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United Communes of Central AmericaDawn of Freedom Brigades

Сoup of April 12
Part of the Second World War and the Cold War

From left to right: FSLN guerrillas entering León, bodies of people executed by the Nicaraguan National Guard, FSLN soldier aiming an RPG-2, a government spy captured by guerrilla forces, bombings by the National Guard air force & destruction of towns & villages taken by guerrilla forces.
Date12 April - 15 April 1960
Location
United Communes of Central America
Result

Victory of the People's Front

  • The start of the Red Terror
  • Defeat of the putschists
  • The beginning of the operation "Dawn of Freedom"
Belligerents

Nicaragua Somoza regime
(1961–1979)


Nicaragua Contras
(1979–1990)

FSLN

MAP-ML (1978–1979)

 Panama (1978-1979)[12][13]

Commanders and leaders
Casualties and losses

1978–79: 10,000 total killed[23]

1981–89: 10,000–43,000 total killed; best estimate using most detailed battle information is 30,000 killed.[23]
  1. ^ a b Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (1 May 1989). "Participation of Costa Rican government in arms smuggling, for Sandinistas in 1979 and for Contras in mid-1980's". UNHCR. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  2. ^ Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 165. Page 271. Page 481.
  3. ^ "CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  4. ^ "Reagan Says Saudi Talked of Contra Aid". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Saudi Arabia and the Reagan Doctrine – Middle East Research and Information Project". December 1988. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  6. ^ "Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs – the Iran-Contra Affairs".
  7. ^ MCMANUS, DOYLE (6 March 1987). "Private Contra Funding of $32 Million Disclosed : Leader Shows Secret Bank Data in Effort to Prove Rebels Did Not Get Money From Iran Arms Sales". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  8. ^ "The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations". Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  9. ^ The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. Page 255.
  10. ^ "Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  11. ^ "IRAN-CONTRA HEARINGS; BRUNEI REGAINS $10 MILLION". The New York Times. 22 July 1987. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  12. ^ a b Brown, Jonathan C. (2022). "Omar Torrijos and the Sandinista Revolution". The Latin Americanist. 66: 25–45. doi:10.1353/tla.2022.0003. S2CID 247623108.
  13. ^ a b Sánchez Nateras, Gerardo. "The Sandinista Revolution and the Limits of the Cold War in Latin America: The Dilemma of Nonintervention During the Nicaraguan Crisis, 1977–78" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 216. Page 485.
  15. ^ "The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and ..." Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  16. ^ a b Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 27.
  17. ^ a b c Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 485.
  18. ^ "Mexico's Support of the Sandinista Revolution". Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.
  19. ^ ECHIKSON, WILLIAM (15 July 1982). "France Warms Up to Nicaragua—As US Fumes". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  20. ^ "Our work in Nicaragua". Swedish International Development Corporation Agency (www.sida.se). 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
  21. ^ "Sandinistas Find Economic Ally In Socialist Sweden". philly-archives. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  22. ^ Bishop, Adam (2 September 2009). "With Them and Against Them: Canada's Relations With Nicaragua, 1979-1990". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ a b Lacina, Bethany. "The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0: Documentation of Coding Decisions" (PDF). International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2013.