Stella Krenzbach
Stella Krenzbach,[1] Kreutzbach,[2] or Krentsbakh[3] is a possibly fictitious person, ostensibly a Jewish-Ukrainian member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists during World War II.
Accounts of a life[edit]
In 1957, the war memoir of a "Stella Krentsbach", circulated in a collection edited by Ukrainian writer Petro Mirchuk.[4] The text began: "The reason that I'm alive today and can devote all of my energy to the state of Israel is thanks only to God and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army."[5] The memoir author writes that she was born in Bolekhiv, near Lwów, the daughter of a rabbi, and she was a childhood friend of Olya, the daughter of a Greek Catholic priest. According to the memoir, she graduated from the Philosophy department of the University of Lviv in 1939. When the war broke out, she joined the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, where she served as a nurse and an intelligence officer. In the spring of 1945, with the Soviet forces having recaptured the whole of (current) Ukraine, the NKVD allegedly arrested her during a meeting she had with a contact in Rozhniativ. She was jailed and sentenced to death, but UPA fighters managed to free her. In the summer of 1945, she crossed the Carpathians with other Ukrainian insurgents. On 1 October, she reached the English zone of occupation in Austria, from where she traveled to Israel. In her new country, she worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[5]
Resonance[edit]
The story of "Stella Krentsbakh" received significant attention in the Ukrainian diaspora press.[2] Journalists attempted to locate her in Israel, but she could not be found. Stories and rumors started circulating in émigré circles that the woman had been murdered in Israel, supposedly for telling the truth about the UPA's attitude to the Jews.[2]
Historian Filip Friedman, a survivor of the Holocaust from Western Ukraine, remarked that "the only data about her was published in an Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists paper."[6] He searched through The Washington Post of that period and could not find the memoirs, as he wrote. After making an inquiry to Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he received the reply, as he reported, that they never had an employee there by that name and also that a case of a homicide in Israel with a victim by that name was "entirely unknown". Friedman stated he undertook a "careful analysis of the text" of the memoir and the examination led him to the conclusion that "the entire story is a hoax".[6]
Bohdan Kordiuk, one-time leader of the Home Executive of UPA, repudiated in the newspaper Suchasna Ukraina (Contemporary Ukraine), issue no. 15/194, 20 July 1958,[7] the memoirs as fake, soon after their original publication. Kordiuk wrote that "none of the UPA men known to the author of these lines knows the legendary Stella Krenzbach or have heard of her. The Jews do not know her either. It is unlikely that anyone of the tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees after the war met Stella Krenzbach." He concluded: "It seems to us that until there are proper proofs, the story of Dr. Stella Krenzbach has to be regarded as a mystification."[8]
Accusations of propaganda[edit]
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Both supporters and deniers of the veracity of the "Stella Krenzbach" life story have accused the other side of propaganda. Historian Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe denoted the 1957 memoir as fake and as being part of the "memory narrative in which Ukrainians appeared as heroes and victims, but not as perpetrators", a narrative that, as he stated, was "from a political perspective, advantageous to the nationalist factions of the Ukrainian diaspora during the Cold War".[3] Historian John-Paul Himka stated that the "Stella Krentsbakh/Kreutzbach forged biography" shows that the OUN, the UPA, and their "promoters" have to "resort to falsifications to defend their innocence vis-à-vis the Holocaust", which "indicates that they lack real evidence [in] their possession [about the alleged Jewish element among the nationalist organizations]", and concluded that "no one grabs for fig leaves when they are wearing clothes".[8] Historian Jared McBride compared "Stella Krenzbach" to that of Leiba Dobrovskii, an attempt to whitewash antisemitism in the history of Ukrainian nationalism, as "not the first time that nationalist activists have spread a fake narrative about Jews and nationalists" and described her as "a fictitious Jewess who, according to her 'autobiography', forged by a nationalist propagandist in the 1950s, thanked 'God and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army" for having survived the war and the Holocaust.'"[9]
Jewish-Ukrainian poet Moysey Fishbein attributed the disputes of the Krenzbach memoir to "Russia's special services" that "are seeking to destabilize the situation in Ukraine, undermine its sovereignty and independence, create a negative image of this country, block its integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structures, and turn Ukraine into a dependent and manipulated satellite". Fishbein said that the Russians "attribute exceptional importance" to the "Jewish card" by seeking to "set Ukrainians and Jews against each other".[1] Fishbein's viewpoint was supported by American political analyst Paul A. Goble.[10] Ukrainian historian Volodymyr Viatrovych has repeatedly proclaimed the veracity and accuracy of the Krenzbach life story, as related in the published text, attributing the denials to those who "accuse the OUN" of having been "anti-Semitic".[2]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Fishbein, Moysey (30 June 2009). "The Jewish card in Russian operations against Ukraine". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
- ^ a b c d Rudling, Per Anders (November 2011). "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths" (PDF). The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (2107). University of Pittsburgh. ISSN 0889-275X. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
- ^ a b Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (2016). "Holocaust Amnesia: The Ukrainian Diaspora and the Genocide of the Jews" (PDF). In Schlemmer, Thomas & Steinweis, Alan E. (eds.). Holocaust and Memory in Europe: Holocaust and Memory in Europe. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 118–141. ISBN 978-3110466805.
- ^ "Obituary : Petro Mirchuk, member of liberation movement". The Ukrainian Weekly. 30 April 1999. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
- ^ a b Krentsbach, Stella (1957). "Alive thanks to the UPA". In Mirchuk, Petro (ed.). A Collection of Reports from Former Soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
- ^ a b Friedman, Philip (1980). "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation". Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-0827601703.
- ^ "Re: Newspapers 'Suchasna Ukraina,' 'Ukrainsky Samostiynyk,' and 'Ukrainska Literaturna Hazeta.'" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 23 April 1957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ a b Himka, John-Paul (8 May 2011). "Falsifying World War II history in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ^ McBride, Jared (9 November 2017). "Ukraine's Invented a 'Jewish-Ukrainian Nationalist' to Whitewash Its Nazi-era Past". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 March 2022. Updated 24 April 2018.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Goble, Paul A. (2017). "Russia Special Services Again Play the 'Jewish Card' against Ukraine". Kyiv Post. Moldova.org. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
External links[edit]
- Wojnar, Marek (2017). "The struggle for dominance in Eurasia: "The international politics of Ukrainian nationalism" by Bohdan Kordiuk in the context of geopolitical concepts of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists during the 1930s" (PDF). Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. 52 (3): 87–108. doi:10.12775/SDR.2017.EN3.04.