User:Kenneth creasy/sandbox
Application of Desmosine[edit]
Because desmosine is unique to elastin, it can be consistently located and measured in urine samples after elastin breakdown in the human body.[1][2] Desmosine does not exist elsewhere within the body, nor can it be sourced from elsewhere outside the body, which isolates it as a key marker for elastin breakdown.[1] Indeed, desmosine "has been studied as a marker of elastin breakdown in several chronic pulmonary conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and chronic tobacco use."[1] In one study, hyperoxic mice that formed alveoli as a result of lung maturation also showed drastic changes in collagen and elastin within the lungs, as well as a change in cross-linking.[3] In another study, deceased patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were reported to have higher concentrations of desmosine in their urine than those patients who survived ARDS, and higher concentrations of desmosine revealed that "more severe damage to the extracellular matrix occurred in the most critically ill [acute lung injury] patients."[1]
However, it has been argued in the same study that desmosine does "not correlate well with markers of disease severity," correlating only weakly with age.[1] Instead, it is suggested "that desmosine may be more useful in understanding the pathogenesis of ALI and less useful as a marker of disease severity.”[1] The current standard for measuring lung disease progression, for example, is measured through the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared to the maximum lung capacity[4]; in other words, the volume of air a person can exhale from full lungs in one second compared to their maximum lung capacity. This method, while simple and physiologically thorough, has biological limitations[4], and so a superior biological marker is being sought after. Desmosine has been studied as one such biological marker, with studies in the 1980s to link urinary desmosine concentration with elastin breakdown in the lungs.[4] Though large amounts of data have been collected with regards to desmosine's potential as a replacement biological marker in determining disease progression, some believe there is still insufficient evidence for desmosine to meet and fill this need.[4]
In orthopedics, one study examined equine tendons and how their increasing stiffness and fatigue with age was due to fragmentation of the elastin in the tendons.[2] The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and the common digital extensor tendon (CDET) were analyzed for elastin composition, comparing older tendons to younger ones.[2] While both the CDET and the SDFT are positional tendons, enabling muscles to move the skeleton, the SDFT also stores energy and is far more elastic than the CDET due to "specialization of the [interfascicular matrix] to enable repeated interfascicular sliding and recoil."[2] Desmosine concentrations were reported to be far greater in new tendons than in tendons that had partially degraded, suggesting that not only is there fragmentation of tendon elastin with age, but also a smaller total composition of elastin within the SDFT, though this was not true in the case of the CDET examined.[2]
Research has also been performed to determine the cross-linking structure of elastin, in an effort to better understand the relationship between elastin and pertinent diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and aortic aneurysms.[5] A study was conducted to find this structure through synthesis of a cyclic peptide containing desmosine, to partially mimic elastin in the hopes of running mass spectroscopy on the peptide to reveal the cross-linking structure.[5] The elastin mimic was eventually synthesized successfully, and though work has not yet been done to clarify the cross-linking structure of elastin, preliminary mass spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of the expected ion formed from the chemical reactions used.[5]
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- ^ a b c d e f McClintock, Dana E.; Starcher, Barry; Eisner, Mark D.; Thompson, B. Taylor; Hayden, Doug L.; Church, Gwynne D.; Matthay, Michael A. (4 May 2006). "Higher urine desmosine levels are associated with mortality in patients with acute lung injury". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 291: L566–L571.
- ^ a b c d e Goinho, Marta S. C.; Thorpe, Chavaunne T.; Greenwald, Steve E.; Screen, Hazel R. C. (30 August 2017). "Elastin is Localised to the Interfascicular Matrix of Energy Storing Tendons and Becomes Increasingly Disorganised With Ageing" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 7 (9713).
- ^ Mižíková, Ivana; Ruiz-Camp, Jordi; Steenbock, Heiko; Madurga, Alicia; Vadász, István; Herold, Susanne; Mayer, Konstantin; Seeger, Werner; Brinckmann, Jürgen; Morty, Rory E. (3 April 2015). "Collagen and elastin cross-linking is altered during aberrant late lung development associated with hyperoxia". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 308: L1145–L1148.
- ^ a b c d Luisetti, M.; Stolk, J.; Iadarola, P. (2012). "Desmosine, a biomarker for COPD: old and in the way" (PDF). European Respiratory Journal. 39 (4): 797–798.
- ^ a b c Ogawa, Keita; Hayashi, Takahiro; Lin, Yong Y.; Usuki, Toyonobu (6 July 2017). "Synthesis of desmosine-containing cyclic peptide for the possible elucidation of elastin crosslinking structure". Tetrahedron. 73 (27–28): 3838–3847 – via Elsevier ScienceDirect.