User:Mr. Ibrahem/Dysentery
| Dysentery | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Bloody diarrhea |
 | |
| A person with dysentery in a Burmese hospital, 1943 | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever[1][2] |
| Complications | Dehydration[3] |
| Duration | Less than a week[4] |
| Causes | Usually Shigella or Entamoeba histolytica[1] |
| Risk factors | Contamination of food and water with feces due to poor sanitation[5] |
| Prevention | Hand washing, food safety[4] |
| Treatment | Drinking sufficient fluids, antibiotics (severe cases)[4] |
| Frequency | Common in the developing world[6] |
| Deaths | > million a year[6] |
Dysentery is a type of gastroenteritis that results in diarrhea with blood.[1][7] Other symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and a feeling of incomplete defecation.[2][8][5] Complications may include dehydration.[3]
The cause of dysentery is usually the bacteria Shigella, in which case it is known as shigellosis, or the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica.[1] Other causes may include certain chemicals, other bacteria, other protozoa, or parasitic worms.[2] It may spread between people.[4] Risk factors include contamination of food and water with feces due to poor sanitation.[5] The underlying mechanism involves inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon.[2]
Efforts to prevent dysentery include hand washing and food safety measures while traveling in areas of high risk.[4] While the condition generally resolves on its own within a week, drinking sufficient fluids such as oral rehydration solution is important.[4] Antibiotics such as azithromycin may be used to treat cases associated with travelling in the developing world.[8] While medications used to decrease diarrhea such as loperamide are not recommended on their own, they may be used together with antibiotics.[8][4]
Shigella results in about 165 million cases of diarrhea and 1.1 million deaths a year with nearly all cases in the developing world.[6] In areas with poor sanitation nearly half of cases of diarrhea are due to Entamoeba histolytica.[5] Entamoeba histolytica affects millions of people and results in greater than 55,000 deaths a year.[9] It commonly occurs in less developed areas of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia.[9] Dysentery has been described at least since the time of Hippocrates.[10]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d "Dysentery". who.int. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Dysentery" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ a b "WHO EMRO | Dysentery | Health topics". www.emro.who.int. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Dysentery". nhs.uk. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d Marie, C; Petri WA, Jr (30 August 2013). "Amoebic dysentery". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2013. PMC 3758071. PMID 23991750.
- ^ a b c "Dysentery (Shigellosis)" (PDF). WHO. November 2016. p. 2. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Controlling the Spread of Infections|Health and Safety Concerns". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ a b c Tribble, DR (September 2017). "Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Watery Diarrhea and Dysentery". Military Medicine. 182 (S2): 17–25. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00068. PMC 5650106. PMID 28885920.
- ^ a b Shirley, DT; Farr, L; Watanabe, K; Moonah, S (July 2018). "A Review of the Global Burden, New Diagnostics, and Current Therapeutics for Amebiasis". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 5 (7): ofy161. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy161. PMC 6055529. PMID 30046644.
- ^ Grove, David (2013). Tapeworms, Lice, and Prions: A compendium of unpleasant infections. OUP Oxford. p. PT517. ISBN 9780191653452.