User:Marcelus/sandbox11
Development[edit]
There were new foundations at that time:[1]
- Greater Poland: Złoczew, Nowy Dwór, Sieraków, Piotrków Trybunalski, Ostrzeszów;
- Lesser Poland: Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Bochnia, Karczówka, and Alwernia;
- Mazovia and Warmia: Przasnysz, Łęczyca, Ostrołęka, Grodzisk, Wieluń, Czerniaków and Strzegocin.
- Ruthenian lands: 1599 - Sokal, 1604 - Zaslawye, 1605 - Brest, 1608 - Leżajsk, 1610 - Husiatyn, 1614 - Dębno, 1623 - Kyiv, 1627 - Łuków, 1627 - Zbarazh, 1628 - Jałówka, 1628 - Machnówka, 1629 - Rzeszów, 1634 - Bukaczowce, 1635- Lubny, 1635 - Strilyshcha, 1637 - Leszniów, 1637 - Uładówka, 1638 - Fastiv,1640 - Makówka, 1640 - Romny, 1643 - Baturyn and 1645 - Lutsk.
There were 37 monasteries in the province of Greater Poland in 1765: Poznań (custodial monastery), Kościan, Wschowa, Kobylin, Kalisz, Koło, Warta, Bydgoszcz, Kazimierz Biskupi, Nowe, Sieraków, Świecie, Koźmin, Górka Klasztorna, Ostrzeszów, Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Gołańcz, Zamarte, Warsaw (Custodial Monastery), Toruń, Łowicz, Skępe, Lubawa, Przasnysz, Barczewo, Złoczew, Piotrków Trybunalski, Łęczyca, Widawa, Ostrołęka, Stoczek, Kadyny, Ratowo, Czerniaków, Strzegocin, Wieluń and Łobżenica.
References[edit]
- ^ Rusecki 2003, p. 194-195.
Bibliography[edit]
- Rusecki, Innocenty Marek (2003). "Z dziejów ojców bernardynów w Polsce 1453-2003". Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne. 11–12.
Background[edit]
In the pre-modern period, Jews in Bavaria faced persecution. After the expulsion in 1553, the number of Jews was small and around 1800 was about 2,000.[1] The situation improved after the Napoleonic wars. The situation improved after the Napoleonic wars. Bavaria, as a result of annexation, became larger, and the number of Jews increased through this to 42,000.[2] In years 1802-1813 the Interior Minister Maximilian von Montgelas introduced several assimilation laws.[3] The new laws were intended to facilitate the fusion of Jews into Bavarian society, but at the same time imposed a number of restrictions on them, limiting the growth of the Jewish community, freedom of movement, as well as the taking up of traditional professions. Most importantly, the laws prohibited Jews from other countries from entering Bavaria.[4] The reaction to Monteglas' reforms was a series of pogroms in 1819 that began in Bavaria and spread throughout Germany; they are known as Hep-Hep riots. Anti-Jewish violence also occurred in the later years of the 19th century, especially in 1848 and 1866.[5]
This resulted in a wave of Jewish emigration, mainly to the United States. The Jewish population, which at one point reached 60,000, fell to 37,000 in 1867, less than 1% of the total.[6] Bavaria was the only German state where the number of Jews declined.[6] Bavarian Jews only gained legal equality with the incorporation of Bavaria into the nascent Germany in 1871. After that date, Bavarian Jews began to emigrate to larger cities and also embraced Reform Judaism. However, this process was slower than in other parts of Germany, and the community remained more Orthodox and rural, and opposed to new ideas such as Zionism, than elsewhere.[7] The attitude of non-Jewish Bavarians toward Jews has improved, although they were still considered a fundamentally foreign group, and the rate of mixed marriages was low.[8] After the Kulturkampf period, the Center Party changed its attitude and became a fervent opponent of anti-Semitism, which led to an improvement.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 126.
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 127.
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 127-128.
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 127-130.
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 131-132.
- ^ a b Sharfman 1995, p. 132.
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 137-139.
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 137.
- ^ Sharfman 1995, p. 137-138.
Bibliography[edit]
- Sharfman, Glenn R. "Bavarians and Jews: A Study in Integration and Exclusion During the Nineteenth Century". Journal of Religious History. 19 (2): 125–140.