 1598: made various maps of English counties and wan encouraged by Camden, Cotton, and others, whose Society of Antiquarieshe joinel, to write his carefully digested History of Great Britaine 1611: wrote also A Cloudc of Witnesses confirmingGod's Holie Won! 1616.

[350] John Speed (1595–1640), scholar: son of John Speed (1552 7-1629): M.A. St. John's College, Oxford, 1620; M.D., 1G28; wrote tracts and Stonehenge a pastoral, 1635.

[351] John Speed (1628–1711), author: son of John Speed (1595-1640): fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, 1647: M.A.. 1660: M.D., 1666: wroteBatt upon Batt a poem, and formed manuscript collections relating to Southampton, of which he was mayor in 1681 and 1694.

[352] Samuel Speed (. 1681), stationer and bookseller of Fleet Street, London; wrote in doggerel Pragmenta Oarceris 1874, and Prte on Piet ic

[353] Samuel Speed (1631–1682), divine : eldest son of John Speed (1595-1640): of Westminster Mod R nl Christ Church, Oxford: student: M.A., 1660: wm presented to vicarage of Godalmin* nfter Restoration, with other benefices; published (167. -f th. 'Roma.- Autiquse Descripttoof Valerius Maximo*.

[354] Thomas Speght (fl. 1598). editor of dancer and schoolmaster: M.A. IVterhous*. Ciubridgr. U7S; poesiblr bead.master of Ely Cathedral sehooTu7; editt. IV.-:..:,..:...- -,.-.-.:. i: !.., Poet, Geffrey Chaucer.* A new edition was called for in :-.:..:,.-..,..!!...-..::...:.: of a former Chaucer editor*! sou, Krai* -..

[355] George Speke (d. 1690), royalist; su heavily during civil war: M.P., Somerset, 1679; joined Green Ribbon Club, and was ponbhed by fine for abetting Monmouth supporters in 1685.

[356] Hugh Speke (1656-1724?), political agitator; son of George Speke; of St. John's College. Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn; refected on the Duke of York in a pamphlet on the murder of Essex, 168S; sent to prison by Jeffreys for three years on a charge of sedition, 1681; on the news of the Prince of Orange's landing in 1M8 II. but betrayed him to the ; in a Secret History of the Revolution* offered hi* services to James MnoJ which set the mob upon the catholics; failed miserably in his attempts to extort bribes for these services.

[357] John Hanning Speke (1827-1864), African explorer and discoverer of the source of the Nile; served in Punjab under the first Viscount Gough, but left India. 1854, to explore Somaliland under (Sir) Hirhard Barton; set out in 1S5G under R;irton to iim-stu- Lake Nyasaa. and discovered Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza, the hitter Independently of Burton: his theory that V. Nyauza was the source reservoir of the Nile subsequently confirmed by himself and Grant in the summer of 1862; hi* Journal of the Discovery of the Nile published, 1863; nee information to (Sir) Samuel White Baker which enabled him to discover the third lake, Albert Nyanxa; was. with Grant, the first European to crow equatorial Africa.

[358] Clement Spelman (1598-1679), cursitor baron of exchequer; of Queens' College, Cambridge: barrister, Gray's. Inn, 1024: wrote in support of lib father, Sir Henry Spelman's views of sacrilege; bencher of Gray** Inn, 1660; cursitor baron of the exchequer, 1663-78. ron o te exc!

[359] Edward Spelman or Yallop (d. 1767) author and translator: published well-known versions of Xenophon's Anabasis 1742, and of fragments of Polybius, 1743, and Dionysius Halicarnassus (1758).

[360] Sir Henry Spelman (1564?-1641), historian and antiquary: studied at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1683), and Lincoln's Inn: M.I, Cartle Rising, 1597: commissioner on unsettled Irish land*. 1617: settled in London for study, 1612, and (1613) printed his'De non teiiH-randis Ecclesiis material for his much more elaborate work, the History of Sacrileire * (published, 1688); hisglossaryof obsolete Latin and old English puhlii-hwl,J vols., 1626, 1664; compilations on Councils of the Church the by Knight Service: founded a xhort-lived Anglo-Saxon readership at Cambridge, 1636.

[361] Sir John Spelman (1495?-1544), judge of king's bench; reader of Gray's Inn, 1514 and 1519; a discreet counter; appointed a judge of king's bench, 1633, and special commissioner at trials of More, Fisher, and Anne Boleyn.

[362] Sir John Spelman (1694–1643), royalist and author; son of Sir Henry Spelman: educated at Cambridge, Gray's Inn. and i'aris, and in Italy; gained Charles I's favour early in civil war: knighted, 1641: brought out some learned pamphlet*, and compiled a Life of King Alfred * (published, 1678)

[363] Benjamin Edward Spence (18SS-18M), sculptor; studied mid. r R. J. Wyatt aud John Gibson; exhibited at Royal Academy five times, 1849-66.

[364] Elizabeth Isabella Spence (1768-18MX) author; wrote novels aud home-travel sketches, 1799-1823.

[365] George Spence (1787-1850), jurist; M.A. Glasgow. 180S; M.P. successively for Reading and Ripon. 1826-32; a pioneer of chancery reform; improved legal education; published a standard work on chancery jurisdiction. 1846-9.

[366] James Spence (1x12-1882), surgeon: studied at Edinburgh: Uiiiu'ht anatomy and surgery there, 18341889: appointed professor of surgery, 1664: a great operating Mirgeon of the older school.

[367] Joseph Spence (1699–1768), anecdotist and friend Of Pope: of Winchester School and Magdalen Hull and New College, Oxford: fellow of New College, Oxford, 1720: M.A., 1727; succeeded Thomas Warton (1688?1746) as professor of poetry at Oxford, 1728; accompanied young men of rank on foreign tours, and in 1742 was given as a sinecure the regius professorship of modern history at Oxford; publishedPolymetis(a treatise on classical mythology), 1747; took notes of the j conversation of Pope and his circle. His admirable lite- i rary anecdotes were used by Dr. Johnson and others, but not published until 1820, when two editions appeared simultaneously, the best by Samuel Weller Singer

[368] Thomas Spence (1760–1814), bookseller and author of the Spencean scheme of land nationalisation; submitted his plan of corporate land tenure, upon semisocialist io principles, to a local philosophical society in 1776; expelled from the society for hawking his pamphlets; was consistently persecuted for his views and his pamphlets on the rights of man, the millennium, the natural state of man, phonetic spelling, and other schemes. His views found many supporters, but were directly challenged by Malthas.

[369] William Spence (1783–1860), entomologist; collaborated with William Kirby in the celebrated * Introduction to Entomology 1815-26; wrote also some itu-, economic treatises; president, 1847, of the Entomological I 1801-6 Society, which he had helped to found in 1833.

[370] Aubrey George Spencer (1795–1872), first bishop of Newfoundland; of Magdalen Hall, Oxford: after work in the Bermudas was appointed bishop of Newfoundland, 1839: laid first stone of the cathedral of St. John's, Newfoundland; translated to Jamaica, 1843.

[371] Sir Augustus Almeric Spencer (1807–1893), general; grandson of George Spencer, fourth duke of Marlborough; commanded 44th regiment at Alma and Inkerman; wounded during the siege of Sebastopol, June 1866; C.B.; obtained the Crimea medal; commanded in 1860 a division of Madras army as majorgeneral; commander-in-chief of Bombay army, 1869; general, 1878.

[372] Sir Brent Spencer (1760–1828), general ; served with distinction in the West Indies, 1779-82, 1790-4, and again as brigadier-general in 1797 against Toussaint rOuverture; commanded 40th regiment in the Duke of York's expedition to the Helder, 1799; commanded at Aboukir Bay and Alexandria under Moore and Abercromby, 1801; returned to England and became an enuerry of George III; served at Copenhagen and Cadiz, and was second in command to Wellesley at Rolica and Vimiera; K.B., 1809; returned to Peninsula, 1810, and commanded a division at Busaco and at Fuentcs d'Onoro; superseded by Graham, 1811; general, 1825. His pessimistic letters home had shaken Wellington's faith in his capacity.

[373] 'Buck' Spencer (1743-1803), singer and actress. See Mrs Woodham.

[374] Charles Spencer , third Earl of Sunderland (1674-1722), statesman and bibliophile; second son of Robert Spencer, second earl of Sunderland; early contracted a taste for rare books, and began to develop brary at Althorp; entered parliament for Tiverton in 1696 as a zealous whig, affecting the airs of a republican; married Anne Churchill, 1700, thus gaining the support of Marlborougb, whose approximation to the VKnodox whig party the alliance served to further; went out:,, an envoy extraordinary to Vienna, 1705: through father-in-law's influence was named secretary of state for the southern department, appointing Addison as his 1706; especially hated by Harley and the who persuaded Queen Anne to dismi-s 0*1 * -j % J v**%*Aw*t*p ocviuu of the tories who came into power in the autumn of 1710; during last years of Queen Anne was in constant communication with Hanover; his zeal very displeasiny to the heads of the whig party; on gnecn Anne's death was excluded from the lords justices and sent to Ireland as viceroy; became lord privy seal, 1716, but had no real influence; fomented opposition to Townshend and Walpolc with considerable success, ousting them from office in 171 7, and himself becoming first lord of the treasury. March 1718; on account of the threatening attitude of Walpole and the general feeling that he was largely responsible for the South Sea fiasco, was forced to resign early in 1721 in favour of his rival; still retained influence with George I, though this did not prevent his coquetting with the tories. As a politician he was singularly unattractive, crossgrained, and tactless, but in the main honest and x.ealmi:-, for liberty.

[375] Charles Spencer, third Duke of Marlborough and fifth Earl of Sunderland (1706-1758), third son of Charles Spencer, third earl of Sunderland; grandson of the great Duke of Marlborough; succeeded in turn to both titles, 1729 and 1733; opposed the court down to 1738 in order to curry favour with the old duchess; accepted a colonelcy of the 38th foot and a place in the bedchamber, 1738; commanded a brigade at Dettingcn, 1713. and the abortive expedition against St. Malo in 1758: despatched with an English contingent to join Prince Ferdinand in Westphalia, 1758; died suddenly at Minister.

[376] Lord Charles Spencer (1740–1820), politician: sat for Oxfordshire as moderate whig, 1761-84 and 1796-1801; admiralty lord, 1779; vice-treasurer of Ireland, 1782; postmaster-general, 1801-6; master of the mint.

[377] Dorothy Spencer, COUNTESS OF SUNDERLAND (1617-1684), Waller's Sacharissa: courted at Penshurst from c. 1634 till 1638 by Waller, whose attachment seems ! to have been mainly literary; married, 1639, Henry, lord Spencer (created Earl of Sunderland shortly before his death from a wound received at Newbury, 1643); retired to Althorp after her husband's death, and assisted many distressed clergy and royalists: married (Sir) Robert Smythe, 1652; spent much time at Halifax's seat of Rufford, and often met her old admirer Waller, whose attentions have made her name and beauty famous.

[378] George Spencer , fourth DUKE of MARLBOROUGH (1739-1817), son of Charles Spencer, third duke of Marlborough; captain of the 20th foot, 1756; left the army, 1758; obtained office in the Grenville ministry as lord privy seal, 1763-5: hon. D.C.L. Oxford, 1763: K.G., 1768; took little part in political affairs after his early years.

[379] George Spencer , fifth DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH (1766-1840), of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford: M.A., 1786; D.O.L., 1792; M.P., Oxfordshire, 1790-6, Tregony, 1802-4; a lord of the treasury, 1804-6; spent enormous sums on his gardens and library of early printed books at White Knights, near Reading, giving 2,260. for Valderfen's edition of theDecameronat the Duke of Roxburghe's sale, 1812.

[380] George John Spencer , second EARL SPENCER (1768-1834), M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1778: M.P., Northampton, 1780, Surrey, 1782; succeeded his father, John Spencer, first earl Spencer, in the upper house in 1783; deserted the extreme whig faction as a follower of Burke; made first lord of the admiralty by Pitt, 1794: improved the naval administration, and helped to achieve great victories, such as St. Vincent and Camperdown, by his organising skill: the mutinies of Spithead and the Nore putdown under his rule: singled out Nelson and sent him to win the battle of the Nile: K.G.. 1799: resigned office with Pitt, 1801: home secretary, 1806-7: while in retirement helped to form the Roxburghe Club, 1812, and rehabilitated the Althorp Library, as described by Thomas Frognall Dibdin in his Bibliotheca Spenceriana The collection went in 1892 to form the nucleus of the Rylands Library at Manchester.

[381] George Trevor Spencer (1799–1866), bishop of Madras; B.A. University College, Oxford, 1822: consecrated, 1837; created D.D., 1847; remained in India for twelve years, publishing journals of his southern visita i i-riVi ui i l"uuuea vueen Anne to aismiss twelve years, publishing journals of his southern visit* : hi mpeachment desired by theextreme section tioiis; appointed chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, 1 stio.

[382] Spencer r, Kit V l.miniahlH Minis*; copying a portrait of one of the fumily in win. -!i he was servant; produced artistic miniatures in ivory and ..iui.,,-1.

[383] Henry le Spencer (d. 1406). See Henry le Despenser.

[384] Henky Spencer, first Earl of Sunderland (1620-1643); created M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford, .lIM; fouirht for Charles I and was killed by Falkland's side at Newbury, SO 8*p4 LMIi Burled fM Ml Sidney, and had issn aeoond earl of Sunderiand (

[385] Lord Henry John Spencer (1770–1796), second son of George Spencer, fourth duke of Marlborongh (q. v.; educated at Bton and Oxford; showed great promise as envoy at the Hague, Stockholm, and Berlin, 1790-8. "*

[386] Sir John Spencer (d. 1610), lord mayor of London; a Levant merchant: vNitol ly y.uvn Klimbeth at Canoubury, London, 1681; kept hU mayoralty, 1694-6, at Crosby Place, London; knighted, 1696; a nofcwl hunu-r down of papists.

[387] John Spencer (1569–1614), president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. See SPENSER.

[388] John Spencer (1601–1671), controversialist: entered Society of Jesus, 1626; professor at Liege and missioner at Antwerp; became superior of Worcester district, 1668; wrote several controversial works against John Lenthall, bishops Uunuiug, Pearson, and others.

[389] John Spencer (1630–1693), master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; became fellow there, e. 1666; master of the college, 1667-93: M.A., 1662: D.D., 1666; was an erudite hebraist, and in hisDisserUtio de Urim etThnmmim 1669, andDe Legibus Hebneorum laid the foundations of the science of comparative religion, tracing the connection between the rites of the Hebrew religion and those practised by kindred Semitic races.

[390] John Charles Spencer , Viscount Althorp and third Earl Spencer ( 1782-1 845), eldest son of George John Spenoer, second earl Spenoer; left in childhood to the care of servants: went to Harrow, 1790: became devotedly attached to field-sport*; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1802; his jlebt? and clumsy manners a source of embarrassment to his parents, who tried In vain to interest him in foreign art and manners; became M.P. for Okehampton, 1804, and supported Pitt: M.P., St. Albans, 1806, Northamptonshire, 18O6-34; rarely spoke in parliament, devoting himself to the Pytebley hunt, prize fights, and races: drawn into active politics by Ins admiration for Fox; joined the advanced whig party, voting with ! Whitbread, Mackintosh, Kouiilly, and Brougham; from 1816 to 1820 studied economic history and working-class grievance?, supporting Huskixson and even Joseph Hume; became in 1830 leader of the whig opposition in the Commons, and on Wellington's resignation in December dnncellor of the exchequer and leader in the lower house un.i.T Karl Grey; behaved with signal Industry and honesty of purpose; returned to office with an increased whig majority, 1831, and showed his real for the Reform Bill by the vigour with which he rallied his followers on its rejection by the lords in October; resigned again in May 1832, but had to return to office in a few days, and iw the Reform Bill paw the lords on 4 June 1832: de.r.~--l by the intrigue* of O'Connell, 1833-4: lost influence at tin- time of the rise of Peel; he retained office reluctantly till his succession to the earldom, 1834; withdrew with satisfaction to country pursuits, emerging only in 1841 to pronounce in favour of the repeal of the corn laws. Almost devoid of political ambition, he stepped at one stroke to the leadership of the House of Commons, and won absolute trust from friends and opponents alike li.y his truthfulness and integrity. Macaulay raid of liitn that he hadthe temper of Lord North with the principles of Romilly.* only son of Henry naenrer. first earl of by his wife. Dorothy Bacbarisaft see SPKXCKR, DOROTHY: born at Paris; succeeds title, 1643; studied In Southern Europe and ,;.,. V:,,;.;,......:....;... court to Charles II's mtotreseaa, obtained political emi to Madrid aad ptoMfl p uriy in 1679, upon payment of jouo., son as secretary of state for the nor .l.:t.:..M!... n.x- sJbSJB -- - - -- --- a --- T. t__ northern department; ry 1681 X with t on which be recanted, made abject snhmlealnii to. duke of York, and regained his place la 1663. striving especially to oust Halifax and Rochester from favour: as a strenuous supporter of the royal prerogative, no Iras than as a subtle contriver of expedtetaVoommended hte self to James U on his nceession in 1686, and showed Ma skill by the way in which be avoided being oomprwiilaU by Moumouth; bis unscrupulous Intrigues against hia chief rival with Jamea II, Rochester, consummated by his throwing in his lot with the victorious catholic party, and by his gaining the complete confidence of James IPs queen; supported the repeal of the Test Act, the recall *i t!:.- three British regiments from Holland, and the committal of the seven bishops; renounced protexUntbm. 1687, but was disturbed by the internal fends of the catholic party, and was all the time maid m? overtures to the Prince of Orange: was sceptical of the success of an invasion, bat flattered himself that be might act as mediator between rapacious, and moat unscrupulous of Wage;

[391] Robert Spencer , first Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (d. 1627), the descendant of a knightly family which had derived great wealth from sheep.brecd. ing; reputed the richest man in England: created baron by James 1, 1603: active as an opponent of Bacon at the latter's trial; an adherent of Southampton, and a rabaoriber to the Virginia Company. king and parliament: advised remedial measures too late; fled infemale disguise to Rotterdam early in November 1688; reverted to protestantism, and from Rotterdam sent William of Orange (William III) numerous explanations and suggestions, which convinced William that his skill as a wirepuller was Indispensable: advised William III to confide in a united whig ministry in preference to a composite body of whigs and toriee, and by his own diplomatic skill made the scheme a success; endeavoured to obtain ostensible position and power, and (1697) was made lord chamberlain and one of the lord* justices: his appointment strongly resented, even the whig junto, though they owed him much, shrinking from his defence: hastily resigned office, but retained his great wealth and mtu-h of his influence until his death. He ha generally been considered, and probably with justice, as the craftiest, matt all the politicians of

[392] Sir Robert Cavendish Spencer (1791–1830V captain in the navy; served against New Orkau* in 1H13, and Commanded the Naiad against Algiers, 1824: employed on the coast of Greece during the war of independence; K.C.H. and knighted, 1828; reputed a pattern commander; died off Alexandria.

[393] Thomas Spencer (1791–1811) independent divine: trained at the Hoxton College (entering the pulpit at seventeen); obtained great repute as a preacher in London, at Brighton, awl, in M 1, at Liverpool; his Sermon* printed posthumously, 1829.

[394] Thomas Spencer (1796-1853). writer on social subjects; ninth wrangler, St. John's College, Cambridge, 1820; came under Charles Simeon's influence at Cambridge, 1816-20: fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1823: became a zealous Mdal reformer in his curacy of Hinton Charterhouse, 1826-47; a keen opponent of slavery, the corn laws, intemperance, and pauperism; published pamphlets.

[395] William George Spencer (179O-18C6). mathematician; elder brother of Thomas Spencer (17*61863): taught private pupils in mathematJcs with much originality and success: published Intentional Geometry I860, a work of which the soundness of both principle and method is widely recognised: rove system of lucid shorthand. Both works have been by his son, Mr. Herbert Spenoer.

[396] William Robert Spencer (1T69-18S4). post and wit: educated at Harrow and Christ Church. mixed freely in the society of Sheridan, Fox, Sydney Smith, and Homer; translated from the German of Burger;.t tr.i.-toi Pjajsji;.-. *att v ir,-,;,nd r.ri..,uvr: North hy his ballads: died after a life of extravagance in poverty and obscurity at Paris. O

[397] Lily Spender , known as MKrs John Kent (1835-1896), novelist; nee Headland; wrote for Ixiiiilnn Quarterly and other reviews, and produced over , novels, 1869-95.

[398] Sir James Spens (fl. 1598-1630), Scots adventurer nnd diplomatist; attempted, unsuccessfully, to settle the island of Lewis, 1598; entered service of Charles IX of Sweden; knighted; envoy from James I to Gustavus Adolphus. 1612: served as intermediary between Gustavus and England, 1623-7 and 1629-30.

[399] Sir John Spens (1520?–1573), of Condie; queen's advocate: educated at St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews; was made a judge in 1560, holding at the same time the office of queen's advocate: showed sympathy with Knox, bat adhered to- Mary Stuart's party, and prosecuted officially both the murderer of Riccio and that of Darnley; remaimed office until his death.

[400] Thomas de Spens (1415?–1480), bishop of Aberdeen; went on embassies to Henry VI of England, 1446, ami to Charles VII of France, 1449; became bishop of Aberdeen, 1449; keeper of the privy seal, 1458; went on to Edward IV and to Charles the Bold; gave information to Edward IV of a conspiracy against him formed at Bruges; was captured by English war-ships as he was escorting the Duke of Albany to Scotland, 1464, but .veil treated by Edward IV and feent back to Scotland: helped to secure the meeting between Edward IV and Louis XI at Pecquigiiy, and to maintain the peace between James III and Edward IV; again keeper of the Scots privy seal, 1468-71; treated at Alnwick for a permanent peace with the English, 1471, the treaty being eventually signed iu 1473; negotiated the betrothal of Prince James with Cecilia, youngest daughter of Edward IV, 1474; rebuilt the bishop's palace, and was a munificent benefactor of St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen.

[401] Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599), poet: elder son of John Spenser, described as a gentleman and a journeyman in the art of clotlimakiug; born probably,. 1552, iu East Smithfleld, London, whither his father had migrated from the Burnley district of Lancashire; his hereditary connection with this district confirmed by the dialect employed in the Shephcard's Calendar and other early pieces; educated at Merchant Taylors* School; matriculated sizar from Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, May, 1569; at Cambridge; studied Latin, Greek, French, and Italian assiduously, making influential friends; M.A., 1576; while still at Cambridge, contributed fourteen sonnet Visions from I)u Bellay to an edifyingTheatre for Worldlings 1568; obtained in 1578. through his college friend, Gabriel Harvey, a place in Leicester's household; became, through Leicester, acquainted with Sir Philip Sidney; with Sidney, Dyer, and Drant formed a literary club styled the Areopagus; while under Leicester's roof and in love with a fairRosalind(probably a yeoman's daughterX made experiments, at the instance of Harvey and Edward Kirke, in classical measures; published (with archaic glossary suggested partly by Kirkc) the Shcpheard's Calendar(twelve eclogues), 1579, and began the* Faerie Queene his Shep hoard's Calendar enthusiastically received; was appointed secretary to Arthur Grey, fourteenth lord Grey de Wilton, then going to Ireland as lord deputy, 1580; was well rewarded for his work in Ireland, which remained his home until within a month of his death; left the neighiKmrhood of Dublin for Kilcolman Castle upon an estate lie had acquired near Cork, 1688; occupied himself with l:t-rary work, writing his elegy on Antrophel(Sidney) in 1586, and preparing for the press his Faerie Queene three book? of which were entrusted to the printer on the poet's visit to London, November 1689; reluctantly returned to Kilcolman, 1591, and pennedColin Clouts come home again* (printed, 1695): by the reputation of the Faerie Queeneled the publisher Ponsonby to collect IU minor verse ami jutxnilli, in part rewritten, as Complaints, containing Kimdric small poems of the worlds vanltie 1590; married (1694) Elizabeth Boyle, whom he bad wooul in his Amon-tti and celebrated the marriage in hU splendid Epithalamion (the two printed together. lo5); published the second instalment of three books of theFaerie Queeneand Foure Hymnc.- l'96, being in London for the purpose at Essex House, where he wrote his Prothalamion and also his well-informed, though one-sided, prose View of the Present State of Ireland; returned to Kilcolman, depressed both in mind and health, 1697; his castle of Kilcolman burned, October 1698, in a sudden insurrection of the natives, i-hieliy NVills, under the sntran Earl of Desmond, on which, with his wife and four children, he was compelled to flee for refuge to Cork; sent over to England early in December 1598 with a despatch from the president of Munster to the government in London: died in distress, if not actual poverty, at a lodging in King Street, Westminster, a month later; buried near his favourite Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. Four portraits of him are extant. His main achievement, the moral and allegorical, but pre-eminently pictorial, 4 Faerie Queene was the only great poem that had been written in England since Chaucer died. As a scholar ranking near Milton and Gray, as a metrist and inventor of the Spenserian stanza, and as the poet's poet his high position and influence iu our poetic literature cannot be overestimated.

[402] John Spenser (1559–1614), president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; M.A. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1581; elected president, 1607, having been previously fellow and Greek reader at the college; took part in the authorised version of 1611, being upon the New Testament committee; vas at great pains in bringing out in complete form the work of his friend Richard Hooker, 160k

[403] John Sperling (1793–1877), lieutenant, royal engineers; served in Holland under Sir James Cannichael Smyth, 1813-14; prepared defence against Napoleon's invasion of 1815, was at Waterloo, and Paris, 1816; retired from service in 1824, and wrote a diary of his active service, published, 1872.

[404] Henry Spicer (1743?–1804), miniature portraitpainter; exhibited, 1765-1804; painter in enamel to George, prince of Wales.

[405] Alexander Spiers (1807–1869), lexicographer: doctor of philosophy, Leipzig: English teacher at Paris; produced, after fourteen yearswork, his General English and French Dictionary 1846, which won him a cross of the Legion of Honour.

[406] Henry Spigurnel (1263?–1328), judge; was. summoned to parliaments of Edward I and Edward II, and made a justice of oyer and terminer, 1300; sent on a mission to papal court, 1311; interpreted the ordinances, 1312; retired, 1327.

[407] Daniel Spillan (d. 1854), scholar and medical writer; educated at Trinity College, Dublin; M.A. and M.B., 1826; unsuccessful in practice; wrote manuals of therapeutics, clinics, chemistry and medicine, and translated from Sophocles, Tacitus, and Livy; died in St. Pancras workhouse, London.

[408] James Spiller (1C92-1730), comedian ; wn of theGloucester carrier; learned painting, but drifted as a player to Drury Lane, London; played with Pinkethmau at Greenwich, 1710, and three years later settled under John Rich at Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, playing such parts as lachimo, Pistol, Pandarus, Dr. Caiua, Marplot, Sir Politick Wouldbe, and Brainworm; frequently confined in the Marsh alsea for debt, an inn near Clare Market, London, which he frequented becoming noted a,s the Spiller's Head.*

[409] John Spilsbury (1730?–1795?), engraver ; drawing-master at Harrow; executed heads, and fifty engravings from gems, 1785.

[410] Jonathan Spilsbury (fl. 1760-1790), engraver; practised mainly in mezzo- portraits, but engraved some subject-pieces after Rembrandt, Rubens, and Murillo.

[411] Maria Spilsbury (rf. 1820?X rural painter; daughter of Jonathan Spilsbury; exhibited domestic and rural pieces, 1792-1813, and a few etchings.

[412] Nathaniel Spinckes (1653–1727), non juror ; Rustat scholar of Jesus College, Oxford: M.A., 1677; became chaplain to first Duke of Lauderdale, 1681, and n close friend of his fellow-chaplain, George Hickes; deprived of preferments, 1690, upon declining to take oath of allegiance to William and Mary; became ft among UOM jurors, and was consecrated a bishop them by Hi.rk.s. 1 713: iri,-nd of thepious Robert Nehwo; published sermons an: lill. 406)

[413] John Spittlehouse (4. 1653), pamphleteer; fought against Charles I from 1644; renium.l u: of Worcester with the Roundhead army, of which be wrote several vindications.

[414] Josiah Spode (1764–1827) potter ; of Stoke-upon-Trent; improved the old willow pattern, jasper, cream, and black ware; opened a large London warehouse; commenced making porcelain with improved (bone) paste in 1800; made potter to George 1 1 1. 1806; the most loocessful china manufacturer of his time.

[415] Reginald Spofforth (1770-1827) glee composer: composed about seventy lively glees for Nobleman's Catch Club and other clubs, besides stage music; a good pianist.

[416] Charles Spooner (d. 1767), mezzotint engraver; a skilful copyist; engraved many good portraits in Dublin, 1749-66, awl afterwards In London.

[417] Charles Spooner (1806–1871), veterinary surgeon: passed the Royal Veterinary College 18)9, and was appointed veterinary surgeon to the Zoological was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at the Hoyal Veterinary College, 183 and principal and chief professor, 1853, and by 1858 was president of the incorporated Royal College of Veterinary Sun."-

[418] William Charles Spooner (1809?–1886), veterinary surgeon; son of a Blandford innkeeper: practised at Southampton; studied chemical manures; was a great judge of horses, and wrote two treatises on veterinary matters, but was chiefly known for his standard work on Sheep 1844.

[419] Richard Sporley or Sporte (d.1490?), historian; monk of Westminster, e. 1430; wrote a collection of annals, 1043-1483.

[420] Alexander Spottiswood or Spotswood (1676-1740), colonial governor; fought at Blenheim in Bath's regiment; made governor of Virginia, 1710: a successful administrator, but superseded in 1722, though he remained in colony; major-general, 1740.

[421] James Spottiswood (1567–1645) bishop of Clogher; graduated at Glasgow University, 1583; accompanied James VI to Denmark, 1589; persuaded by Whitgift to take orders in Anglican church, awl (1621) was mode bishop of Clogher; fled to England, 1641: died and was buried at Westminster.

[422] John Spottiswood, Spotiswood, or Spotswood (1510-1586), Scots reformer: studied at Glasgow (M.A., 1536), but proceeded to London and was admitted to orders by Cranmcr, c. 1640: became intimate with Knox; sat on committee for First Book of Discipline; was ecclesiastical superintendent of Lothian, and officiated nt coronation of James VI.

[423] Spottiswood, Spottiswoode, Spotiswood, or Spotswood (1565-1639), archbishop of St. Andrews and Scots historian: studied at Glasgow under James and Andrew MelviUe, 1680-1; M.A., 1681; accompanied Duke of Lennox to France awl James I to London, 1603: made by James I archbishop of Glasgow in place of Beaton, and a member of the Scots privy council, since he found him a thorough era- tian ami a pliant instrument in subjugating the kirk; became archbishop of St. Andrews, 1616: secured the passing of the Five Articles of Perth In 1618, and retained the favour of Charles 1: tried, however, to prevent the introduction of the liturgy in 1637, and to modify the policy of Charles 1: hail to take refuge at Newcastle, and was deposed by the assembly; proceeded to London, and died there; buried in Westminster Abbey. fUii-412

[424] Spottiswood, Spottiswoode, or Spotiswood (1666–1728), Scots advocate and legal author; studied at Edinburgh University; became professor of law there, 1703; edited his grandfather Sir Robert Spottiswood's Practicks of the Laws of Scotland 1706, and other legal works.

[425] Sir Robert Spottiswood (1596–1646) Scottish judge: studied at Glasgow (M.A., 1613), at Exeter College, Oxford, and in France; promoted to Scot* bench, 16M; president of the court of session. 1633; aasailed by ,,,-.,...-.,.;.. -..:-.-.,...,.! Charles in Scotland; taken prisoner with Montrose at !.:;..-..,.:...:,-: i!:. Law of Scotland published by his grandson, John Spottiswood.

[426] Arthur Cole Spottiswoode (1809–1874) major-general; served with distinction at Bhartpur and Benares M i- * Mai Brttaa; oota*,

[427] William Spottiswoode (1826-1883), mathematician and physicist: son of a partner in Eyre & SpoUiswoode's; obtained a nrholanhip at Balliol College, Oxford, and a university mathematical scholarship: B.A., 1846; worked on curves and surfaces and the polarisation of light, and was a successful lecturer and writer on polarisation and electrical discharge; president of the Royal Society, 1878-83.

[428] Sir Edward Spragge (d. 1673), admiral : born in Ireland; knighted, 1666; took part in the great battle of June 1666 tinder Prince Rupert, and commanded at Bbeerneas in 1667, when the Dutch forced the Medway; destroyed the Algerine fleet In Bugia Bay, 1671, and took a brilliant part in battle of Solebay. 1672: admiral of the blue, 1672: served in thrm action* during 1073, in the third of which, against Cornells Trump, on 11 Aug., he was drowned.

[429] Thomas Sprat (1635–1713), bishop of Rochester and dean of Westminster; studied at Wadham College, Oxford; M.A. 1657; D.D., 1669 (incorporated at Cambridge, 1671); one of the scientific circle from which sprang the Royal Society; his poem on the death of Cromwell publisho!, with others, by Dryden and Waller, 1669; published a stinging reply to Sorblere's remarks on England, 1664, and a history of the Royal Society, of which he was (1663) one of the first fellows, 1667; published (1668) an account of Oowley, for whose monument be wrote the inscription: supposed to have taken some part in Buckingham's * Rehearsal; noted as a preacher, and in 1680 made canon of Windsor; promoted dean of Westminster, 1683, bishop of Roclxwter, 1684; giveu by James II a seat on the new ecclesiastical commission, 1686: read the Declaration of Indulgence to empty benches In Westminster Abbey, 1688; subsequently assisted &t tlie coronation of William and Mary; drew up an admirable narrative of Robert Young's plot, of which he was a victim, being arrested, 169J; directed Wren's repairs at Westminster Abbey, and gave facilities for Dryden's burial: buried in Westminster Abbey: celebrated in literature for the excellent prose style of hU sermons.

[430] James Spratt (1771-1853), naval commander: fought with great bravery at Trafalgar, 1808; was forced to Invalid by wounds, and was given command of a prison ship at Plymouth, 1815; retired, 1817, baring during hU service saved nine men from drowning.

[431] Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt (18ll-1888), vice-admiral, hydrographer, and author; eldest son of James Spratt; commanded vessels doing sun work in the Mediterranean: laid down positions for t hi* during Crimean war: promoted captain, 1856: 1855: F.RJS., 1866; retired, 1870: published log-books of bis Mediterranean surveys, 1847-66.

[432] Aloys Sprenger (1813–1893), orientalist: native of Tyrol; studied at Vienna awl Paris; naturalise 1 in England, 1838: appointed principal of Mohaminedar. college, Delhi, 1848; while at Delhi, Lucknow, and Calcutta translated important Hindustani. Arabic, and Persian texts, including the Miulifctan of Saadi. 1861, and began an elaborateLife of Mohammad left Iixlui, 1867, and settled at Heidelberg.

[433] Joshua Sprigg (1618-1684), divine: of New Inn Hall, Oxford: M.A. Edinburgh, 1639; a retain. Thomas Fairfax; made fellow and bursar of All Souls College, Oxford, by the parliamentarians, 1649; opposed the execution of Charles I, and retired from Oxford at the Restoration; published a judicious compilation called Anglia Rediviva 1647, upon the successes of Fairfax's army.

[434] William Sprigg (fl. 1657), pamphleteer ; brother of Joshua Sprigg; fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, from 1652 till the Restoration; M.A., 1655; published philosophical essays and A modest Plea for an Equal Commonwealth 1667.

[435] Tom Spring (1795–1851), pugilist. See Thomas Winter.

[436] Thomas Spring-Rice, first Baron Monteagle of Brandon in Kerry (1790-1866), B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1811: represented Limerick in the Whig interest from 1820; suggested Irish reforms to Canning government; secretary to treasury in Grey's administration, 1830-4; chancellor of exchequer in Melbourne's second administration, 1835-9; introduced the penny postage scheme, 1839, but having lost popularity, especially with the radicals, was not adopted for the speakership, us lie bad hoped; retired and was made a peer, 1839.

[437] John Sprint (d. 1590), treasurer of Salisbury Cntbedral; of Corpus Christ! College, Oxford; D.D. Christ Church, Oxford, 1574; dean of Bristol, 1571; treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral, 1584.

[438] John Sprint (d. 1623), theologian: student of t Ch.irch, Oxford, 1592: M.A., 1699; appointed vicar of Thornbury, 1610, awl after conforming reluctantly to the Anglican ritual published several treatises in defence of it, 1607-13.

[439] George Sprott (d. 1608), conspirator; convicted of having forged three letters purporting to be from Robert Logan to John Ruthven, third earl of Gowrie, concerning the murder of James VI: found guilty of complicity in the conspiracy and executed.

[440] Thomas Sprott or Spott (fl. 1270?) historian and monk of St. Augustine's, Canterbury; wrote a history of that foundation, a fragment of which is now among the Cottonian MSS., British Museum.

[441] Richard Spruce (1817–1893), botanist and traveller; began working upon mosses when a master at St. Peter's School, York; went to the Pyrenees, and (1849) to South America with Hooker and Bentham; ured many new plants in the Amazon region, where he met Wallace; collected cinchona plants for India, and returned home in 1864, much enfeebled in health, to work out his results, in aid of which, having had severe losses, he received a small government grant.

[442] Henry Harpur Spry (1804–1842), writer on India; surgeon on Bengal staff; F.R.S., 1841; published Modern India, 1 1837.

[443] Sir Richard Spry (1715–1775), rear-admiral ; captured by the Spaniards while in command of the Comet bomb, 1744; served under Boscawen at Pondicherry; at Louisbourg, 1758; commanded (1772) a squadron in the Channel; knighted, 1773.

[444] Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892), preacher: born at Kelvedon, Essex; became usher in a whool at Newmarket, 1849; left independents and became a zealous baptist in 1850; became pastor of the baptist congregation at Waterbcach, 1852; came to London, 1854, and became so popular a preacher that Exeter Hall could not hold his hearers; the Metropolitan Tabernacle, to hold 6,000 persons, having been opened in 1861, he ministered there till his death; was a convinced Calvinist, adhering staunchly to that system of theology, though bis resentment at what he called the down-grade development of modern biblical criticism led to his withdrawing from the Baptist Union in 187; his pulpit, as well as his private utterances, marked by a rich vein of humourhi* sermons, which were far famed, were published at the I rate of one a week; author of John Ploughman's Talks 1869,John Ploughman's Pictures 1880 and other works; edited the Treasury of David 1870-85.

[445] Bahoxs Spynie . See LINDSAY, ALRXANDI:I;, j first BAUOX, d. 1607; LINDSAY, ALKXAXDKK, second 1 HAKOX, l. 1646; LINDSAY, GKOUGE, third BAHOX,. ! 1671.

[446] Edward Squire (d. 1598), alleged conspirator; employed in Queen Elizabeth's stables; became involved with the Jesuits, and was charged with an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth by poisoning her saddle, and executed on slight grounds.

[447] John Spurgin 1797-l866), medical writer; proceeded from Caius College, Cambridge, to Edinburgh but returned and became M.D., Im.-:,: I.!;.(. P., 1826; censor, 1829; Harveian orator, 1861; published medical lectures, 1853-60; physician to the Foundling Hospital, London, 1835-66; projected an edition of Swedcnborg's philosophical works.

[448] William Spurstowe (1606?–1666), puritan divine; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1630; fellow of Catharine Hull, Cambridge; put into the mastership of Catharine Hall by the puritans, 1645; objected to the execution of Charles I, hut lost his mastership at the Restoration: one of the five divines who wrote, in 1641, as Smectymnuus

[449] John Squire (1780–1812), brevet lieutenant-colonel, royal engineers; served under Abercromby in Holland and Egypt; travelled through Syria and Greece; was employed on lines of Torres Vedras 1810, and in bridging the Guadiana; suffered in health after Hadaioz, and died at Truxillo.

[450] Samuel Squire (1713 - 1766), bishop of St. Davids: fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 17155; M.A., 1737; curried favour with Newcastle and Chesterfield, obtained a deanery at Bristol, 1760, and the see of St. Davids, 1761; published historical essays, and fostered Anglo-Saxon studies in Cambridge,

[451] William Squire (d. 1677), controversialist; B.A. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1650; M.A., Brasenose College, Oxford, 1653: chaplain of All Souls College and fellow of University College, Oxford; wrote two tracts on the Unreasonableness of Romanists shortly before his death.

[452] Edward Stack (d. 1833), general : of Irish birth; entered French army, but quitted it for Irish brigade; narrowly escaped being shot as a spy by Napoleon I; general in the British army, 1830.

[453] Richard Stack (d. 1812), author : M.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1779; fellow, 1779; D.D., 1786; vicepresident of Royal Irish Academy, contributing to Transactions and writing lectures.

[454] John Stackhouse (1742–1819), botanist : fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1761-4: studied seaweeds and was an early F.L.S.; published the Nereis Britannica * (on sea-wracks), 1795, and other standard botanical memoirs.

[455] Thomas Stackhouse (1677–1752), theologian; of Durham and St. John's College, Cambridge; was a poor curate at Sheppcrton, at Amsterdam, and at Finchley; obtained vicarage of Benham Valence, 1733: latterly worked for booksellers at Chelsea; produced a History of the Bible 1737, and many short histories and abridgments.

[456] Thomas Stackhouse (L 1781), writer ; younger son of Thomas Stackhouse( 1677 1752): compiled several school-books, 1762-81.

[457] Thomas Stackhouse (1756–1836), antiquary and theologian; nephew of Thomas stackhouse (d. 1784) ; wrote on theAncient Barrows 1806, andRemains of Ancient Pagan Britain 1833; wrote also schoolbooks and obituaries of quaker?, having joined that denomination.

[458] Marquis of Stafford (1721–1803). See Granville Leveson-Gower.

[459] Viscount Stafford (1614–1680). See William Howard.

[460] Anthony Stafford (1587–1645?). devotional writer: of Oriel College and Inner Temple; created M.A., 1623: published The Female Glory (a panegyric of the Blessed Virgin), 1636.

[461] Edmund de Stafford (1344–1419), bishop of Exeter; dean of York, 1385; keeper of the privy seal. 1389; consecrated bishop of Exeter, 1395; lord chancellor from 1396 till the abdication of Richard II in 1399; assented to the deposition of Richard II; again lord chancellor, 1403; was regarded as the second founder of Stapeldon Hall, Oxford, the name of which was changed to Exeter College in his day.

[462] Edward Stafford, third Duke of Buckingham (1478-1521) ,, ,.!,-; ,,,ii ,,f ii. i. Moond Ink of lttirk:ntdiamij. v. 1;.-orn privv 1SI9; attrf-ti'J.il,-onrt llrnry VIII. iM'n;.-.ii.. uni.-l and executed. Charges of li-;...i:ty to H.-i.ry V11I having been trumped upagaitut him in 1621.

[463] Sir Edward Stafford (1552?-1605), diplomatist: rarrii-.l on ii.--otiatii.ns i,, r a tni.oii between Qu beth and li.-iii-:i7a: kuigh ai,.l..i- Midor at Paris, 1683-90.

[464] Henry Stafford, second Duke of Buckingham (1454?-1483), grandson of Humphrey Stafford, first duke; pronounced sentence as high steward on Clarence, 1478: joined Richard of Gloucester (afterwards Richard III), 1483, and acted as great chamberlain at his coronation; raised a force against Richard III ti.m months later; his army rendered useless by the floods of the river Wye and Severn, and wa himself captured and executed at Salisbury.

[465] Henry Stafford , first Baron Stafford (1501-1563), courtier; K.B.. 1532; M.P, Stafford, 1M7; sapiccessively Henry VIII, Protector Somenet, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth.

[466] Hugh de Stafford, second Earl of Stafford (1342?-1386), second son of Ralph de Stafford, first earl of Stafford; went with John of Gaunt to France, 1373: K.G., 1376: officiated at coronation of Richard II, 1377, and was member of his council; having lost his eldest son by treachery, went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and died at Rhodes.

[467] Humphrey Stafford, first Duke of Buckingham (1402–1460), accompanied Henry VI abroad, 1430; captain of Calais, 1442; created Duke of Buckingham, 1444, and warden of Cinque ports, 1450; opposed the Duke of York: subsequently tried to reconcile Queen Margaret with the Yorkits, but was killed at the battle of Xortlm: -n.

[468] Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon (1439-1469), fought for and was knighted by Edward IV at Towton, 1461; won numerous honours, was made a privy councillor, and Earl of Devon, 1469; wilt to oppose Robin of Redesdale, 1469, but quarrelled with William Herbert, first earl of Pembroke, and retired with all his troops, on which Edward IV ordered his execution.

[469] John Stafford (d. 1452), archbishop of Canterbury; D.C.L. of Oxford before 1413; appointed archdeacon of Salisbury, 1419, ami keeper of the privy seal, 1421; joined party of Henry Beaufort; consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells, 1425: first to have the title of lord chancellor 1432; archbishop of Canterbury, 144.1-52,

[470] John Stafford (1728-1800), independent divine: a wool-comber by trade; became minister of New Broad Street chapel, London, 1758; published Calvini-tlctreatises.

[471] Ralph de Stafford , first EARL OF STAFFORD (1299-1372), served Edward III in Flanders, 1338-40; led reinforcements to Britanny, 1342; taken prisoner at Vannes and exchanged; seneschal of Aquitaine, 1345: fought at Crecy and at siege of Calais; defeated French near Agen, 1352; fought in Scotland and (1356) at Poitiers: assisted at treaty of Bretigny, 1360: dial at Tonbridge.

[472] Sir Richard Stafford , styled 'of Clifton' ( ft. 1 337-1 389), seneschal of Gascony: brother of Ralph de Stafford, first earl of Stafford

[473] Richard Stafford 1663–1703) Jacobite pamphleteer: of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and the Middle Temple: distributed rabid Jacobite tracts; showed signs of lunacy, and was sent to Bedlam, 1691.

[474] Richard Anthony Stafford (1801-18M), surgeon: attracted notice of Abernethy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London; studied in Paris; wrote on spine and urethra.

[475] Thomas Stafford (1681?-1657), rebel : travelled hi Italy and Poland; opposed Queen Mary's Spanish marriage, and, claiming royal descent on both sides, sailed from Dieppe, by connivance of Henri II, with two ships, and made a landing at Scarborough, April 1657, but WM : . M

[476] Sir Thomas Stafford (. 1681 1 reputed l by Cblol:. 1611; inherited the manuscripts of George Carew, earl of Totnes, and from them compiled history of the Irish wars Pacata Hibernia, 1633.

[477] William Stafford ( 1564-1612), alleged author of Compendious Examination of certain ordinary Complaints; of Winchester OoUeye ani I. How of New CoUejre, Oxfnni. 1573; implicated obscurely in a plot of 1586. The bonk nttnt.utal to Mm. upon sod* ard VI. was probably in reality by John Hales (d. 1571)

[478] William Stafford (1593-1684) pamphleteer ; created M.A. ChrUt Church, Oxford, 1618; wrote on war from parliamentarian standpoint, 1644-.

[479] John Stagg (1770-1823), Cumberland poet; lost eyesight in his youth; described Cumberland peasantry !.;- --i..... f IliL 4691

[480] Nicholas Staggins (1660?–1700), musician: master of his majesty's music, 1676; Mns.Doc. Cambridge, 1682; composed birthday music and songs,

[481] Sir Richard Stainer (rf. 1669). See Stayner.

[482] Sir Thomas Staines (1776-1830), captain in the navy: served in the Victory under Hood, 1796, and under Jervis, 1796; captnred by Spaniards, 1798; served on Foudroyant under Nelson, and afterwards at siege of Toulon: promoted captain, 1806: bad great success in South of Spain and Naple*; knighted, 1809, and appointed to Britain frigate; accidentally struck on Pitcairn'n island, 1813, and sent account of lie colony to England.

[483] Henry Tibbats Stainton (1822-1892), entomologist: began studying smaller *epidoptera, 184O; pnbli-hMl numerous books on British insect*, especially the :inr(,lr: founded magazines; president of the Entomological Society, 18*1-2; secretary of Bay Society, 1861-72; F.R.S., 1867.

[484] Earls of Stair .S OF. sv DAI.HVMI-I.K, Sut J..H.V. tir-t KAKI, 164H-17U": DAUIYMI-I.K. Jux, tecoinl KAKI., 1673-1747: DALRYMPLB, JOHN, fifth BAKU 17SO-178S; DALRYMIM.K. JOHN, sixth EAHU 1749-1821; PALHYMIM.K. Sin JOHN HAMII.TI. MACUILI eighth EARL, 1771-1863.

[485] Viscount Stair, first ( 1619–1696). See James Dalrymple.

[486] William Grant Stairs (1863–1892), captain and traveller; bom at Halifax, Nova Scotia; gazetteil lieutenant, royal engineer?, 1HS5: sailed on Emtn relii-f expeilition, 1K86; jounu-ytil with St.nili-y through central forest of Africa, and explored the Mountain of the Moon. 1888; took command of Belgian expedition to sooth of Congo Free state, 1891; died on way back from Katanga.

[487] William Staley or Stayley (d. 1678), victim of the popish plot: a catholic goldsmith and banker: charged with treason by the informer Carstairs: tried by Lord justice Scroggs, and hanged at Tyburn,

[488] John Stalham (d. 1681) puritan divine : said to have been educated at Oxford; vicar of Terling, 1638: : a strong puritan and congregationalist; wrote much against quakers; ejected, 1662.

[489] Eaklb of Stamford . See GHKY, HKXKY, first 1599?-1673; (.HEY, THOMAS, second EAUL, 1654i 1720.

[490] Sir William Stamford (1509–1658). See STANFORD.

[491] William Stampe (1611–1653?), divine: M.A. Pembroke College. Oxford, 1633 (incorporated at Cambridge, 1640): D.D., l3; fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford; vicar of Stepney, 1641: sequestered by i minster Assembly as a loyalist: chaplain to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia; died at the Hague. (llli. 469

[492] John Stanbridge (1463–1510), grammarian: fellow of New College:. and M.A.; became rector of Winwick and prebendary of Lincoln, 1609; wrote Vocabula Vulgaria, Accidentia, and other glossaries and grammars printed by Wynkyn de Worde.

[493] John Stanbury, Stanbery, or Stanbridge (d. 1474), bishop of Hereford; D.D. Exeter College, Oxford; confessor to Henry VI, and first provost of Eton; bishop of Hereford, 1453-74.

[494] Arthur Standish (.ft. 1611), writer on agriculture: published the Commons Complaint (1611), advocating systematic planting.

[495] Frank Hall Standish (1799–1840), connoisseur and author; wrote on Voltaire, on northern capitals of Europe, and on Seville, where he lived; bequeathed his fine collection of pictures and manuscript? to King LouisPhilippe of France.

[496] Henry Standish (i. 1535), bishop of St. Asaph : D.D.: preached at Henry VIII's court: maintained that the clergy were liable to punishment in secular courts, but by Henry VIII's favour escaped punishment by convocation; opposed Colet and Erasmus, ami was very hostile to heresy; bishop of St. Asaph, 1518-35; consecrated Oranmer, 1533.

[497] John Standish (1507?-1570), archdeacon of Colchester; of Brasenose and Corpus Christi colleges, Oxford; M.A.,1531; D.D., 1541: chaplain to Edward VI; conformed subsequently both under Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth; wrote several tracts.

[498] Myles Standish (1584–1656), colonist ; of Lancashire: a descendant of the Dnxbury branch of the family; served under the Veres in the Netherlands before 1603; embarked on Mayflower from Leyden, 1620, and settled at New Plymouth: chosen military captain of the colony, 1621; awed the Indians by his rapid and wellconcerted measures, and ensured the success of the Plymouth colony; died at Duxbury, New England; his estate still in the possession of descendants on the north side of the bay. His daring exploits against the Indians are celebrated in poems by Longfellow and Lowell.

[499] Clarkson Stanfield (1793–1867), marine and landscape painter; son of James Field Stanfield; entered the merchant service, 1808, and was pressed into the navy, 1812, but left the sea, 1818; became scene painter finally at Drury Lane, London, and painted a drop-scene for Dickens; R.A., 1835; painted The Battle of Trafalgar 1836: settled at Hampstead, 1847; styled the English Vandevelde; famous for his cloud-forms.

[500] George Clarkson Stanfield (1828–1878), painter; son of Clarksou Stanfield; exhibited, 18441876.

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