User:Mcheval3/sandbox

Peer Review

Hey Meghan,

I’ve looked over your article and everything looks great so far.  I made sure that all of the links to other Wikipedia pages work, the only suggestion I would have is maybe extend the hyperlink for protein folding so that it encompasses “protein does not fold normally” rather than just the word fold to avoid confusion.  I also noticed that you linked a few terms more than once, for example ATP or cystic fibrosis, where normally in wikipedia articles you normally only include links to a separate page the first time you mention a word or phrase but not after that.

You look like you have more than enough sources and suggestions for further reading and it looks like a large majority of sources comes from credible primary research articles. You also did a good job of making sure there is a source for most of the facts you present within the article.  However, there is a large chunk of information between citations 5 and 6 that doesn’t seem to be sourced so maybe consider adding in a reference there. I also think you might need to add a reference to the congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens bullet point under related conditions, and to the rest of the cystic fibrosis point (unless it should all fall under the 31st source then maybe just move that to the end of the paragraph). Lastly, you might want to cite the very last sentence where it says the drug costs over $300,000 per year.

I didn’t notice any spelling or grammar mistakes and overall it looks good! I would just recommend maybe adding a figure caption to the first photo you display in the article.Mgiulia3 (talk)

Article Evaluation

Nonsense mutation

• Concise
• Organization/style of writing could be better: i.e. explains what a point mutation is when describing a missense mutation instead of when introducing nonsense mutations - could be rearranged
• Confusion in the talk page in description of point mutation - was edited from a double nucleotide to single nucleotide - to avoid confusion could write 'single nucleotide position'
• very few citations that link to sources in the text - several listed in bibliography - should perhaps be inserted into text
• citation links work. However, one links to a page that links to another page, could be cleaned up

Possible topics for contributions

EZH2 Gene

Stub Article: ezh2 gene / Talk:ezh2 gene

Possible sources

• EZH2 upregulation correlates with tumor invasiveness, proliferation, and angiogenesis in human pituitary adenomas.
• Epigenetic Silencing of miRNA-34a in Human Cholangiocarcinoma via EZH2 and DNA Methylation: Impact on Regulation of Notch Pathway.
• Expression and inhibition of BRD4, EZH2 and TOP2A in neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
• Targeting NEK2 attenuates glioblastoma growth and radioresistance by destabilizing histone methyltransferase EZH2

HES7 Gene

Stub Article: HES7 gene / Talk:HES7 gene

Possible sources

• Whole exome sequencing in an Indian family links Coats plus syndrome and dextrocardia with a homozygous novel CTC1 and a rare HES7 variation.
• Canine disorder mirrors human disease: exonic deletion in HES7 causes autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis in miniature Schnauzer dogs.
• Mutation of HES7 in a large extended family with spondylocostal dysostosis and dextrocardia with situs inversus.

Indy Gene

Stub Article: Indy (gene) / Talk:Indy (gene)

Possible sources

• The longevity gene INDY (I'm Not Dead Yet) in metabolic control: Potential as pharmacological target.
• INDY-A New Link to Metabolic Regulation in Animals and Humans..
• The human longevity gene homolog INDY and interleukin-6 interact in hepatic lipid metabolism.

HES7 Gene: Outline

• Rare variation associated with coats plus and dextrocardia.[1]
• Mutation associated with short tails in Asian Domestic Cats.[2]
• Homozygotes for mutation of HES7 gene associated with spondylocostal dysostosis and dextrocardia. [3] (this is in the stub article, but will be elaborated on)
• As a transcription factor, may act as a repressor for promoters containing E-box and N-box and, with HES1, may regulate somite formation cooperatively in the presomitic mesoderm in mice and

HES7 gene

(HES7) or bHLHb37 is protein coding mammalian gene [1] found on chromosome 17 in humans. The gene product is a transcription factor and is expressed cyclically in the presomitic mesoderm as part of the notch signalling pathway. HES7 is involved in the segmentation of somites from the presomitic mesoderm in vertebrates. Mutations in HES7 can result in deformities of the spine, ribs and heart. Spondylocostal dysostosis is a common disease caused by a mutation in the HES7 gene. The inheritance pattern of Spondylocostal dysostosis is autosomal recessive.

Gene

The HES7 transcription factor belongs to the Hairy and Enhancer of split families of bHLH transcription factors. The gene that encodes the human HES7 protein is found on chromosome 17, on the short arm at position 13.1. from base pair 8,120,590 to 8,126,032. HES7 has 62 known orthologues. HES7 is expressed in the presomitic mesoderm where expression fluctuates in two hour cycles. HES7 is regulated by the Notch signalling pathway. The Notch signalling pathway functions in vertebrates and invertebrates by mediating cell fate and differentiation.

Mutations

Several mutations in HES7 have been associated with disease.

Common mutations in humans

Mutations to HES7 can lead to abnormalities in formation of heart, vertebral and neural tube. Homozygous mutations in HES7 have been associated with spondylocostal dystostosis and dextrocardia. Dextrocardia may be accompanied by situs invertus. A single nucleotide mutation in the 3'UTR has been associated with Coats Plus Syndrome in addition to Dextrocardia.

Mutations in animals

Studies of animal embryos have linked mutations in HES7 to congenital scoliosis. It is unknown if the association exists in humans. In canines, exonic deletions in HES7 have been shown to mirror human disease and cause spondylocostal dystostosis in miniature Schnauzer dogs. Missense mutations in HES7 have been linked to short and kinked tails in Asian Domestic Cats. Homozygotes for a V2A missense mutation in a conserved vertebrate sequence of HES7 resulted in kinked tails while heterozygotes for the mutation presented with moderately kinked tails.

Structure

Studies with mouse HES7 determined that the gene is 3kb long and contains 4 exons. There are three known human HES7 variants due to alterative splicing. The gene product is a transcription factor. The Helix-loop-helix domain is located at the N-terminal end. Both the human and the mouse protein have been shown to contain 225 amino acids. Both proteins also feature an orange domain as well as a conserved sequence of four amino acids at the C-terminal end. The four amino acids are Tryptophan-Arginine-Proline-Tryptophan. This conserved sequence of four amino acids binds the transcription factor Groucho. Orange domains are motifs of ~35 amino acids that are found on the C-terminal side of basic helix-loop-helix domains in transcription factors in eukaryotic organisms. Proteins with Orange domains are divided into four subfamilies, three in which all proteins contain a basic helix-loop-helix domain. The three subfamilies that contain Orange domains and basic helix-loop-helix domains are Hairy, Enhancer of split and Hey.

Location and function

HES7 is a transcription factor that functions as a transcriptional repressor. It is involved in somitogenesis, an important cycle in vertebrate development. Somitogenesis involves the early segmentation of vertebrates. HES7 is involved in segmenting the presomitic mesoderm into somites. Oscillating expression of HES7 in the presomitic mesoderm occurs in a two hour cycle and is regulated by a negative feedback loop. This cycle of accumulation and degradation of the HES7 protein has been proposed as the basis for the somite segmentation clock. Each cycle of HES7 expression coincides with the formation of a pair of somites. The half life of the HES7 protein is thought to be essential for proper function of the HES7 gene. The importance of accuracy in the two hour expression cycle was highlighted in an experiment where mice expressing HES7 with a mutation that allowed for a longer half life while retaining normal repressor function experienced abnormal segmentation. The 3'UTR was demonstrated as being necessary for sufficient accumulation of HES7 protein to function when transcripts with an improperly spliced intron in the 3'UTR were degraded prematurely.

HES7 is regulated through the notch signalling pathway. HES7 functions to repress expression of genes with promoters containing an N-box or E-box. HES7 also has been shown to negatively regulate expression of genes activated by the E47 transcription factor.

In humans, HES7 is located on the short arm of chromosome 17 at position 13.1. In mice, HES7 is located on chromosome 11.

Related conditions

• Spondylocostal dysostosis is characterized by abnormalities of the spine and ribs. Vertebrae may be fused together or abnormally shaped. Rib bones also may be fused together or missing entirely. These abnormalities can result in scoliosis. These symptoms lead to dwarfism where an individual has a shortened body length with legs and arms of regular length.
• Dextrocardia is the result of the heart pointing to the right side of the chest, when it normally points to the left. Dextrocardia may or may not be accompanied by situs inversus.
• Dextrocardia with Situs inversus results when major visceral organs of the body form in the mirror image of their normal positioning.
• Scoliosis is characterized by a curvature of the spine. The curve may be C-shaped or S-shaped.

References

Category:ABC transporters Category:Mutated genes Category:Cystic fibrosis Category:Chloride channels