User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course/Preclinical

Skeletal system	Bone Carpus Collar bone (clavicle) Thigh bone (femur) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage
Joints	Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint
Muscular system	Muscle Tendon Diaphragm

Circulatory system

Cardiovascular system	peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart
Lymphatic system	primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system

Nervous system

Integumentary system

Haematopoietic and immune systems

Respiratory system

Upper
- Nose
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
Lower
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Lung

Digestive system

Mouth
- Salivary gland
- Tongue
- Lip
- Tooth
upper GI
lower GI
- Small intestine
- Appendix
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
accessory

Urinary system

Reproductive system

Male
- Scrotum
- Penis
- Prostate
- Testicle
- Seminal vesicle
Female
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Ovary
- Placenta

Endocrine system

Human regional anatomy

Body

Skin

Head

Hair
Face
- Forehead
- Cheek
- Chin
- Eyebrow
- Eye
- Eyelid
- Nose
- Mouth
- Lip
- Tongue
- Tooth
Ear
Jaw
Mandible
Occiput
Scalp
Temple

Neck

Torso (Trunk)

Limbs

Arm	Shoulder Axilla Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Fingernail Thumb Index Middle Ring Little
Leg	Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Toe Toenail Sole

Bone and cartilage

Cartilage

Bone

Ossification	primary bone intramembranous endochondral
Cells	osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast
Matrix	bone mineral ossein osteoid
Types	cancellous cortical
Regions	subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate/epiphyseal line metaphysis diaphysis condyle epicondyle
Structure	osteon Haversian canals Volkmann's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow
Shapes	long short flat irregular sesamoid

Bones of the human leg

Femur

upper extremity	head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle
shaft	linea aspera upper medial: merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate: pectineal line upper lateral: gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter
lower extremity	adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa

Tibia

upper extremity	Gerdy's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area
shaft	tuberosity soleal line
lower extremity	medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch

Fibula

lateral malleolus

Other

patella
- apex

Foot

Tarsus	calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral
Metatarsals	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Other	Phalanges

Bones in the human skeleton

Axial skeleton

Skull

Neurocranium	occipital parietal frontal temporal sphenoid ethmoid
Face	nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible hyoid
Ear	ossicles malleus incus stapes

Thorax

Vertebral column

vertebrae
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
sacrum
coccyx

Appendicular

Shoulder	clavicle scapula
Arm	humerus ulna radius
Hand	carpals (scaphoid, lunate bone, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) metacarpals phalanges (prox, int, dist)
Pelvis	ilium ischium pubis
Leg	femur patella fibula tibia sesamoid bones
Foot	tarsals heelbone anklebone navicular cuneiform cuboid metatarsals phalanges proximal intermediate distal accessory accessory navicular

Bones of the torso

Vertebrae

General structure	Body Arch pedicle lamina notch Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen Processes transverse articular spinous Spinal canal
Cervical vertebrae	Uncinate process of vertebra Transverse foramen Anterior tubercle Carotid tubercle Posterior tubercle Atlas lateral mass anterior arch posterior arch Axis dens Vertebra prominens
Thoracic vertebrae	Costal facets superior inferior transverse Uncinate process of vertebra
Lumbar vertebrae	Processes accessory mammillary
Sacrum	Base sacral promontory Ala of sacrum Lateral surface sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface anterior sacral foramina Dorsal surface posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal sacral hiatus
Coccyx	none

Thorax

Rib cage	Ribs true ribs false ribs floating ribs Parts angle tubercle costal groove neck head
Sternum	Suprasternal notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process
Thoracic cage	Superior thoracic aperture Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle

Bones of the arm

Shoulder girdle, clavicle

Scapula

fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous)
notches (suprascapular, great scapular)
glenoid fossa
tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid)
spine of scapula
acromion
coracoid process
angles (superior, inferior, lateral)

Humerus

upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical)
tubercles (greater, lesser)
bicipital groove
body: radial sulcus
deltoid tuberosity
lower extremity: capitulum
trochlea
epicondyles (lateral, medial)
supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial)
fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)

Forearm

Radius	near elbow (head, tuberosity) near wrist (ulnar notch, styloid process, Lister's tubercle)
Ulna	near elbow (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) near wrist (styloid process)

Hand

Carpal bones	scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate hamulus
Metacarpal bones	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Phalanges	proximal intermediate distal

Synovial bursa and tendon sheaths

Synovial bursa

Arm	Subacromial bursa Olecranon bursa
Leg	Hip Trochanteric bursa Bursae of the knee joint Prepatellar bursa

Tendon sheaths

Arm	Vincula tendina Synovial sheath Common flexor sheath of hand Mucous sheaths on back of wrist
Leg	Mucous sheaths of the tendons around the ankle

v t e Compound structures of skull
Neurocranium	Calvaria Diploë Asterion Pterion Stephanion Inion Bregma Lambda Fossae anterior middle posterior cranial cavity Base of skull Fontanelle anterior posterior sphenoidal mastoid
Facial skeleton	Nasion Gonion
Both	dacryon zygomatic arch temporal fossa infratemporal fossa pterygomaxillary fissure pterygopalatine fossa

v t e Fibrous joints of the human skull
Syndesmosis	Pterygospinous ligament Stylohyoid ligament
Sutures	Involving the frontal bone frontoethmoidal suture frontal suture coronal suture occipitomastoid lambdoid sagittal Involving the sphenoid bone sphenoethmoidal with frontal bone with parietal bone sphenosquamosal Involving the Petrous part of the temporal bone sphenopetrosal petrosquamous squamosal Facial: palatomaxillary suture Involving the zygomatic process with sphenoid bone with temporal bone with frontal bone
Mouth	Gomphosis Periodontal fiber Periodontium Dental alveolus Gingiva Cementum

The facial skeleton of the skull

Maxilla

Surfaces	Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) Infraorbital foramen Orbital bones Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal: Greater palatine canal
Processes	Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)
Other	Body of maxilla Maxillary sinus

Zygomatic

Palatine

Fossae	Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygoid fossa
Plates	Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen) Hard palate
Processes	Pyramidal Orbital Sphenoidal

Mandible

Body	external surface (Chin, Jaw, Mandibular prominence, Mandibular symphysis, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) Alveolar part
Ramus	Mylohyoid groove Mandibular canal Lingula Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea

Nose

Other

Foramina of the skull (and canals, fissures, meatus, and hiatus)

Anterior cranial fossa

to Orbit:	ethmoidal foramina anterior posterior
to Nasal cavity:	olfactory foramina (CN-I) foramen cecum

Middle cranial fossa

to Orbit:	optic canal (CN-II) superior orbital fissure (CN-III,IV,V1,VI)
to Pterygopalatine fossa:	foramen rotundum (CN-V2) pterygoid canal
to Infratemporal fossa:	foramen ovale (CN-V3) foramen spinosum/carotid canal
other:	foramen lacerum hiatus for greater petrosal nerve hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve sphenoidal emissary foramen

Posterior cranial fossa

internal auditory meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen (CN-VII,VIII)
jugular foramen (CN-IX,X,XI)
foramen magnum (CN-XI)
hypoglossal canal (CN-XII)
condylar canal
mastoid foramen

Orbit

to Nasal cavity:	nasolacrimal canal
to face:	supraorbital notch foramen infraorbital foramen groove zygomatic foramen -facial -temporal
to Pterygopalatine fossa:	inferior orbital fissure
other:	Inferior orbital fissure Fossa for lacrimal sac

Pterygopalatine fossa

to Nasal cavity:	sphenopalatine foramen
to Oral cavity:	greater palatine canal foramen lesser palatine canals foramina
to Infratemporal fossa:	pterygomaxillary fissure
to Nasopharynx:	palatovaginal canal

to oral cavity:	incisive canals incisive foramen
to nasal cavity:	foramen vomerinum meatus vomerinus fissura vomerina hiatus vomerinus

Other

v t e Joints
Types	Fibrous Gomphosis Suture Syndesmosis Interosseous membrane Cartilaginous Synchondrosis Symphysis synovial: Plane joint 1° Hinge joint Pivot joint 2° Condyloid joint Saddle joint 3° Ball and socket joint synostosis by range of motion: Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis
Terminology	Kinesiology Anatomical terms of motion Agonist/Antagonist
Motions	general: Flexion/Extension Adduction/Abduction Internal rotation/External rotation Elevation/Depression specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction Supination/Pronation specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion Eversion/Inversion
Components	capsular: Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Synovial fluid Synovial bursa Articular disk/Meniscus extracapsular: Ligament Enthesis

v t e Joints and ligaments of the head and neck
Temporomandibular	Capsule Articular disk Lateral Temporomandibular ligament Medial Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament
Atlanto-occipital	capsule membranes (Anterior atlantooccipital membrane posterior atlantooccipital membrane)

Joints and ligaments of the human leg

Hip

Knee

Tibiofemoral	Capsule Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular: popliteal oblique arcuate collateral medial/tibial fibular/lateral intracapsular: cruciate anterior posterior menisci medial lateral transverse anterolateral
Patellofemoral	Patellar tendon Infrapatellar fat pad

Tibiofibular

Superior tibiofibular	anterior of the head of the fibula posterior of the head of the fibula
Inferior tibiofibular	Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Interosseous membrane of leg

Foot

Talocrural and ankle

medial: medial of talocrural joint/deltoid
lateral: lateral collateral of ankle joint

Subtalar/talocalcaneal

Transverse tarsal

Talocalcaneonavicular	dorsal talonavicular plantar calcaneonavicular/spring bifurcated (calcaneonavicular)
Calcaneocuboid	dorsal calcaneocuboid long plantar plantar calcaneocuboid bifurcated (calcaneocuboid)

Distal intertarsal

Cuneonavicular	plantar dorsal
Cuboideonavicular	plantar dorsal
Intercuneiform	plantar dorsal interosseous intercuneiform interosseous cuneometatarsal

Other

Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc	plantar dorsal
Intermetatarsal/metatarsal	plantar dorsal interosseous superficial transverse deep transverse
Metatarsophalangeal	plantar collateral
Interphalangeal	plantar collateral

Arches

Joints and ligaments of torso

Vertebral

Syndesmosis

Of vertebral bodies	anterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament
Of vertebral arches	ligamenta flava supraspinous ligament nuchal ligament interspinous ligament intertransverse ligament

Symphysis

Synovial joint

Atlanto-axial	Medial: Cruciate ligament of atlas (Transverse ligament of atlas) Alar ligament Apical ligament of dens Tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint Lateral: no ligaments anterior atlantoaxial ligament posterior atlantoaxial ligament
Zygapophysial	no ligaments
Lumbosacral	iliolumbar ligament
Sacrococcygeal	anterior sacrococcygeal ligament posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Thorax

Costovertebral

Head of rib	Radiate ligament Intra-articular ligament
Costotransverse	Costotransverse ligament Lumbocostal ligament

Sternocostal

Interchondral

no ligaments

Costochondral

no ligaments

Pelvis

Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle	Obturator membrane Obturator canal
Pubic symphysis	superior pubic ligament inferior pubic ligament
Sacroiliac	anterior sacroiliac ligament posterior sacroiliac ligament interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium: sacrotuberous ligament sacrospinous ligament

Joints and ligaments of the arm

Shoulder

Sternoclavicular	Anterior sternoclavicular Posterior sternoclavicular Interclavicular Costoclavicular
Acromioclavicular	Syndesmoses: Coracoacromial Superior transverse scapular Inferior transverse of scapula Synovial: Acromioclavicular Coracoclavicular (trapezoid conoid)
Glenohumeral	Capsule Coracohumeral Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) Transverse humeral Glenoid labrum

Elbow

Humeroradial	Radial collateral
Humeroulnar	Ulnar collateral
Proximal radioulnar	Anular Oblique cord Quadrate

Forearm

Distal radioulnar	Palmar radioulnar Dorsal radioulnar Interosseous membrane of forearm

Hand

Wrist/radiocarpal	Dorsal radiocarpal/Palmar radiocarpal Dorsal ulnocarpal/Palmar ulnocarpal Ulnar collateral/Radial collateral
Intercarpal Midcarpal	Radiate carpal Dorsal intercarpal Palmar intercarpal Interosseous intercarpal Scapholunate Pisiform joint (Pisohamate Pisometacarpal)
Carpometacarpal	Dorsal carpometacarpal Palmar carpometacarpal thumb: Radial collateral Ulnar collateral
Intermetacarpal	Deep transverse metacarpal Superficial transverse metacarpal
Metacarpophalangeal	Collateral Palmar
Interphalangeal	Collateral Palmar
Other	Carpal tunnel Ulnar canal

Membrane/
extracellular

DAP:	Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan
Sarcospan Laminin, alpha 2

Intracellular

Dystrophin Dystrobrevin A B Syntrophin A B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin/desmuslin
related:	NOS1 Caveolin 3

Sarcomere/
(a, i, and h bands;
z and m lines)

Myofilament

Tropomyosin

Troponin
- T
- C
- I

Connective tissue

General

Cardiac
muscle

Both

Fiber	Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament/Myofilament Sarcomere
Cells	Myoblast/Muscle cell Myosatellite cell
Other	Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T-tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Other/
ungrouped

Muscles and ligaments of abdomen and pelvis

Abdominal wall

Anterior/
lateral

Muscle

Fascia

Abdominal fascia panniculus adiposus Fascia of Camper Membranous layer Fascia of Scarpa Transverse fascia Interfoveolar ligament Linea alba Linea semilunaris
Inguinal	Inguinal triangle Inguinal canal Deep inguinal ring Superficial inguinal ring Intercrural fibers Crura of superficial inguinal ring Inguinal ligament Pectineal ligament Lacunar ligament Reflected ligament

Posterior

Muscle	quadratus lumborum Iliopsoas psoas major psoas minor iliacus
Fascia	Iliac fascia Iliopectineal arch

Pelvis

Muscle	levator ani iliococcygeus pubococcygeus puborectalis coccygeus rectococcygeus
Fascia	pelvic fascia Visceral Rectovaginal fascia Rectoprostatic fascia Parietal Obturator fascia Tendinous arch Piriformis fascia floor superior fascia Pubovesical ligament Puboprostatic ligament inferior fascia Anococcygeal body

Muscles of the head

Extraocular

Oblique
- inferior
- superior
Rectus
- superior
- inferior
- medial
- lateral
Levator palpebrae superioris
- superior tarsal

Levator anguli oris Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus major minor
Orbicularis oris Risorius Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Mentalis Transversus menti

Soft palate

Tongue

Extrinsic	Genioglossus Hyoglossus chondroglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus
Intrinsic	Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse Vertical

Muscles of the hip and human leg

Iliac region

Iliopsoas
- psoas major/psoas minor
- iliacus

Buttocks

Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae
lateral rotator group:	quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis

Thigh /
compartments

hamstring

Medial

pectineus
external obturator
gracilis
adductor
- longus
- brevis
- magnus
- minimus

Fascia

Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna
fascia lata	Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia

Leg/
compartments

superficial	triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris
deep	tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus

Lateral

Fibularis (peroneus) muscles
- longus
- brevis

Fascia

Pes anserinus
Intermuscular septa	anterior posterior transverse

Foot

Dorsal	extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis
Plantar	1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei
Fascia	Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor

v t e Muscles of the neck
Cervical	Platysma Sternocleidomastoid Longus capitis Longus colli Scalene anterior middle posterior Rectus capitis anterior muscle Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Suboccipital	Rectus capitis posterior major minor Obliquus capitis inferior superior
Suprahyoid	Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid	Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid
Pharynx	Pharyngeal constrictor superior middle inferior Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus
Larynx	Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid vocal thyroepiglottic
Trachea	Trachealis
Fasciae	Deep cervical fascia Pretracheal fascia Prevertebral fascia Investing layer Carotid sheath Alar fascia Palatine aponeurosis Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pharyngeal raphe

Muscles of perineum

Perineum

Anal triangle

Sphincter ani	External Internal
Ischioanal fossa Pudendal canal

Middle

Perineal body

Urogenital triangle

Superficial perineal pouch	Superficial transverse perineal Bulbospongiosus Ischiocavernosus
Deep perineal pouch	Deep transverse perineal Urethral sphincters

Fascia

Superficial perineal fascia	Colles' fascia (in scrotum and penis: Dartos fascia)
Deep perineal fascia	Deep perineal fascia / superficial investing fascia (Gallaudet's) (in penis: Deep fascia of the penis (Buck's))
Urogenital diaphragm	Inferior fascia (Perineal membrane) Superior fascia
Pelvic diaphragm	Inferior fascia Superior fascia

Muscles of the thorax and back

Back

splenius	capitis cervicis
erector spinae	iliocostalis longissimus spinalis
Transversospinales	semispinalis multifidus rotatores interspinales intertransversarii
Vertebral column	trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major minor levator scapulae
Fascia	thoracolumbar fascia

Thorax

Intercostal muscles external internal innermost subcostalis transversus thoracis levatores costarum serratus posterior inferior superior thoracic diaphragm
Thoracic cavity	pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior sternalis
Fascia	pectoral fascia clavipectoral fascia

Muscles of the arm

Shoulder

deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major
fascia:	deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia

Arm
(compartments)

anterior	coracobrachialis biceps brachialis
posterior	triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti
fascia	axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial
other	spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval

Forearm
(compartments)

superficial:	pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis
deep:	pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus

posterior

superficial:	mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris
deep:	supinator anatomical snuffbox abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis

fascia

other

Hand

lateral volar

medial volar

intermediate

lumbrical
interossei
- dorsal
- palmar

fascia

posterior:	extensor retinaculum extensor expansion
anterior:	flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis

v t e Muscular system
Tissue	Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Fascia Superficial Deep Visceral Fascial compartment Arm Forearm Thigh Leg Tendon/Aponeurosis
Shape	Fusiform Pennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate
Other	Anatomical terms of muscle Origin Insertion List of muscles of the human body Composite muscle

Neurocranium of the skull

Occipital

Squamous part	external Inion/External occipital protuberance Occipital bun External occipital crest Nuchal lines Suprainiac fossa planes Occipital Nuchal internal Cruciform eminence Internal occipital protuberance Internal occipital crest Groove for transverse sinus
Lateral parts	Condyle Condyloid fossa Condylar canal Hypoglossal canal jugular Jugular process Jugular tubercle
Basilar part	Pharyngeal tubercle Clivus
Other	Foramen magnum Basion Opisthion

Parietal

Frontal

Squamous part	Frontal suture Frontal eminence external Superciliary arches Glabella foramina Supraorbital foramen Brow ridge Foramen cecum Zygomatic process internal Sagittal sulcus Frontal crest
Orbital part	Ethmoidal notch Fossa for lacrimal gland Trochlear fovea Frontal sinus Frontonasal duct

Temporal

Squamous part	Articular tubercle Suprameatal triangle Mandibular fossa Petrotympanic fissure Zygomatic process
Mastoid part	Mastoid foramen Mastoid process (Mastoid cells) Mastoid notch Occipital groove Sigmoid sulcus Mastoid antrum (Aditus)
Petrous part	Carotid canal Facial canal Hiatus Internal auditory meatus Cochlear aqueduct Stylomastoid foramen fossae Subarcuate fossa Jugular fossa canaliculi Inferior tympanic Mastoid Styloid process Petrosquamous suture (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
Tympanic part	Suprameatal spine

Sphenoid

Surfaces	Superior surface: Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Tuberculum sellae Hypophysial fossa Posterior clinoid processes Ethmoidal spine Chiasmatic groove Middle clinoid process Petrosal process Clivus Lateral surface: Carotid groove Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses
Great wings	foramina Rotundum Ovale Vesalii Spinosum Spine Infratemporal crest Sulcus of auditory tube
Small wings	Superior orbital fissure Anterior clinoid process Optic canal
Pterygoid processes	fossae Pterygoid Scaphoid pterygoid plates Lateral Medial Pterygoid canal Hamulus
Other	Body Sphenoidal conchae

Ethmoid

Plates	Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory foramina Perpendicular plate
Surfaces	Lateral surface Orbital lamina Uncinate process Medial surface Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Superior meatus Middle nasal concha Middle meatus
Labyrinth	Ethmoid sinus ethmoidal foramina Posterior Anterior

v t e The orbit of the eye
Bones	Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Palatine bone Lacrimal bone
Muscles	Superior rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Superior oblique muscle Trochlea of superior oblique Inferior oblique muscle
Eyelid	Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Tarsus Medial palpebral ligament Epicanthic fold Meibomian gland Ciliary glands Eyelash Palpebral fissure Canthus Gland of Zeis
Lacrimal apparatus	Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal caruncle Lacrimal gland Accessory lacrimal glands Krause's glands Ciaccio's glands Lacrimal lake Lacrimal papilla Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct
Other	Eyebrow Unibrow Conjunctiva Plica semilunaris Orbital septum Periorbita Suspensory ligament of eyeball Tenon's capsule

Bones of the pelvis

General

Ilium

body

arcuate line

wing

gluteal lines	posterior anterior inferior
iliac spines	anterior superior anterior inferior posterior superior posterior inferior
other:	crest tuberosity tubercle fossa

Ischium

body	ischial spine lesser sciatic notch
superior ramus	tuberosity of the ischium
inferior ramus	no substructures

Pubis

body
- pubic crest
superior ramus
- pubic tubercle
- obturator crest
inferior ramus
- pectineal line

Compound

Anatomy of the heart

General

Surface

Internal

atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle

Chambers

Right heart	(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart	(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)

Layers

Endocardium	heart valves
Myocardium	Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity	pericardial sinus
Pericardium	fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium/visceral layer fold of left vena cava

Blood supply

Arteries and veins

Vessels

Arteries	Nutrient artery Arteriole Metarteriole Elastic artery
Capillaries	Types Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Precapillary sphincter Precapillary resistance
Veins	Vena comitans Superficial vein Deep vein Perforator vein Emissary veins Venous plexus Venule
Lymph	Lymphatic vessel Lymph Lymph capillary

Circulatory system

Systemic	Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)
Pulmonary	Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → (Left heart)

Microanatomy

Nervous system

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic	Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerves Spinal nerve
Autonomic	Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric

Nervous tissue

CNS

Tissue Types

Cell Types

Neuronal	Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Spindle Medium spiny Interneuron
Glial	Astrocyte Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia Oligodendrocyte Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell

PNS

General	Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers) Nerve fascicle Funiculus
Connective tissues	Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium
Neuroglia	Myelination: Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell

Neurons/
nerve fibers

Parts

Soma	Axon hillock
Axon	Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril/neurofilament
Dendrite	Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite

Types

Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron

Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor neuron

Termination

Synapse	Electrical synapse/Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction
Sensory receptors	Meissner's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste receptor

Skin and related structures

Skin

Epidermis	Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Malpighian layer Stratum basale
Basement membrane	Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa
Dermis	Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular

Root sheath	Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle's layer Huxley's layer
Hair shaft	Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle
Muscle	Arrector pili muscle
Pilosebaceous unit	Hair sebaceous gland

Nail

Organs of the lymphatic system

Primary organs

Bone marrow	Hematopoietic stem cell
Thymus	Hassall's corpuscles

Secondary organs

Spleen	Parts Hilum Trabeculae Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center Blood vessels Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins
Tonsils	Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
Lymph nodes	Lymphatic vessel T cells High endothelial venules B cells Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone
MALT	GALT Peyer's patch Germinal center

Anatomy of the human nose

External nose

Nasal cavity

Openings	Nasal vestibule Nostril Choana
Lateral wall	Nasal conchae: Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus: (Supreme superior middle inferior) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus
Medial wall	Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ
Nasal mucosa	Olfactory mucosa

Paranasal sinuses

Naso-pharynx

Anatomy of the lower respiratory tract

Respiratory tree

Trachea	Tracheal rings Annular ligaments Carina
Bronchi	Main left right Secondary eparterial Tertiary

Lungs

General	Landmarks Base Apex Root Hilum Fissures Horizontal Oblique Superior lobe Lingula of left lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe
BP segment	Bronchiole: Conducting zone (Terminal bronchiole) Respiratory zone (Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus Blood-air barrier)
Cells	Alveolar cells Type I Type II Club cell Goblet cell

v t e Anatomy of the thorax
General	Mediastinum Thoracic wall
Pleural cavity	Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pulmonary ligament Recesses Costomediastinal Costodiaphragmatic Endothoracic fascia Suprapleural membrane

v t e Anatomy of the mouth
Lip	Vermilion border Cupid's bow Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum White roll
Cheek	Buccal fat pad
Palate	Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla
Gums	Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Philtrum Gingiva Periodontal ligament
Glands	Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Tubarial salivary gland
Teeth	see tooth anatomy
Tongue	Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum
Back of mouth	Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil

Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth

Upper

Pharynx	Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pyriform sinus
Esophagus	Sphincters upper lower glands crop
Stomach	Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cells Parietal cells Gastric chief cells Enterochromaffin-like cells

Lower

Small intestine

Microanatomy	Intestinal villi Microvilli Intestinal glands Enterocytes Enteroendocrine cells Goblet cells Paneth cells
Duodenum	Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands
Jejunum	No substructures
Ileum	Ileocecal valve Peyer's patches Microfold cells

Large intestine

Cecum	Appendix
Colon	Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix
Rectum	Transverse folds Ampulla
Anal canal	Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter

Wall

Anatomy of the liver, pancreas and biliary tree

Liver

Biliary tract

Bile ducts	Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct
Gallbladder	Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte

Pancreas

Gross
- Tail
- Body
- Neck
- Head (Uncinate process)
Ducts
- main
- accessory
Microanatomy

Anatomy of the urinary system

Kidneys

Layers

Fascia
Capsule
Cortex
- column
Medulla
- pyramids
- medullary interstitium
Sinus
Lobe
Cortical lobule
Medullary ray
Nephron

Circulation

Arteries
Veins

Nephron

Renal corpuscle	Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell
Renal tubule	Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis
Juxtaglomerular apparatus	Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell

Ureters

Ureteropelvic junction

Bladder

Circulation
- Vesical arteries
- Vesical veins
- Vaginal artery (female)
Detrusor muscle
Median umbilical ligament
Trigone

Urethra

Internal urethral orifice
Urethral sphincters
- External
  - male
  - female
- Internal
Male urethra
Urinary meatus

Male reproductive system

Internal

Seminal tract

Testicles	Layers Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa Appendix Mediastinum Lobules Septa Leydig cells Sertoli cells Blood–testis barrier
Spermatogenesis	Spermatogonium Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocyte Spermatidogenesis Spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozoon
Other	Seminiferous tubules Tubuli seminiferi recti Retia testes Efferent ducts Epididymides Appendix Inferior ligaments Superior ligaments Stereocilia Paradidymides Spermatic cords Pampiniform plexus Vasa deferentia Ampullae Rectovesical pouch Ejaculatory ducts Testicular arteries Testicular veins

Layers
Ligament
Raphe
Septum
Arteries
- Anterior scrotal arteries
- Posterior scrotal arteries
Nerves
Posterior scrotal veins

Female reproductive system

Internal

Adnexa

Ovaries

Follicles	Corpus Hemorrhagicum Luteum Albicans Thecae Externa Interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space
Other	Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea Cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla Retia ovarii
Oogenesis	Oogonium Oocytogenesis Oocyte Ootidogenesis Ootid Ovum

Regions	Body Cavity Fundus Isthmus Cervix Canal Internal os External os Supravaginal portion Horns
Layers	Wall Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium Epithelium
Ligaments	Round ligaments Broad ligaments Cardinal ligaments Uterosacral ligaments Pubocervical ligaments
General	Glands Urogenital diaphragm

Vagina

External

Vulva

Labia	Mons pubis Labia majora Pudendal cleft Labiocrural folds Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Dartos muliebris Posterior labial nerves Anterior labial nerves Perineal nerve Labia minora Frenulum Posterior labial arteries Posterior labial veins Interlabial sulci Vestibule Fossa Vaginal orifice Hymen Vestibular glands Bartholin's glands Skene's glands
Clitoris	Root Crura Bulbs Suspensory ligament Fundiform ligament Body Corpora cavernosa Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa Infra-corporeal residual spongy part Angle Commissure of bulbs Pars intermedia Glans Corona Frenulum Arteries Dorsal arteries Deep arteries Arteries of bulbs Internal pudendal artery Veins Superficial dorsal veins Deep dorsal veins Veins of bulbs Internal pudendal veins Nerves Dorsal nerves Pudendal nerve Clitoral hood Fascia Tunica albuginea Septum
Urethra	Urethral crest Internal urethral orifice External sphincter muscle Internal urethral sphincter External urethral orifice

Blood supply

Arteries
Veins

Other

Anatomy of the endocrine system

Pituitary gland

Anterior	Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell
Posterior	Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies

Thyroid

Parathyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Cortex	Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
Medulla	Chromaffin cell

Gonads

Islets of pancreas

Pineal gland

Other

v t e Physiology of bone and cartilage
Bone	Bone density Bone remodeling Bone healing Bone resorption Osseointegration Ossification Osteolysis Bone age Periosteal reaction
Cartilage	Chondrogenesis
Joint	Range of motion
Teeth	Chewing Cementogenesis

Physiology of the cardiovascular system

Heart

Cardiac output	Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank–Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram
Ultrasound	Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Left atrial volume
Heart rate	Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic (Heart rate) Dromotropic (Conduction velocity) Inotropic (Contractility) Bathmotropic (Excitability) Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction	Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure	Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic
Other	Ventricular remodeling

Vascular system/
hemodynamics

Blood flow	Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion
Blood pressure	Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Critical closing pressure
Regulation of BP	Baroreflex Kinin–kallikrein system Renin–angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell

v t e Physiology of the endocrine system
Regulatory systems	Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system Renin–angiotensin system
Metabolism	Blood sugar regulation Calcium metabolism
Fields	Neuroendocrinology Pediatric endocrinology Psychoneuroendocrinology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
Other	Wolff–Chaikoff effect/Jod-Basedow effect Plummer effect

v t e Physiology of the visual system
Vision	Accommodation Gaze Intraocular pressure Visual field
Color vision	Color blindness Achromatopsia Köllner's rule Opponent process Dichromacy Monochromacy Pentachromacy Tetrachromacy Trichromacy

Physiology of the gastrointestinal system

GI tract

Upper

Exocrine	Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO₃⁻ Mucus
Processes	Swallowing Vomiting Gastric emptying
Fluids	Saliva Gastric acid
Gastric acid secretion	Gastrin G cells Histamine ECL cells Somatostatin D cells

Lower

Endocrine/paracrine

Bile and pancreatic secretion	Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin I cells Secretin S cells
Glucose homeostasis (incretins)	GIP K cells GLP-1 L cells
Endocrine cell types	Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell
Exocrine cell types	Goblet cells

Fluids

Intestinal juice

Processes

Enteric nervous system

Either/both

Processes	Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte

Accessory

Fluids	Bile Pancreatic juice
Processes	Enterohepatic circulation

Abdominopelvic

Peritoneal fluid

v t e Development of the human body
Before birth	Development Zygote Embryo Fetus Gestational age
Birth and after	Birth Child development Stages Early Puberty Adult development Ageing Senescence Death
Phases	Early years Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Youth Preadolescence Adolescence Emerging adulthood Adulthood Young adult Middle adult Elder adult Dying
Social and legal	Minor Age of majority

v t e Human homeostasis
Blood composition	Blood sugar Osmoregulation Blood pressure Renin–angiotensin system Acid–base Fluid balance Hemostasis Proteostasis
Other	Predictive Thermoregulation

Human psychological development

Developmental psychology

Theorists and
theories

Freud (1856–1939) (Psychosexual development)
Piaget (1896–1980) (Theory of cognitive development)
Vygotsky (1896–1934) (Cultural-historical psychology)
Erikson (1902–1994) (Psychosocial development)
Bowlby (1907–1990) (Attachment theory)
Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) (Ecological systems theory)
Kohlberg (1927–1987) (Stages of moral development)
Commons (b. 1939), Fischer (1943–2020), Kegan (b. 1946), Demetriou (b. 1950), and others (Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development)
Evolutionary developmental psychology

v t e Human physiology of sexual reproduction
Menstrual cycle	Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm Oogenesis oogonium oocyte ootid ovum Germ cell gonocyte gamete
Human sexual activity	Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Penile Clitoral Orgasm Ejaculation Male Female Insemination Fertilization / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Vaginal lubrication
Development of the reproductive system	Sexual differentiation Sexual dimorphism Feminization Virilization Puberty Gonadarche Tanner scale Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche Maternal age / Paternal age Menopause
Egg	Ovum Vivipary
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility	Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Andrology Hormone
Breast	Thelarche Development Lactation Breastfeeding
Human reproductive system	Male Female
Diseases and disorders	Anorgasmia Dysorgasmia Dyspareunia Erectile dysfunction Hard flaccid syndrome Premature ejaculation Vaginismus

Inflammation

Symptoms

Mechanism

Acute

Plasma-derived mediators

Cell-derived mediators

preformed	Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin
synthesized on demand	cytokines IFN-γ IL-8 TNF-α IL-1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins

Chronic

Other

Tests

General

v t e Physiology of skin
Skin physiology	Galvanic skin response Skin repair Skin temperature Perspiration
Hair	Human hair color Piloerection
Superficial fascia and areolar connective tissue	Adipogenesis

Menstrual cycle

Events and phases

Life stages

Tracking

Signs	Basal body temperature Cervical mucus Mittelschmerz
Systems	Fertility awareness Calendar-based methods Billings Ovulation Method Creighton Model

Suppression

Disorders

Related events

Mental health

Hygiene

In culture and religion

Physiology of muscles

Exertion

Other

Hand strength Muscle tone
Muscle contraction Isometric Isotonic Uterine contraction
End-plate potential
Myogenesis

Myeloid blood cells and plasma

Hematopoiesis

Myelopoiesis
(CFU-GEMM)

CFU-GM

Granulopoiesis Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell
Monocytopoiesis Monoblast Promonocyte

MEP

Thrombopoiesis Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte
Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte

General

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Myeloid tissue

Granulocytes

Monocytes

Macrophages	Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells Foreign-body giant cell Touton giant cells
Other	Antigen-presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU-DL Monoblast MPS

Platelets

Red blood cells

Immune response

Other

Precursor cells
Myelomonocyte

Other

Physiology of the nervous system

Primarily CNS

Primarily PNS

Both

Evoked potential	Bereitschaftspotential P300 Auditory evoked potential Somatosensory evoked potentials Visual evoked potential
Other short term	Neurotransmission Chronaxie Membrane potential Action potential Postsynaptic potential Excitatory Inhibitory
Long term	Axoplasmic transport Neuroregeneration/Nerve regeneration Neuroplasticity/Synaptic plasticity Long-term potentiation Long-term depression
Other	Myelinogenesis

v t e Physiology types
Animals	Fish physiology Human physiology Insect physiology Physiology of dinosaurs
Plants	Plant physiology Plant perception (physiology) Physiological plant disorders
Cells	Cell physiology
Related topics	Comparative physiology Ecophysiology Electrophysiology Evolutionary physiology Molecular physiology Neurophysiology

Pregnancy and childbirth

Planning

Conception

Testing

Types

Childbirth

Preparation	Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct
Roles	Mother Newborn Preterm birth Postterm pregnancy Doula Birth attendant Men's roles Midwife Auxiliary nurse midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant
Delivery	Pelvimetry / Bishop score cervical dilation cervical effacement position Bloody show Uterine contraction Vaginal delivery Presentation breech cephalic shoulder Rupture of membranes Caesarean Childbirth positions Home birth Labor induction Multiple birth Natural childbirth Silent birth Unassisted childbirth Water birth Placental expulsion

Prenatal

Anatomy	Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta
Development	Fetus Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes
Care	Brain health and pollution Nutrition environmental toxicants in pregnancy prenatal Prenatal depression Immunization Concomitant conditions Anemia Hypertension Hypercoagulability Substance use Smoking Alcohol Cannabis Opioids Endocrine diseases Diabetes Thyroid disease Liver diseases Acute fatty liver Intrahepatic cholestasis Infections HIV COVID-19 Hepatitis C Malaria Skin diseases Lupus Pruritic folliculitis Dermatoses Others Drugs Vaginal flora Bleeding Motor vehicle emissions Pre-existing disease Sleep
Procedures	Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion

Postpartum

Maternal	Lochia Postpartum care Postpartum depression Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes
Roles	Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny
Infant	Adaptation to extrauterine life Apgar score Child care Congenital disorders

Obstetric history

Gravidity and parity

Physiology of the kidneys and acid–base physiology

Creating urine

Secretion	Clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate
Reabsorption	Solvent drag Sodium Chloride Urea Glucose Oligopeptides Protein
Filtration	Renal blood flow Renal plasma flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction

Other functions

Hormones	Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins
Fluid balance	Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol Extracellular fluid (Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid)
Acid–base balance	Darrow Yannet diagram Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap (Delta ratio) Winters' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation

Assessment and measurement

Other

v t e Respiratory physiology
Respiration	breath inhalation exhalation obligate nasal breathing respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation
Control	pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes	VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1/FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout
Circulation	pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt
Interactions	ventilation (V) Perfusion (Q) Ventilation/perfusion ratio V/Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar–arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation 2,3-BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect) carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency	high altitude death zone oxygen toxicity hypoxia

v t e Toxicology
Fields	Aquatic toxicology Ecotoxicology Occupational toxicology Entomotoxicology Environmental toxicology Forensic toxicology Medical toxicology In vitro toxicology Toxicogenomics
Concepts	Acceptable daily intake Acute toxicity Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Fixed-dose procedure Lethal dose Poison Toxic capacity Toxicity class Toxin Venom
Treatments	Activated carbon Antidote Cathartic Chelation therapy Gastric lavage Hemodialysis Hemoperfusion Whole bowel irrigation
Incidents	1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 2007 pet food recalls Bhopal disaster Minamata disease Niigata Minamata disease Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko Seveso disaster Consumption of Tide Pods Visakhapatnam gas leak 2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak List of poisonings
Related topics	Biological warfare Carcinogen Food safety Hazard symbol List of extremely hazardous substances Mutagen Occupational safety and health
Category Commons WikiProject

v t e Wound healing
Fibrosis Maggot therapy Granulation tissue Growth factor Scar Stem cell Angiogenesis Intussusception Vasculogenesis

Pharmacology

Ligand (biochemistry)

Excitatory	Agonist Endogenous agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist

Inhibitory	Antagonist Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Inverse agonist Enzyme inhibitor

Pharmacodynamics

Activity at receptor	Mechanism of action Mode of action Binding Receptor (biochemistry) Desensitization (medicine)

Other effects of ligand	Selectivity (Binding, Functional) Pleiotropy (drugs) Non-specific effect of vaccines Adverse effect Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)

Analysis	Dose–response relationship Hill equation (biochemistry) Schild plot Del Castillo Katz model Cheng-Prussoff Equation Methods (Organ bath, Ligand binding assay, Patch clamp)

Metrics	Efficacy Intrinsic activity Potency (EC50, IC50, ED50, LD50, TD50) Therapeutic index Affinity

Pharmacokinetics

Metrics	Loading dose Volume of distribution (Initial) Rate of infusion Onset of action Biological half-life Plasma protein binding Bioavailability

LADME	(L)ADME: (Liberation) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion (Clearance)

Related
fields

Neuroscience and psychology	Neuropsychopharmacology Neuropharmacology Psychopharmacology Electrophysiology

Medicine	Clinical pharmacology Pharmacy Medicinal chemistry Pharmacoepidemiology

Biochemistry and genetics	Pharmacoinformatics Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics

Toxicology	Pharmacotoxicology Neurotoxicology

Drug discovery	Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology

Other

Coinduction (anesthetics)

Combination therapy

Functional analog (chemistry)

Polypharmacology

Chemotherapy

Lists of drugs

WHO list of essential medicines

Tolerance and resistance	Drug tolerance Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance

Antimicrobial pharmacology	Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics Minimum inhibitory concentration Bacteriostatic Minimum bactericidal concentration Bactericide

v t e Major chemical drug groups – based upon the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
gastrointestinal tract / metabolism (A)	stomach acid Antacids H₂ antagonists Proton-pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Diabetes medication Vitamins Dietary minerals
blood and blood forming organs (B)	Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics
cardiovascular system (C)	cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin–angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants
skin (D)	Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings
genitourinary system (G)	Hormonal contraception Fertility agents Selective estrogen receptor modulators Sex hormones
endocrine system (H)	Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents
infections and infestations (J, P, QI)	Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides Intravenous immunoglobulin Vaccines
malignant disease (L01–L02)	Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors
immune disease (L03–L04)	Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants
muscles, bones, and joints (M)	Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates
brain and nervous system (N)	Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia agents Antidepressants Antimigraine agents Antiparkinson agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Aphrodisiacs Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness-promoting agents
respiratory system (R)	Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H₁ antagonists
sensory organs (S)	Ophthalmologicals Otologicals
other ATC (V)	Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics
Drugs Pharmacological classification systems ATC codes Medicine portal

v t e Neuroscience
Outline History
Basic science	Behavioral epigenetics Behavioral genetics Brain mapping Brain-reading Cellular neuroscience Computational neuroscience Connectomics Imaging genetics Integrative neuroscience Molecular neuroscience Neural decoding Neural engineering Neuroanatomy Neurobiology Neurochemistry Neuroendocrinology Neurogenetics Neuroinformatics Neurometrics Neuromorphology Neurophysics Neurophysiology Systems neuroscience
Clinical neuroscience	Behavioral neurology Clinical neurophysiology Epileptology Neurocardiology Neuroepidemiology Neurogastroenterology Neuroimmunology Neurointensive care Neurology Neuro-oncology Neuro-ophthalmology Neuropathology Neuropharmacology Neuroprosthetics Neuropsychiatry Neuroradiology Neurorehabilitation Neurosurgery Neurotology Neurovirology Nutritional neuroscience Psychiatry
Cognitive neuroscience	Affective neuroscience Behavioral neuroscience Chronobiology Molecular cellular cognition Motor control Neurolinguistics Neuropsychology Sensory neuroscience Social cognitive neuroscience
Interdisciplinary fields	Consumer neuroscience Cultural neuroscience Educational neuroscience Evolutionary neuroscience Global neurosurgery Neuroanthropology Neural engineering Neurobiotics Neurocriminology Neuroeconomics Neuroepistemology Neuroesthetics Neuroethics Neuroethology Neurohistory Neurolaw Neuromarketing Neuromorphic engineering Neurophenomenology Neurophilosophy Neuropolitics Neurorobotics Neurotheology Paleoneurobiology Social neuroscience
Concepts	Brain–computer interface Development of the nervous system Neural network (artificial) Neural network (biological) Detection theory Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring Neurochip Neurodegenerative disease Neurodevelopmental disorder Neurodiversity Neurogenesis Neuroimaging Neuroimmune system Neuromanagement Neuromodulation Neuroplasticity Neurotechnology Neurotoxin
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