User:Mr. Ibrahem/Asperger syndrome

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"Asperger" and "Asperger's" redirect here. For other uses, see Asperger's (disambiguation).


Asperger syndrome
Other namesAsperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD), Asperger's, schizoid disorder of childhood,[1] autistic psychopathy,[1] high-functioning autism,[2] level 1 autism spectrum disorder[3]
A boy with Asperger's playing with molecular structures.
Restricted interests or repetitive behaviors, such as this boy's interest in playing with a toy model of molecules, may be features of Asperger's.
Pronunciation
SpecialtyPsychiatry
SymptomsProblems with social interaction, non-verbal communication, restricted interests, repetitive behavior[6]
ComplicationsSocial isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm[7]
Usual onsetBefore two years old[6]
DurationLong term[6]
CausesUnknown[6]
Diagnostic methodBased on the symptoms[8]
MedicationFor associated conditions[9]
Frequency37.2 million (2015)[10]

Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's, is a developmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.[6] As a milder autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it differs from other ASDs by relatively normal language and intelligence.[11] Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and unusual use of language are common.[12][13] Signs usually begin before two years of age and typically last for a person's entire life.[6]

The exact cause of Asperger's is unknown.[6] While it is largely inherited, the underlying genetics have not been determined conclusively.[12][14] Environmental factors are also believed to play a role.[6] Brain imaging has not identified a common underlying condition.[12] In 2013, the diagnosis of Asperger's was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and people with these symptoms are now included within the autism spectrum disorder along with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).[6][15] It remains within the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as of 2019 as a subtype of autism spectrum disorder.[16][17]

There is no single treatment, and the effectiveness of particular interventions is supported by only limited data.[12] Treatment is aimed at lowering obsessive or repetitive routines, and improving communication skills and physical clumsiness.[9] Interventions may include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, parent training, and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety.[9] Most children improve as they grow up, but social and communication difficulties usually persist.[18] Some researchers and people on the autism spectrum have advocated a shift in attitudes toward the view that autism spectrum disorder is a difference rather than a disease that must be treated or cured.[19][20]

In 2015, Asperger's was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally.[10] Autism spectrum disorder affects males more often than females, and females are typically diagnosed at a later age.[21][22] The syndrome is named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger, who, in 1944, described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' gestures or feelings, engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests, and were clumsy.[23] The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization.[24][25][26] It became a standardized diagnosis in the early 1990s.[27] Many questions and controversies remain.[18] There is doubt about whether it is distinct from high-functioning autism (HFA).[28] Partly because of this, the percentage of people affected is not firmly established.[12]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b World Health Organization (2016). "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): F84.5 Asperger syndrome". Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  2. ^ Shiland, Betsy J. (2014). Medical Terminology & Anatomy for ICD-10 Coding (E-book). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 518. ISBN 9780323290784. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  3. ^ "Neurodevelopmental Disorders". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5 ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 18 May 2013. pp. 50–59. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
  4. ^ "Asperger syndrome definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  5. ^ "Asperger's syndrome". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Autism Spectrum Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  7. ^ "Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  8. ^ "Autism Spectrum Disorders – Pediatrics". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (31 July 2007). "Asperger syndrome fact sheet". Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007. NIH Publication No. 05-5624.
  10. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  11. ^ "F84.5 Asperger syndrome". World Health Organization. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e McPartland J, Klin A (October 2006). "Asperger's syndrome". Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 17 (3): 771–88, abstract xiii. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 (inactive 2020-06-04). PMID 17030291.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2020 (link)
  13. ^ Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH (2006). "Asperger syndrome revisited". Reviews in Neurological Diseases. 3 (1): 1–7. PMID 16596080.
  14. ^ Klauck SM (June 2006). "Genetics of autism spectrum disorder". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (6): 714–20. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610. PMID 16721407.
  15. ^ "Autism Spectrum Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  16. ^ "Asperger syndrome". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  17. ^ "ICD-11". icd.who.int. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  18. ^ a b Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR (January 2009). "Asperger syndrome". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (Submitted manuscript). 18 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0. PMID 18563474. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  19. ^ Clarke J, van Amerom G (2007). "'Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'". Disability & Society. 22 (7): 761–76. doi:10.1080/09687590701659618.
  20. ^ Baron-Cohen S (2002). "Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?". Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 17 (3): 186–91. doi:10.1177/10883576020170030801. A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in: Baron-Cohen S (2002). "Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability?" (PDF). Cambridge: Autism Research Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  21. ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2014). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015 (E-Book). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 162. ISBN 9780323084307. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  22. ^ Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S (November 2015). "Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions". The Lancet. Psychiatry. 2 (11): 1013–27. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-1. PMID 26544750.
  23. ^ Frith, Uta (1991). "'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood". Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–92. ISBN 978-0-521-38608-1.
  24. ^ Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F (April 2005). "Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35 (2): 221–34. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y. PMID 15909408. S2CID 19076633.
  25. ^ Wing L (1998). "The history of Asperger syndrome". In Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ (eds.). Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?. New York: Plenum press. pp. 11–25. ISBN 978-0-306-45746-3. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
  26. ^ Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F (April 2005). "Asperger's syndrome: a comparison of clinical diagnoses and those made according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35 (2): 235–40. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2002-x. PMID 15909409. S2CID 12417580.
  27. ^ Baker, Linda (2004). Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics, and Communities. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-135-62414-9. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
  28. ^ Klin A (May 2006). "[Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview]". Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 28 Suppl 1 (suppl 1): S3–11. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002. PMID 16791390. S2CID 34035031.
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