User:Mr. Ibrahem/Appendicitis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mr. Ibrahem/Appendicitis
Other namesEpityphlitis[1]
An acutely inflamed and enlarged appendix, sliced lengthwise.
SpecialtyGeneral surgery
SymptomsRight lower abdominal pain, vomiting, decreased appetite[2]
ComplicationsAbdominal inflammation, sepsis[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, medical imaging, blood tests[4]
Differential diagnosisMesenteric adenitis, cholecystitis, psoas abscess, abdominal aortic aneurysm[5]
TreatmentSurgical removal of the appendix, antibiotics[6][7]
Frequency11.6 million (2015)[8]
Deaths50,100 (2015)[9]

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix.[2] Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite.[2] However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms.[2] Severe complications of a ruptured appendix include widespread, painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.[3]

Appendicitis is caused by a blockage of the hollow portion of the appendix.[10] This is most commonly due to a calcified "stone" made of feces.[6] Inflamed lymphoid tissue from a viral infection, parasites, gallstone, or tumors may also cause the blockage.[6] This blockage leads to increased pressures in the appendix, decreased blood flow to the tissues of the appendix, and bacterial growth inside the appendix causing inflammation.[6][11] The combination of inflammation, reduced blood flow to the appendix and distention of the appendix causes tissue injury and tissue death.[12] If this process is left untreated, the appendix may burst, releasing bacteria into the abdominal cavity, leading to increased complications.[12][13]

The diagnosis of appendicitis is largely based on the person's signs and symptoms.[11] In cases where the diagnosis is unclear, close observation, medical imaging, and laboratory tests can be helpful.[4] The two most common imaging tests used are an ultrasound and computed tomography (CT scan).[4] CT scan has been shown to be more accurate than ultrasound in detecting acute appendicitis.[14] However, ultrasound may be preferred as the first imaging test in children and pregnant women because of the risks associated with radiation exposure from CT scans.[4]

The standard treatment for acute appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix.[6][11] This may be done by an open incision in the abdomen (laparotomy) or through a few smaller incisions with the help of cameras (laparoscopy). Surgery decreases the risk of side effects or death associated with rupture of the appendix.[3] Antibiotics may be equally effective in certain cases of non-ruptured appendicitis.[7] It is one of the most common and significant causes of severe abdominal pain that comes on quickly. In 2015 about 11.6 million cases of appendicitis occurred which resulted in about 50,100 deaths.[8][9] In the United States, appendicitis is the most common cause of sudden abdominal pain requiring surgery.[2] Each year in the United States, more than 300,000 people with appendicitis have their appendix surgically removed.[15] Reginald Fitz is credited with being the first person to describe the condition in 1886.[16]

Video summary of the lead (script)

References[edit]

  1. ^ "appendicitis". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30.
  2. ^ a b c d e Graffeo CS, Counselman FL (November 1996). "Appendicitis". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 14 (4): 653–71. doi:10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x. PMID 8921763.
  3. ^ a b c Hobler, K. (Spring 1998). "Acute and Suppurative Appendicitis: Disease Duration and its Implications for Quality Improvement" (PDF). Permanente Medical Journal. 2 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  4. ^ a b c d Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN (January 2003). "Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (3): 236–42. doi:10.1056/nejmcp013351. PMID 12529465. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  5. ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. pp. Chapter A. ISBN 978-0323076999.
  6. ^ a b c d e Longo, Dan L.; et al., eds. (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 300. ISBN 978-0-07174889-6. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  7. ^ a b Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN (April 2012). "Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 344: e2156. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2156. PMC 3320713. PMID 22491789.
  8. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U (1982). "Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit". Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica. 148 (1): 63–72. PMID 7136413.
  11. ^ a b c Tintinalli, Judith E., ed. (2011). Emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 84. ISBN 978-0-07-174467-6. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  12. ^ a b Schwartz's principles of surgery (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. 2010. pp. Chapter 30. ISBN 978-0-07-1547703.
  13. ^ Barrett ML, Hines AL, Andrews RM (July 2013). "Trends in Rates of Perforated Appendix, 2001–2010" (PDF). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Brief #159. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID 24199256. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-20.
  14. ^ Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI (November 2014). "Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine (Review). 15 (7): 859–71. doi:10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568. PMC 4251237. PMID 25493136.
  15. ^ Mason RJ (August 2008). "Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary?". Surgical Infections. 9 (4): 481–8. doi:10.1089/sur.2007.079. PMID 18687030.
  16. ^ Fitz RH (1886). "Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment". American Journal of the Medical Sciences (92): 321–46.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Appendicitis&oldid=1171074160"