User:Ashleigh813/sandbox
I can type anything I want to here~
It's not going to be published, this is just my sandbox.
Biak (wós Vyak or "Biak language"; wós kovedi or "our language"; Indonesian: bahasa Biak), also known as Biak-Numfor, Noefoor, Mafoor, Mefoor, Nufoor, Mafoorsch, Myfoorsch and Noefoorsch, is an Austronesian language of the South Halmahera-West New Guinea subgroup of the Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages.[1]
| Hän | |
|---|---|
| Häł gołan | |
| Native to | Canada, United States |
| Region | Yukon, Alaska |
| Ethnicity | Hän people |
Native speakers | (20 cited 1997–2007)[2] |
| Latin (Dené alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Alaska[3] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | haa |
| Glottolog | hann1241 |
Hän (Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Moosehide) is an Athabaskan language spoken primarily in Eagle, Alaska (United States) and Dawson City, Yukon (Canada), though there are also speakers in Fairbanks, Alaska.[4][5] There are only a few fluent speakers remaining (perhaps about 10), all elderly.[6]
Hän is a member of the Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit language family and is most closely related to Gwich'in and Upper Tanana.[5] The name of the language is derived from the name of the people, "Hän Hwëch'in", which in the language means "people who live along the river", the river being the Yukon.[5]
Classification[edit]
Iʻm going to add information here.
History[edit]
Notable Linguists[edit]
Edward Roberts[edit]
Storybooks, Language listening exercises (TH)
Isaac Juneby[edit]
Language listening exercises, language learning book (Eagle)
Percy Henry[edit]
Language listening exercises
John T. Ritter[edit]
Willem deReuse[edit]
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
The consonants of Hän in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):[5]
| Labial | Inter- dental |
Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | |||||||||||||||
| Nasal | [n̥] | nh | ||||||||||||||
| [m] | m | [n] | n | |||||||||||||
| Stop | [pʰ] | (p) | [tʰ] | t | [kʰ] | k | ||||||||||
| [p] | b | [t] | d | [k] | g | [ʔ] | ʼ | |||||||||
| [tʼ] | t’ | [kʼ] | k’ | |||||||||||||
| [ᵐb] | mb | [ⁿd] | nd | |||||||||||||
| Affricate | [tθʰ] | tth | [tsʰ] | ts | [tɬʰ] | tl | [tʃʰ] | ch | [ʈʂʰ] | tr | ||||||
| [tθ] | ddh | [ts] | dz | [tɬ] | dl | [tʃ] | j | [ʈʂ] | dr | |||||||
| [tθʼ] | tth’ | [tsʼ] | ts’ | [tɬʼ] | tl’ | [tʃʼ] | ch’ | [ʈʂʼ] | tr’ | |||||||
| [ⁿdʒ] | nj | |||||||||||||||
| Fricative | [θ] | th | [s] | s | [ɬ] | ł | [ʃ] | sh | [ʂ] | sr | [x] | kh | [h] | h | ||
| [ð] | dh | [z] | z | [ɮ] | l | [ʒ] | zh | [ʐ] | zr | [ɣ] | gh | |||||
| Approximant | [j̊] | yh | [ɻ̥] | rh | [w̥] | wh | ||||||||||
| [l] | l | [j] | y | [ɻ] | r | [w] | w | |||||||||
Vowels[edit]
- short
- a [a]
- ä [ɑ] chäghänn 'old woman' (Ridley 1979)
- e [e]
- ë [ə] jëjuu 'moose' (Ridley 1979)
- i [i] tr'inkee 'child' (Ridley 1979)
- ö [?] tthök 'caribou fence' (Ritter 1977)
- o [o]
- u [u] chugaa 'bird' (Ridley 1979)
- long
- aa [aː] sraa 'sun' (Ritter 1977)
- ää [ɑː]
- ee [eː] tthee 'stone' (Ritter 1977)
- ëë [əː]
- ii [iː]
- oo [oː] srèjoo 'grayling' (Ridley 1979)
- uu [uː] łuu 'fish' (Ridley 1979)
- diphthongs
- aw [au]
- ay [ai]
- äw [ɑu]
- ew [eu]
- ey [ei] ts'eyy 'porcupine' (Ridley 1979)
- iw [iu]
- oy [oi]
- nasal vowels are marked by an ogonek accent, e.g., [ą]
- low tone is marked with a grave accent, e.g., [è] lèzraa 'money' (Ritter 1977)
- rising tone is marked with a circumflex accent, e.g., [â][citation needed]
- falling tone is marked with a caron (or háček), e.g., [ǎ][citation needed]
- high tone is never marked, e.g., [a]
- [ą̀] tätrą̀' 'raven' (Ridley 1979)
- short
Grammar[edit]
Lexical Categories[edit]
Morphology[edit]
template structure, agreement, nominal vs verbal morphology
Syntax[edit]
Word order, holophrasis
Education[edit]
YNLC Literacy Sessions
Children's books in Hän (w/links)
Revitalization[edit]
Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation[edit]
The Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in (formerly known as the Dawson First Nation) in Yukon support the revitalization of Hän, and there are current efforts to revive the language locally. Since 1991, the Robert Service School in Dawson City has hosted the Hän Language program, and the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in supports adult language classes and bi-annual cultural gatherings.[5]
Legislation regarding language use?
Danoja Zho Cultural Center
General Language Documentation[edit]
Linguists known for their work on Hän -- John T. Ritter, Willem deReuse
Hän at CoLang
Yukon Native Language Centre[edit]
Language learning links and resources
Further reading[edit]
- Manker, Jonathan, and Tsuu T’ina Nation (2013). The Syntax of Sluicing in Hän. Dene Languages Conference, Calgary Alberta.
- Manker, Jonathan (2014). Tone Specification and the Tone-Bearing Unit (TBU) in Hän Athabascan. WSLCA 19 St. John's, Newfoundland.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Arka, I. Wayan (2013-03-27). "Language Management and Minority Language Maintenance in (Eastern) Indonesia: Strategic Issues". Language Documentation & Conservation. 7.
- ^ Hän at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official
- ^ "Hän language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
- ^ a b c d e "Yukon Native Language Centre". ynlc.ca. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
- ^ Joseph, Kim. "Hän Welcome Page". www.firstvoices.com. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
External links[edit]
- Hän alphabet
- Alaska Native Language Center: Han
- Yukon Native Language Centre: Hän
- The Endangered Languages Project: Han
References[edit]
- Alaska Native Language Center. Alaska Native Language Center (accessed July 24, 2005).
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Ridley, Ruth. (1979). Eagle Han Gwich’in Hòdök – Stories in Eagle Han Gwich’in. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
- Ritter, John T. (1977). Han Gwitchin Language (Eagle Dialect). Preliminary Noun Dictionary. Alaska Native Language Archive. https://uafanlc.alaska.edu/Online/HN976R1977b/HN976R1977b-Han_dictionary.pdf.
| Indigenous | |
|---|---|
| Sign languages | |
| Non-Indigenous | |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Han Language}} [[Category:Northern Athabaskan languages]] [[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic]] [[Category:Indigenous languages of Alaska]] [[Category:First Nations languages in Canada]] [[Category:Languages of the United States]] [[Category:Endangered Dené–Yeniseian languages]]