Timeline of Chiang Kai-shek

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This is a timeline of Chiang Kai-shek's (Jiang Jieshi) life.

1880s[edit]

Year Date Event
1887 31 October Jiang Jieshi is born to Jiang Suan and Wang Caiyu in Xikou[1]
1889 Jiang Jieshi's family moves to a two-story merchant's house a hundred feet or so down Wu Ling Street[1]

1890s[edit]

Year Date Event
1896 Jiang Jieshi's father Jiang Suan dies and he inherits the house, bamboo grove, and rice paddies[2]

1900s[edit]

Year Date Event
1901 winter Jiang Jieshi marries Mao Fumei[2]
1903 Jiang Jieshi takes the new civil service examination and fails, so he enters the Phoenix Mountain Academy, a small Confucian school in Fenghua[2]
February Jiang Jieshi transfers to the Golden Arrow Academy in Ningbo[3]
1906 February Jiang Jieshi transfers to the Dragon River School in Fenghua[3]
Jiang Jieshi cuts off his Manchu queue[4]
Jiang Jieshi spends several months in Tokyo learning Japanese[4]
Jiang Jieshi enters the Baoding Military Academy[4]
1907 Jiang Jieshi enters the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, a school set up for Chinese students wishing to attend a Japanese military academy[4]
1909 November Jiang Jieshi graduates from the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko and enters the 19th Field Artillery Regiment at Takada[5]

1910s[edit]

Year Date Event
1910 27 April Mao Fumei delivers Jiang Jingguo[6]
1911 10 October Wuchang Uprising: The New Army rebels in Wuchang and Jiang Jieshi leaves for Shanghai[7]
Jiang Jieshi is put in charge of a "dare to die" contingent cjkxke up of Fenghua fishermen reinforced by Green Gang and Red Gang members[8]
4 November Jiang Jieshi's men take part in the New Army's seizure of key public buildings in Hangzhou[9]
1912 6 January Sun Zhongshan is inaugurated as provisional President of China by the National Assembly in Nanjing[10]
12 January Jiang Jieshi may or may not have assassinated Tao Chengzhang, head of the Guangfuhui, and rival of Chen Qimei for the governorship of Zhejiang[10]
12 March Sun Zhongshan resigns and Yuan Shikai becomes president, however he only controls half of the old Manchu Army[10]
25 August The Tongmenghui and four other parties form the Nationalist Party, also known as the Kuomintang (KMT), with Song Jiaoren as its leader[11]
1913 March The KMT wins control of the National Assembly[11]
22 March Song Jiaoren is assassinated[11]
August Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei flee to Japan and Sun Zhongshan goes to Yokohama[12]
December Jiang Jieshi meets Sun Zhongshan for the first time[12]
1914 spring Sun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to Shanghai to pull together the revolutionary underground but he fails and returns to Japan[13]
Sun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to recruit warlords in Manchuria but he fails and returns to Japan[14]
1915 18 January The Twenty-One Demands are handed to Yuan Shikai and a revised "Thirteen Demands" are eventually agreed upon[14]
Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei return to Shanghai[14]
10 November The defense commissioner in Chinese Shanghai, Zheng Ruzheng, is assassinated on the orders of Jiang and Chen[14]
An attack on the police headquarters by Jiang Jieshi's "dare to die" teams fails and he falls ill[14]
1916 February Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei try to rebuild the Chinese Revolutionary Army in Shanghai[15]
18 May Chen Qimei is assassinated[15]
6 June Yuan Shikai dies and Sun Zhongshan returns to Shanghai[15]
1918 The KMT flees to Guangzhou and launches the Constitutional Protection Movement with the support of Chen Jiongming and warlords in Guangdong and Yunnan[16]
March Jiang Jieshi joins Chen Jiongming's army as senior operations officer for an attack on the warlord of Fujian[16]
Sun Zhongshan goes into exile in Shanghai due to warlord demand for more authority[16]
July Jiang Jieshi takes a key town in Fujian[16]
1919 May Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[17]
4 May May Fourth Movement: Mass demonstrations spread all over China in response to the Treaty of Versailles[18]
Jiang Jieshi adopts Jiang Weiguo, son of Dai Jitao[19]
Moscow announces that it will relinquish special rights in Manchuria and cancel all the "unequal" tsarist treaties with China[17]

1920s[edit]

Year Date Event
1920 spring Jiang Jieshi contracts typhoid[19]
30 September Sun Zhongshan appoints Jiang Jieshi as chief of staff of the Second Guangdong Army[19]
October Guangdong–Guangxi War: Chen Jiongming and the Second Guangdong Army enter Guangzhou[20]
12 November Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai to brief Sun Zhongshan and then leaves for Zhejiang[21]
1921 April Guangdong–Guangxi War: A Beiyang government backed Old Guangxi Clique army attacks Guangdong but is defeated by Xu Chongzhi and the KMT occupy Guangxi[21]
4 May Sun Zhongshan becomes president again[21]
10 May Jiang Jieshi arrives in Guangzhou[21]
4 June Jiang Jieshi's mother dies[21]
1922 Chen Jiongming attacks the KMT and Sun Zhongshan escapes to Pazhou[22]
29 June Jiang Jieshi joins Sun Zhongshan at Pazhou[22]
9 August Jiang and Sun leave for Xianggang and Shanghai[22]
1923 Sun Zhongshan returns to Guangzhou and appoints Jiang Jieshi as Xu Chongzhi's chief of staff[23]
August Jiang Jieshi leaves for the Soviet Union[24]
15 December Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[25]
1924 12 January Jiang Jieshi returns to Guangzhou[26]
June Sun Zhongshan and Jiang Jieshi preside over the opening of the Huangpu Military Academy[26]
1925 12 March Sun Zhongshan dies[27]
30 May May Thirtieth Movement: The Shanghai Municipal Police fire on striking workers, causing widespread anti-foreign demonstrations and riots[28]
23 June Canton–Hong Kong strike: Huangpu Military Academy cadets are among those killed by British troops firing on anti-imperialist protesters[28]
1 July The Nationalist government is formed in Guangzhou with Wang Jingwei as chairman of the new ruling political council[29]
The National Revolutionary Army is formed[29]
20 August Liao Zhongkai is assassinated and Jiang Jieshi enters the KMT's top triumvirate consisting of himself, Wang Jingwei, and Xu Chongzhi[30]
20 September Xu Chongzhi is forced to leave for Shanghai due to charges of corruption[31]
October Jiang Jingguo is approved for study at the University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow[32]
Chen Jiongming is defeated[32]
November Disaffected KMT veterans including Dai Jitao vote to expel the communists from the party[32]
1926 January Jiang Jieshi is voted onto the Central Executive Committee[33]
18 March Jiang Jieshi is alerted to a plot by the Chinese Communist Party Central Executive Committee and the Russians to oust him[34]
20 March Canton Coup: Jiang Jieshi places Guangzhou under martial law and arrests 50 communists[35]
Wang Jingwei is ousted and leaves for France[36]
June Tang Shengzhi defects to the KMT[37]
9 July Jiang Jieshi becomes Supreme Commander[36]
11 July Northern Expedition: The NRA takes Changsha[37]
October Northern Expedition: The NRA defeats warlord forces in Hubei and occupy Wuhan[37]
18 December Northern Expedition: He Yingqin's First Corps capture Fujian and move into Zhejiang[38]
Northern Expedition: Jiang Jieshi gains control of China from Guangxi in the south, to Sichuan in the west, to the Changjiang at Wuhan in the north, and northern Fujian in the east[39]
1927 1 March The Wuhan Central Executive Committee places Jiang Jieshi under a new military council and issues a secret order for his arrest[40]
22 March Northern Expedition: Bai Chongxi's forces enter Shanghai[41]
23 March Northern Expedition: Zheng Qian's forces enter Nanjing[41]
24 March Northern Expedition: Jiang Jieshi reaches Nanjing[41]
26 March Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[41]
6 April Wang Jingwei arrives in Shanghai and refuses leadership of the KMT, leaving for Wuhan[41]
Jiang Jieshi institutes martial law and leaves for Nanjing[42]
Joseph Stalin declares that KMT is of no more use and that Jiang Jieshi should be eliminated[42]
12 April Shanghai massacre: Communists are killed or arrested in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin, Ningbo, and Xiamen[43]
19 June Feng Yuxiang joins the KMT[44]
24 July Northern Expedition: Sun Chuanfang defeats NRA forces and takes Xuzhou[44]
12 August Jiang Jieshi resigns and leaves for Shanghai[45]
16 August NRA forces retake Xuzhou and Sun Chuanfang flees across the Yellow River[46]
1 December Jiang Jieshi marries Song Meiling in Shanghai[47]
1928 Jiang Jieshi returns to power and Wang Jingwei resigns, leaving for France[48]
2 May Jinan incident: The Japanese army bomb Jinan, killing hundreds[46]
5 May Jinan incident: The Japanese arrest Nanjing's representative Cai Gongshi, cut out his tongue, gouge out his eyes, and then shoot him as well as ten of his staff members[46]
11 May Jinan incident: The Japanese army attacks the NRA, killing 11,000 soldiers and civilians in Jinan[49]
4 June Huanggutun incident: Zhang Zuolin's train is bombed and he dies a few days later[50]
19 June Northern Expedition: Zhang Zuolin's son, Zhang Xueliang, cables Jiang Jieshi expressing his loyalty to the Chinese nation[50]
10 October Jiang Jieshi becomes the director of the State Council, in effect the president[51]
29 December Chinese reunification (1928): Zhang Xueliang replaces the flags of the Beiyang government with the flag of the Republic of China[51]
1929 28 March Jinan incident: The Japanese army withdraws from Shandong[49]
April Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Zhang Xueliang seizes the Soviet consulate in Harbin[52]
July Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Zhang Xueliang seizes the Chinese Eastern Railway[52]
12 October Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Soviet troops defeat Zhang Xueliang's forces[52]
December Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Soviet rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway is restored[53]

1930s[edit]

Year Date Event
1930 June Central Plains War: Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi, Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Fakui, and Yan Xishan form an anti-Jiang coalition[54]
autumn Encirclement Campaigns: NRA troops fail to defeat communist forces in the Jinggang Mountains[55]
November Central Plains War: The anti-Jiang coalition is defeated[54]
1931 April Encirclement Campaigns: He Yingqin's forces fail to suppress communist forces in Jiangxi[55]
Wang Jingwei sets up an anti-Jiang government in Guangzhou[55]
1 July Encirclement Campaigns: The NRA defeat the Chinese Red Army[55]
18 September Mukden Incident: The Kwantung Army sets off an explosion on a rail line outside Shenyang and fires artillery into a nearby Chinese garrison before occupying the city[55]
Japanese invasion of Manchuria: Japan invades Manchuria[56]
15 December Jiang resigns[57]
1932 January Jiang meets with Wang Jingwei and returns as the KMT's military leader while Wang becomes head of government[58]
28 January January 28 Incident: Japan invades Shanghai and forces Chinese troops to withdraw[58]
March Jiang resumes his position as chairman of the Military Council and chief of the General Staff[58]
April Encirclement Campaigns: NRA troops force Zhang Guotao to flee to Sichuan[59]
1933 1 January Defense of the Great Wall: Japan occupies Shanhai Pass[59]
1 March Battle of Rehe: Japan takes Rehe[60]
May Encirclement Campaigns: NRA forces start blockading communist areas[59]
31 May Tanggu Truce: The Republic of China agrees to a local armistice declaring the northern part of Hebei a demilitarized zone, essentially ceding it to Japan[59]
1934 16 October Long March: The Chinese Red Army escapes from Jiangxi[61]
1935 January Long March: The Chinese Red Army reaches Zunyi and joines Zhang Guotao's army; Mao Zedong is elected the CCP's senior military as well as political authority[62]
September Jiang announces that China will never surrender its sovereignty or Manchuria[63]
October Long March: The Chinese Red Army arrive at Baoan [64]
November Wang Jingwei is wounded in an assassination attempt and Jiang takes over as president of the Executive Yuan[65]
NRA forces retreat from Chahar[64]
1936 February Zhang Xueliang meets with CCP representatives in Xi'an to discuss the formation of an anti-Japan anti-Jiang government[66]
6 April Zhang Xueliang meets with Zhou Enlai[67]
May Zhou Enlai meets with ROC representatives to discuss a united front[68]
31 October Jiang celebrates his birthday in Luoyang[69]
12 December Xi'an Incident: Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Jiang[70]
26 December Xi'an Incident: Jiang offers some verbal concessions and is released[71]
1937 19 April Jiang Jingguo arrives in Shanghai[64]
7 July Marco Polo Bridge Incident: Japanese troops performing maneuvers around Beijing receive fire from the NRA and de-escalation fails, ending in Japanese shelling of Chinese troops[72]
12 July Battle of Beiping–Tianjin: Japanese troops arrive in Tianjin[72]
22 July Battle of Beiping–Tianjin: The Japanese order Chinese forces to withdraw from the area, but they attack instead[73]
7 August Jiang convenes the Military Council and declares all-out resistance as the national policy[73]
13 August Battle of Shanghai: The NRA attempts to drive Japanese forces from Shanghai but fail[74]
5 November Battle of Shanghai: Japanese forces land on the beaches of Hangzhou Bay and advance toward Suzhou River[75]
8 November Battle of Shanghai: Jiang gives the orders to withdraw[75]
7 December Battle of Nanjing: Jiang and Song Meiling leave Nanjing for Lushan[76]
12 December Battle of Nanjing: Tang Shengzhi gives the order to break out of Japanese encirclement[76]
1938 24 March Battle of Taierzhuang: Japanese forces fall into an ambush at a railway spur line at Taierzhuang[77]
5 June 1938 Yellow River flood: Soldiers blow open the dikes on the south banks of the Yellow River, flooding Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu[78]
24 October Battle of Wuhan: Jiang gives the order to withdraw from Wuhan[79]
November Jiang arrives in Chonqqing[80]
The Burma Road is constructed by 200,000 laborers and engineers[81]
1939 27 September Battle of Changsha (1939): A Japanese attack on Changsha is defeated and withdraws with heavy casualties[82]
winter 1939–40 Winter Offensive: NRA forces attack Japanese positions but ultimately end in operational failure[82]

1940s[edit]

Year Date Event
1940 January Wang Jingwei defects to the Japanese and sets up the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing[81]
August Hundred Regiments Offensive: The Eighth Route Army attacks Japanese occupied areas in Shanxi and Hebei[83]
December Hundred Regiments Offensive: The communist offensive is reversed and Japanese retaliation reduces the population of communist base areas by 19 million[84]
1941 7 January New Fourth Army incident: The New Fourth Army moves south into ROC territory and clash with NRA forces[85]
30 January Battle of South Henan: NRA and Japanese forces clash in South Henan[86]
8 December Attack on Pearl Harbor: Jiang receives news of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor[87]
24 December Battle of Changsha (1942): Japanese forces attack Changsha[88]
1942 15 January Battle of Changsha (1942): Japanese forces withdraw from Changsha and suffer heavy losses from a Chinese encirclement maneuver[88]
18 February Jiang meets Gandhi outside Kolkata[89]
27 February Jiang visits Lashio[90]
19 March Battle of Toungoo: Japanese forces attack NRA troops at Toungoo[91]
30 March Battle of Toungoo: NRA troops withdraw[91]
18 April Doolittle Raid: American bombers crash land in China[92]
19 April Battle of Yenangyaung: NRA forces assist British troops from escaping a Japanese encirclement[93]
20 April Battle of Yenangyaung: Japanese forces destroy the Sixth Army's Temporary 55th Division[93]
29 April The Japanese seize Lashio[93]
April Battle of West Hubei: Japanese forces enter Hubei and Hunan to loot and collect supplies[94]
5 May Joseph Stilwell abandons his soldiers and escapes to India[95]
15 May Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign: Japanese forces devastate Zhejiang and Jiangxi in reprisal for the Doolittle Raid, killing hundreds of thousands[92]
2 June Joseph Stilwell flies back to Chongqing[96]
10 October Jiang announces that Washington and London have agreed to drop "extraterritoriality"[97]
1943 2 November Battle of Changde: Japanese forces capture Changde[98]
21 November Cairo Conference: Jiang arrives in Cairo[99]
1 December The Cairo Declaration is formally announced, promising to return all territories Japan had stolen from China[100]
20 December Battle of Changde: Japanese forces are forced to withdraw from Changde[98]
1944 19 April Operation Ichigo: Japanese forces begin their largest land operation and cross the Yellow River into Henan[101]
25 May Battle of Central Henan: Jiang gives the orders to withdraw[102]
26 June Battle of Changsha (1944): Zhang Deneng gives the orders to abandon Changsha[103]
22 June Defense of Hengyang: Japanese forces lay siege to Hengyang[104]
3 August Siege of Myitkyina: Allied forces take Myitkyina[105]
8 August Defense of Hengyang: Japanese forces take Hengyang[106]
24 November Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou: Japanese forces take Guilin and Liuzhou[107]
1945 9 April Battle of West Hunan: Japanese forces advance into western Hunan[108]
7 June Battle of West Hunan: Japanese forces are routed[108]
15 August Victory over Japan Day: Jiang Jieshi receives news of Japan's surrender and he broadcasts a victory speech throughout all of China[109]
29 August Chongqing Negotiations: Mao and Jiang start negotiations[110]
16 December Jiang visits Beijing[111]
1946 13 January Jiang and Mao agree to cease-fire following the convening of the Political Consultative Assembly[112]

1970s[edit]

Year Date Event
1975 5 April Jiang Jieshi dies[113]

See also[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 11.
  2. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 12.
  3. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 16.
  4. ^ a b c d Taylor 2009, p. 17.
  5. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 20.
  6. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 19.
  7. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 21.
  8. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 22.
  9. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 23.
  10. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 24.
  11. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 26.
  12. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 27.
  13. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 28.
  14. ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 29.
  15. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 30.
  16. ^ a b c d Taylor 2009, p. 32.
  17. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 34.
  18. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 33.
  19. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 35.
  20. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 36.
  21. ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 37.
  22. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 41.
  23. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 42.
  24. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 43.
  25. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 44.
  26. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 45.
  27. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 48.
  28. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 49.
  29. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 50.
  30. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 51.
  31. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 52.
  32. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 53.
  33. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 54.
  34. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 55.
  35. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 56.
  36. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 57.
  37. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 58.
  38. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 59.
  39. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 62.
  40. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 64.
  41. ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 65.
  42. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 66.
  43. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 68.
  44. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 71.
  45. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 72.
  46. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 79.
  47. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 74.
  48. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 78.
  49. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 82.
  50. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 83.
  51. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 84.
  52. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 86.
  53. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 87.
  54. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 89.
  55. ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 92.
  56. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 94.
  57. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 96.
  58. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 98.
  59. ^ a b c d Taylor 2009, p. 99.
  60. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 100.
  61. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 107.
  62. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 111.
  63. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 113.
  64. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 114.
  65. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 112.
  66. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 118.
  67. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 119.
  68. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 122.
  69. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 123.
  70. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 127.
  71. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 135.
  72. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 145.
  73. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 146.
  74. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 148.
  75. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 150.
  76. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 151.
  77. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 154.
  78. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 155.
  79. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 158.
  80. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 161.
  81. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 170.
  82. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 169.
  83. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 173.
  84. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 174.
  85. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 177.
  86. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 178.
  87. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 188.
  88. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 189.
  89. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 195.
  90. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 196.
  91. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 200.
  92. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 209.
  93. ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 203.
  94. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 228.
  95. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 204.
  96. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 208.
  97. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 216.
  98. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 259.
  99. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 245.
  100. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 254.
  101. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 267.
  102. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 268.
  103. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 273.
  104. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 282.
  105. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 270.
  106. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 284.
  107. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 297.
  108. ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 306.
  109. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 7.
  110. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 318.
  111. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 329.
  112. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 340.
  113. ^ Taylor 2009, p. 1.

References[edit]

Taylor, Jay (2009), The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

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