User:Okie333/sandbox

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New Evidence[edit]

Behavior[edit]

Engravings[edit]

It has previously been thought that engraving is indicative of modern cognition and behavior.[1] In the Dubois collection discovered by Eugène Dubois in 1891, a shell with a geometric engraving was found.[1][2][3] The engraving of the shell was dated back to a maximum age of 0.5460 ± 10 million years and a minimum age of 0.4360 ± 05 million years, meaning it was made around the time Homo erectus was present and is the oldest geometric engraving found.[1] [4][5] This shows that engraving patterns was apart of the Asian Homo erectus cognition and neuromotor control.[1]

Habitat[edit]

There has been evidence of H. erectus inhabiting a cave in Zhoukoudian.[6] This evidence consisted of remains, stone, charred animal bone, collections of seeds, and possibly ancient hearths and charcoal.[6] Although this doesn't prove that H. erectus lived in caves, it does show that H. erectus spent periods of time in caves of Zhoukoudian. Remains of H. erectus has more consistently been found in lake beds and in stream sediments.[6] This suggest that H. erectus also lived in open encampments near streams and lakes.

Taxonomy[edit]

One of the features distinguishing H. erectus from H. Sapiens is the size difference in teeth. H. erectus has large teeth while H. sapiens have smaller teeth.[6] One theory for the reason of H. erectus having larger teeth is because of the requirements for eating raw meat instead of cooked meat like H. sapiens.

The skull of homo erectus with larger teeth.
The skull of a homo sapiens with smaller teeth


Throwing performance may have been an important mode for early hunting and defense in the genus Homo. Throwing performance in the genus homo has previously been linked to several anatomical shifts in the upper body during the evolution of Homo. Different fossils and skeletal measures used in reconstructing the Homo erectus shoulder make it possible for either an anteriorly facing shoulder configuration or a lateral orientation that is similar to modern humans.[7] These two different orientations have led to different conclusions on the throwing ability and hunting behavior of early Homo species. New evidence supports that Homo erectus fossil clavicles are similar to modern human variation.[7] It has been found that commonly used metric for clavicle length (the claviculohumeral ratio) doesn't predict shoulder position on the torso accurately[7]. Also, no connection between clavicle length and throwing performance was found. This evidence supports that Homo erectus had a shoulder construction that was lateral facing, like modern humans. This suggests that the ability for high speed throwing can be dated back to nearly two million years ago.[7]

Diagram of modern human shoulder bones.


Fossils[edit]

The lower cave of the Zhoukoudian cave, China, is on of the most important archaeological sites worldwide.[8] There have been remains of 45 homo erectus individuals found and thousands of tools recovered.[8] Most of these remains were lost during World War 2, with the exception of two postcranial elements that were rediscovered in china in 1951 and four human teeth from 'Dragon Bone Hill'.[8]

New evidence has shown that homo erectus does not have uniquely thick vault bones, like what was previously thought.[9] Testing showed that neither Asian or African homo erectus had uniquely large vault bones.[9]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Joordens, Josephine C. A., et al. “Homo Erectus at Trinil on Java Used Shells for Tool Production and Engraving.” Nature, vol. 518, no. 7538, Feb. 2015, pp. 228–231. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1038/nature13962.
  2. ^ Dubois,E.DasgeologischeAlterderKendeng-oderTrinil-fauna.Tijdschr.Kon.Ned. Aardr. Gen. 25,1235–1270 (1908).
  3. ^ Dubois,E.PithecanthropusErectus,EineMenschena ¨hnlicheU ¨bergangsformausJava (Landesdruckerei,1894).
  4. ^ Henshilwood,C.S.,d’Errico,F.&Watts,I.EngravedochresfromtheMiddleStone Age levelsatBlombosCave,SouthAfrica. J.Hum. Evol. 57, 27–47(2009).
  5. ^ d’Errico,F.,Garcı ´aMoreno, R.& Rifkin,R.F.Technological,elementaland colorimetric analysisofanengraved ochrefragmentfromtheMiddleStoneAge levelsofKlasiesRiverCave1,SouthAfrica.J.Archaeol.Sci.39, 942–952(2012).
  6. ^ a b c d Homo erectus. (2018). Britannica Online Academic Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  7. ^ a b c d Roach, & Richmond. (2015). Clavicle length, throwing performance and the reconstruction of the Homo erectus shoulder. Journal of Human Evolution, 80(C), 107-113.
  8. ^ a b c Zanolli, Clément, et al. “Inner Tooth Morphology of Homo Erectus from Zhoukoudian. New Evidence from an Old Collection Housed at Uppsala University, Sweden.” Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 116, Mar. 2018, pp. 1–13. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.002.
  9. ^ a b Copes, Lynn E., and William H. Kimbel. “Cranial Vault Thickness in Primates: Homo Erectus Does Not Have Uniquely Thick Vault Bones.” Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 90, Jan. 2016, pp. 120–134. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.008.
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