Urtsuniwar
| Urtsuniwar | |
|---|---|
| Urchuniwar | |
| اُرچؕنوار | |
 | |
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Urtsun Valley |
| Ethnicity | Southern Kalash |
Native speakers | (2,900–5,700 cited 1992)[1] |
| Perso-Arabic script (Nastaliq) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
Urtsuniwar or Urchuniwar (اُرچؕنوار) is a dialect of Kalasha-mun spoken in the Urtsun Valley in Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[2] The total number of speakers of this dialect are estimated to be around 2,900–5,700 peoples.[2]
Similarity[edit]
It has been debated whether Urtsuniwar is a different language or a dialect of Kalasha-mun. Urtsuniwar and Kalasha are mutually intelligible by 70%.[3] Urtsuniwar also shares some similarity with Ushojo language.[4]
History[edit]
The Kafirs of Urtsun were one of the last pagans of Afghanistan-Pakistan to convert to Islam in the mid 1900s.The last Urtsun Kafir was Mranzi who had married a Biriu valley Kalasha & moved out of the valley in 1940 just as the conversion to Islam was completed .[5] [6] They renamed their language Kalasha-mun to Urtsuniwar and later borrowed heavily from Khowar and changed their identity.[7] Later, Urtsuniwar started to diverge into a distinct dialect of Kalasha-mun.
References[edit]
- ^ Rahman, Tariq. "Language Policy and Localization in Pakistan: Proposal for a Paradigmatic Shift". 2.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "Sociolinguistic Survey Of Northern Pakistan: Volume 5: Languages Of Chitral". 5. National Institute of Pakistan Studies , Summer Institute of Linguistics.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Languages of Hindukush - University of Chitral". uoch.edu.pk. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
- ^ Kukreja, Veena; Singh, M P (2005). Pakistan: Democracy, Development and Security Issues. SAGE Publications, 23 Nov 2005. ISBN 9780761934165.
- ^ the Kalasha of Urtsun - A Cacopardo 1991 east & west magazine
- ^ "Bisyndetic Contrast Marking in the Hindukush: Additional Evidence of a Historical Contact Zone in: Journal of Language Contact Volume 10 Issue 3 (2017)". brill.com. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
- ^ "Bisyndetic Contrast Marking in the Hindukush: Additional Evidence of a Historical Contact Zone in: Journal of Language Contact Volume 10 Issue 3 (2017)". brill.com. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
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