User:16912 Rhiannon/Reddit Site overview

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reddit Inc.
Type of businessPrivate
Type of site
Social news and media aggregation
Available inMultilingual, primarily English
FoundedJune 23, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-06-23)[1]
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California
Area servedWorldwide
OwnerAdvance Publications (majority shareholder)[2]
Founder(s)Steve Huffman, Aaron Swartz and Alexis Ohanian
Key peopleSteve Huffman (co-founder and CEO)
IndustryInternet, media
Employees230 (July 2017)
URLwww.reddit.com
AdvertisingBanner ads, promoted links
RegistrationOptional (required to submit, comment, or vote)
Current statusActive
Written inPython, React (Reddit redesign)

Reddit (/ˈrɛdɪt/, stylized in its logo as reddit) is an American social news aggregation, web content rating, and discussion website. Registered members submit content to the site such as links, text posts, and images, which are then voted up or down by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits", which cover a variety of topics including news, science, movies, video games, music, books, fitness, food, and image-sharing. Submissions with more up-votes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough votes, ultimately on the site's front page. Despite strict rules prohibiting harassment, Reddit's administrators spend considerable resources on moderating the site.[4]

As of February 2018, Reddit had 542 million monthly visitors (234 million unique users), ranking as the #3 most visited website in U.S. and #6 in the world, according to Alexa Internet, with 57.4% of its user base coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 7.5% and Canada at 6.3%.[5] Across 2018, Reddit saw 153 million submissions, 1.2 billion comments, and 27 billion upvotes from its users.[6]

Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. Reddit became a subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications, in September 2011. As of August 2012, Reddit operated as an independent entity, although Advance was its largest shareholder.[7] Reddit is based in San Francisco, California.[8] In October 2014, Reddit raised $50 million in a funding round led by Sam Altman and including investors Marc Andreessen, Peter Thiel, Ron Conway, Snoop Dogg, and Jared Leto.[9] Their investment valued the company at $500 million then.[10][11] In July 2017, Reddit raised $200 million for a $1.8 billion valuation, with Advance Publications remaining the majority stakeholder.[12]


Site overview[edit]

Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content—including photos, videos, links, and text-based posts—and discussions of this content.[13][14] The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit."[15][16] As of 2018, there are approximately 330 million Reddit users, called "redditors".[17] The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities.[18] The site ranks among the top 10 websites in the world by traffic.[3]

The front page[edit]

The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account.[18][19] Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages.[18][19]

Front-page rank—for both the general front page and for individual subreddits—is determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count.[20]

Core features[edit]

As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users, which include stories, links, images, and videos.[13][14] Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation.[13] A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes, for each post and comment on the site.[13] The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people.[13] Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, which reflects the user's standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit.[13]

Users and moderators[edit]

There are approximately 330 million Reddit users, called "redditors".[17] Registering an account with Reddit is free and does not require an email address.[21][22] In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing.[23] In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". For example, noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse,[24] and u/Shitty_Watercolour, who posts paintings in response to posts.[25]

Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator.[18] These moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and generally work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic.[18][26][27] Admins, by contrast, are paid to work for Reddit.[26]

Subreddits[edit]

Nathan Allen speaks about the r/science community to the American Chemical Society

Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits". There are about 138,000 active subreddits among a total of 1.2 million, as of July 2018.[28][29] Subreddit names begin with "r/". For instance, r/science is a community devoted to discussing scientific topics and r/television is a community devoted to discussing TV shows. Meanwhile, r/popular features top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work).[30][31] The subreddit r/all does not filter topics.[32]

In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want".[33] Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities.[34]

Top 10 subreddits[edit]

As of August 1, 2018, the top 10 subreddits by number of subscribers are:[35]

Subreddit Subscribers
r/announcements 21,352,277
r/funny 18,974,028
r/AskReddit 18,752,990
r/todayilearned 18,434,007
r/science 18,321,396
r/worldnews 18,310,545
r/pics 18,259,401
r/IAmA 17,745,577
r/gaming 17,696,844
r/videos 17,424,011

Other features[edit]

Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free.[36][37] Users may also be gifted coins if another user particularly valued the comment or post, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits, and a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar").[38][39] Reddit Gold was renamed Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users can gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content.[40]

On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created.[41] Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours.[42]

In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site.[43] While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit.[43] Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018.[43][44][45]

Community and culture[edit]

The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content.[46] Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes.[26] The possibilities that subreddits provide create new opportunities for raising attention and fostering discussion across various areas. In gaining popularity in terms of unique users per day, Reddit has been a platform for to raise publicity for a number of causes.[47] Additionally, the user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community.[48] In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views.[49]

Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male.[50] In 2016 the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use reddit, of which 67% are men. 78% of users get news from Reddit.[51] Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over.[51]

Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base,[28] which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment".[52] Also known as the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death".[53][54]

Others raise the negative aspects of the potential for Reddit's communities to possess a "hive mind" of sorts, embodying some negative aspects of group interaction theories like crowd psychology and collective consciousness.[55]

Philanthropic efforts[edit]

Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts.[56] Redditors raised more than $600,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists.[56][57] In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000.[58] A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity.[59] In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users.[60] As a result of the campaign, Reddit donating $82,765 each to Electronic Frontier Foundation, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Doctors Without Borders, Erowid Center, Wikimedia Foundation, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, NPR, Free Software Foundation, Freedom From Religion Foundation, and Tor Project.[61]

Sociopolitical efforts[edit]

See also: Digital citizen, Netizen, and Online social movement

Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama,[62][63] Donald Trump,[64] Hillary Clinton,[65] and Bernie Sanders.[66] It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions.[67]

Internet activism[edit]

Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity.

Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and Protect IP acts.[68][69] On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures.[69][70] During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws.[70] In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests.[71]

The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules.[72] In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page.[72] On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry.[72] Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules.[73][74] In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers".[73] On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C.[74] Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality.[75]

Mr. Splashy Pants[edit]
Mister Splashy Pants logo used on November 27, 2007

Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mr. Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition.[76]

Restoring Truthiness campaign[edit]

As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, Reddit users contributed more than $600,000 for charity as part of the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear by comedians Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert.[56] Some media sources attributed the origins of the rally to calls from redditors for a "Restoring Truthiness" event at the National Mall.[77] New York Magazine wrote that discussion for a satirical public event took place behind the scenes at Stewart's The Daily Show as early as mid-August.[78] The Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010. In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success."[79]

March for Science[edit]
Main article: March for Science

The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington".[80][81][82] On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe.[83]

Community traditions[edit]

AMAs ("Ask Me Anything")[edit]
Main article: /r/IAmA

AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, are among Reddit's most popular features. As of August 1, 2018, r/IAmA, which is the most popular community for AMAs, was the eighth most popular subreddit on the site with 17.7 million subscribers.[35] During an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include then-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election),[84] Bill Gates (multiple times),[85] and Donald Trump (also while campaigning).[86] AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, [87], as well as figures from the entertainment industry (including Elizabeth Banks and George Clooney),[88][89] literature (Margaret Atwood),[90] space (Buzz Aldrin),[91] privacy (Edward Snowden),[92] and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community.[93] The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue".[94]

RedditGifts[edit]
Main article: RedditGifts

RedditGifts is a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year.[95] The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest[96] and set a Guinness World record.[97] In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated.[96] For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs.[98][99][100] In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated.[101] Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates,[102] Alyssa Milano,[103] and Snoop Dogg.[104] Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011.[96]

Global Reddit Meetup Day[edit]

The online Reddit community conducts real-world meetups across the globe each summer.[105] These in-person meetups are called Global Reddit Meetup Day.[105][106]

April Fools experiments[edit]
Main articles: The Button (Reddit) and Place (Reddit)

Reddit has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes and experiments on its site. In 2009, the site was rebranded for the day as Reddigg, a dig on its at the time more-popular rival, Digg.[107] In 2010, all Reddit users became administrators on April Fools' Day. They could ban users and vote on posts as much as they pleased.[108] The next year, Reddit launched Reddit Mold. Users who signed up for Reddit Mold saw fewer comments, and gradually lost the ability to type letters of the alphabet until the only remaining letters were "M", "P", and "H".[108] On April Fools' Day 2012, Reddit released its time machine, called "timereddits".[109]

On April Fools' Day 2015, a social experiment subreddit called /r/thebutton appeared. It displayed a button and a 60-second countdown timer. User accounts created before that day were eligible to participate. A user could only click the button once or opt not to click it. If a user clicked the button the timer was globally reset to 60 seconds,[110] and the user's "flair" (an icon next to the user's name) changed color. Colors were assigned based on a gradient from purple to red with purple signifying up to 60 seconds and red as low as 0 seconds.[111]

For April Fools' Day 2016, another experiment was launched involving the "Robin" chat widget. After clicking a titular button, an IRC-like chat window was opened with one other user, and allowed a certain time to pick among three options, "Grow," "Stay" and "Abandon".[112] "Grow" would join the chat with another group, "Stay" would close the group chat and create a subreddit with that group as moderators and "Abandon" would close the group chat.[112]

April Fools' Day 2017 featured a social experiment based on /r/place. The subreddit contained a collaborative pixel art canvas, where a user could place a pixel every five minutes (the timer was temporarily ten and twenty minutes for a few hours on April 1).[113] More than a million redditors collaborated to the work of art, painting more than 16 million tiles.[114] Just before the end of its three-day experiment, more than 90,000 redditors were viewing and placing tiles on the virtual canvas.[114] Newsweek called Place "the internet's best experiment yet"[115] and Paste said it was "the iconic picture of our time".[116]

Commercial activity[edit]

In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users.[117] Reddit's former director of communications noted that while a large number of chief marketing officers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," she emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and the site is "100 percent organic."[118][119][120][121] She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback."[122] Reddit's users are more privacy-conscious than on other websites, using tools like AdBlock and proxies,[123] and they hate "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants."[124] Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you."[125] Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions.[126]

In 2017, Reddit partnered with Audi to host live AMAs with actress Elizabeth Banks and actor Adam Scott answering questions from Reddit users while in the passenger seat of a car going 130 mph around a racetrack in California.[88] Anki (company), a San Francisco-based robotics company, held an interactive livestream where Reddit was given full control of Cozmo, and were tasked with guiding the robot through a series of escape rooms.[127]

In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads.[37] Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago.[128]

Also in 2018, Reddit sought to increase its brand partnerships, by increasing the size of its brand partnerships team, and increasing its offerings for advertisers, including new formats for mobile and desktop in addition to sponsored posts, programmatic ads, and 24-hour takeover pages.[129] Additionally, TBS premiered an episode of its animated show Final Space prior to its TV debut.[129]

Reddit has increased its efforts to work with content publishers with features that allow publishers to create their own profile pages and host video.[130] These efforts included an editorial collaboration with Time magazine and a WBUR podcast, Endless Thread.[130] In 2016 and 2017, Reddit released tools helping publishers source and credit redditors, monitor who a publisher's content is shared on the site, and post content directly to followers.[130] The Washington Post uses the features to communicate with Reddit's user base and be more transparent about its journalists' work.[130] The Washington Post uses its profile to post stories, memes, gifs, jokes, and facilitate and participate in AMAs.[131]

History[edit]

Company history[edit]

Further information: Timeline of Reddit
Co-founder Alexis Ohanian speaking in 2009

The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with then college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005. Huffman and Ohanian attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston, Massachusetts, during their spring break from University of Virginia.[132][133][134] After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator.[132] Their initial idea was unsuccessful: My Mobile Menu,[135][136] which was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging.[132][133] During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet".[136] For this idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class.[132][133] Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Lisp[136][137] and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005.[138][139]

The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug.[140][141] Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million[132][142] and the team moved to San Francisco.[143] In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons.[144]

Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009.[145] Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian[146] and Slowe to his new company.[147] After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager is 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth.[148] VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condé Nast's ownership.[149] Martin facilitated the purchase of Reddit Gifts and led charity initiatives.[149]

Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content[150] and a self-serve ads platform that year.[151][152] Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads.[153] On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condé Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications.[154] Reddit and other websites participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act.[155] In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests.[71]

Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012.[156] Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, after more than two years at the company.[157] Ohanian credited Wong with leading the company as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million.[157] Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company.[151] Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013.[158] Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee.[159] During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy,[160] banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals.[161]

After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles at Reddit: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015 led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive.[162][163] After Huffman rejoined Reddit, the returning CEO launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, fixed Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure.[132] The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018.[17] Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist".[17] Reddit also instituted several technological improvements,[164] such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment,[165] and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material.[132][164] Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer.[166] Reddit's largest round of funding came in 2017, when the company raised $200 million and was valued at $1.8 billion.[167] The funding supported Reddit's site redesign and video efforts.[167]

Technology and design[edit]

Underlying code[edit]

Reddit was originally written in Common Lisp but was rewritten in Python in December 2005[168] for wider access to code libraries and greater development flexibility. The Python web framework that Swartz developed to run the site, web.py, is available as an open source project.[169] As of November 10, 2009, Reddit uses Pylons as its web framework.[170] Reddit was an open source project from June 18, 2008 until September 2017.[171] During that time, all of the code and libraries written for Reddit were freely available on GitHub, with the exception of the anti-spam/cheating portions.[172] Users can contribute to translating Reddit into 89 languages using the localization management platform Crowdin.[173]

Hosting and servers[edit]

As of November 10, 2009, Reddit decommissioned its own servers and migrated to Amazon Web Services.[174] Reddit uses PostgreSQL as their primary datastore and is slowly moving to Apache Cassandra, a column-oriented datastore. It uses RabbitMQ for offline processing, HAProxy for load balancing and memcached for caching. In early 2009, Reddit started using jQuery.[175]

Mobile apps[edit]

In 2010, Reddit released its first mobile web interface for easier reading and navigating the website on touch screen devices.[176] For several years, redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app.[177] Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016.[178] The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014.[179] The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote.[179]

Product and design changes[edit]

The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005[17][180] and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008.[181] Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "Ask reddit".[181] Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013.[182] With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits.[182]

In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding, so users could share Reddit content on other sites.[183] In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service.[184] Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur.[184] Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017.[185] Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time consuming for users.[185]

Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017.[186] The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images.[186] Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017;[32] the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users.[32]

In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android.[41] The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators.[41] "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices.[41]

Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade.[17] Development for the new site took more than a year.[17] It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users.[17] The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link.[17] The goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users.[17] Additionally, Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end;[187] Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools.[187]

[edit]

Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna.[188] Its colors are black, white, and orange-red.[188] The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia.[189] Ohanian doodled the creature while bored in a marketing class.[190] Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet".[188][190] Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen.[188] In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt".[189]

Snoo is genderless and colorless, so the logo is moldable.[188][191] Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events.[189] Also, each subreddit has its own Snoo.[190] Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits").[189][17] When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers.[188] Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity.[188]

Corporate affairs[edit]

Reddit is a private company based in San Francisco, California.[52][28] It has an office in the Tenderloin neighborhood.[192] Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017;[193] As of 2018, it employed approximately 350 people.[28] In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding.[167][151] The company was previously owned by Condé Nast, but was spun off as an independent company.[151] As of April 2018, Advance Publications, Condé Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit.[28]

Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman,[132] Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer,[166] and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc.[37]

Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures.[167][37] The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site.[37][36]

As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries.[194] The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave.[195]

Controversies[edit]

See also: Controversial Reddit communities

The website generally lets moderators on individual subreddits make editorial decisions about what content to allow, and has a history of permitting some subreddits dedicated to controversial content.[196] Many of the default pages are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism,[197] and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns.[198] Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies.[199][200][201][202] Reddit has had a history of giving a platform to objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors".[203] Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the publication of non-public personally-identifying information via the site (colloquially known as doxxing). Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, and their posts and even entire communities may be removed for breaking the rule.

2010[edit]

On December 16, 2010, a redditor named Matt posted a link describing how he has donated a kidney, and included a JustGive link to encourage users to give donations to the American Cancer Society.[204] After an initially positive reaction, Reddit users began to become suspicious of Matt's intentions, and suggested that he was keeping the donations for himself. Users telephoned his home and he received death threats. Matt eventually proved that he was genuine by uploading his doctor's records.[205]

2011[edit]

On October 18, 2011, an IT manager submitted a post to the subreddit "gameswap" offering Redditors to trade one of 312 codes he had been given for the game Deus Ex: Human Revolution.[206] A group of users obtained his personal details, and began to blackmail him for the codes.[207] The Monday after uploading the post, he received 138 threatening phone calls both at home and at his job, and by the end of the day he had been fired.[208]

2013[edit]

Following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects.[209] Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, 2013, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play.[210] The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide.[211] Reddit general manager Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website.[212] The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole,"[213] as well as The Newsroom.[214][215]

In late October 2013, the moderators of the "politics" subreddit banned a large group of websites. Many were left-wing opinion websites, such as Mother Jones, HuffPost, Salon, Alternet, Rawstory, The Daily Kos, Truthout, Media Matters, and ThinkProgress as well as some popular progressive blog sites, such as Democratic Underground and Crooks and Liars. They also banned a number of right-wing sites—Drudge Report, Breitbart, The Daily Caller, Dailypaul, Power Line, and Reason. Salon reported that "the section's moderators explained in a post on Tuesday, the goal is 'to reduce the number of blogspam submissions and sensationalist titles.' The purge, the moderators explained, is also aimed at sites that provide lots of "bad journalism."[216] The December 2013 list of banned websites has been modified since late October, and sites with original content, such as Mother Jones and The Huffington Post, are allowed.[217] Moderators also banned RT, which moderators stated was due to vote manipulation and spam, though one moderator stated that he wanted RT banned because it is funded by the Russian Government.[218][219]

2014[edit]

In August 2014, photos from the 2014 celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site.[220][221] A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening," was created for this purpose,[222] and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images.[223][224][225][226][227] Some images of Liz Lee and McKayla Maroney from the leak were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage.[228] The subreddit was banned on September 6.[229] The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot.[230][231]

Also in August 2014, moderators and administrators removed a sizeable amount of content related to the Gamergate controversy; one thread in the "gaming" subreddit lost almost 24,000 comments.[232] This included the subreddit "ZoeQuinnDiscussion", which was banned for violating the Reddit rules.[233] Administrators attributed the bans to 4chan for raiding threads and causing harm, the accuracy of which was debated by some redditors.[234]

On December 18, 2014, Reddit took the unusual step of banning a subreddit, "SonyGOP," that was being used to distribute hacked Sony files.[235]

2015[edit]

After Ellen Pao became CEO, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to her lawsuit.[236] Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment.[237] This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough.[238] One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting.[239] Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated that "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site."

On July 2, 2015, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon," a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular "Ask me Anything" subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits.[240] The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough.[241][242] Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures.[243][244][245] Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years.[246][247][248][249] On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman.[162][250]

In August 2015, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon which Huffman referred to as "animated CP".[251] Some subreddits had also been quarantined due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content", such as /r/European, /r/swedenyes, /r/drawpeople, /r/kiketown, /r/blackfathers, /r/greatapes, and /r/whitesarecriminals.[252]

2016[edit]

In May 2016, Reddit CEO Steve Huffman said on an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets"[253][254][255] at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated in regards to its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed.[255][256] Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website.[257][258]

In September 2016, a Redditor named mormondocuments released thousands of administrative documents belonging to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities of that site. Previously, on April 22 of that year, the same Redditor had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential.[259][260]

On November 23, 2016, Steve Huffman admitted to having replaced his user name with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments.[261][262] He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of the /r/The_Donald.[263]

On November 24, 2016, the Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on /r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship.[264] The Reddit forum /r/pizzagate was devoted to a conspiracy theory derived from the John Podesta leaked emails, a theory that alleged the D.C. Pizzeria Comet Ping Pong "is at the center of a child-abuse ring tied to John Podesta, Mrs. Clinton’s former campaign manager".[265] After the forum was banned from Reddit, the wording "We don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit.[265][266]

On November 30, 2016 CEO Steve Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of their /r/all page to block 'stickied' posts from a number of subreddits, such as /r/The_Donald. In the announcement, the CEO also apologized for personally editing posts by users from /r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line".[4][267][268]

2017[edit]

In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit (/r/altright) for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share personal information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer.[269][270] The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban.[271][272]

2018[edit]

In March 2018, it was revealed that Reddit's CEO had hidden Russian troll activity from users.[273]

On July 12 the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit /r/kotakuinaction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later.[274][275]

2019[edit]

In January 2019, a Philippine-based subreddit, r/jakolandia was accused of "distributing” posts of photos of women, including celebrities, apparently without their consent, similar to "a number" of secret Facebook groups that had been engaging in illegal activity of sharing "obscene" photos of women and possibly child pornography.[276]

Science[edit]

Reddit data can help provide scientific researches in various fields. For example, one of the studies showed how it can support rolebased group recommendations or evaluating group stability and growth.[277] Another study evoked a connection between cognitive and attention dynamics and the usage of online social peer production platforms, including the effects of deterioration of user performance.[278] There is also work, that stutied influence of Reddit post on popularity of Wikipedia content.[279]

Data from Reddit can also be used to assess academic publications[280], as well as for evaluation of the quality of the content in Wiki platforms and their sources.[281]

See also[edit]

General

Similar websites

References[edit]

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