Tang ping

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Look up tang ping in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Tang ping
Chinese躺平
Literal meaninglying flat

Tang ping (Chinese: 躺平; lit. 'lying flat') is a Chinese slang neologism that describes a personal rejection of societal pressures to overwork and over-achieve, such as in the 996 working hour system, which is often regarded as a rat race with ever diminishing returns.[1][2][3][4] Tang ping means choosing to "lie down flat and get over the beatings" via a low-desire, more indifferent attitude towards life.

Novelist Liao Zenghu described "lying flat" as a passive-aggressive resistance movement,[5] and The New York Times called it part of a nascent Chinese counterculture.[6] It has also been compared to the Great Resignation, a surge of resignations that began in the West at roughly the same time.[7][8][9] The National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center, an institution affiliated with the Education Ministry of China, listed the word as one of the 10 most popular memes for 2021 in the Chinese Internet. Chinese search engine Sogou also listed the word at the top of its list of most trending memes for 2021.[10]

Those who choose to "lie flat" may lower their professional commitment and economic ambitions, simplify their goals, while still being fiscally productive for their own essential needs, and prioritize psychological health over economic materialism.[11][12]

The phrase "quiet quitting", meaning doing only what one's job demands and nothing more, which became popular in the United States in 2022,[13] [14] was thought to be inspired by the tang ping movement.[15] Another newer related phrase is bai lan (Chinese: 摆烂; pinyin: bǎi làn; lit. 'let it rot'), which means "to actively embrace a deteriorating situation, rather than trying to turn it around". Basically, it refers to a voluntary retreat from pursuing certain goals because individuals realize they are simply too difficult to achieve.[16]

Origin[edit]

The term first appeared around February 2020 (the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic) on the Chinese Internet.[17] The movement began in April 2021 with a post by Luo Huazhong (username "Kind-Hearted Traveler") on the internet forum Baidu Tieba, in which he discussed his reasons for living a low-key, minimalist lifestyle. In 2016, 26-year-old Luo quit his factory job because it made him feel empty. He then cycled 2,100 km (1,300 mi) from Sichuan to Tibet, and now back in his home town Jiande in eastern Zhejiang Province, spends his time reading philosophy, and gets by doing a few odd jobs and taking US$60 a month from his savings.[18][6] He only eats two meals a day.[18]

Luo's post, entitled with "Lying Flat is Justice", illustrates:

I can just sleep in my barrel enjoying a sunbath like Diogenes, or live in a cave-like Heraclitus and think about 'Logos'. Since there has never really been a trend of thought that exalts human subjectivity in this land, I can create it for myself. Lying flat is my wise movement, only by lying down can humans become the measure of all things.[1][2]

Luo's post and story quickly gained a following on social media, being discussed and soon becoming a buzzword on Sina Weibo and Douban. The idea was praised by many and inspired numerous memes, and has been described as a sort of spiritual movement.[1] Business magazine ABC Money claimed it resonated with a growing silent majority of youth disillusioned by the officially endorsed "Chinese Dream" that encourages a life of hard work and sacrifice with no actual life satisfaction to show for it, spawning the catchphrase "a chive lying flat is difficult to reap" (躺平的韭菜不好割, Tǎng píng de jiǔcài bù hǎo gē).[19]

Background[edit]

In April 2021, an incident where a truck driver committed suicide due to fines and vehicle impoundment sparked widespread discussions on the internet about the hardships of life at the grassroots level.This stands in stark contrast to the official emphasis on "poverty alleviation success" and the narrative of achieving a "moderately prosperous society," highlighting the lack of significant improvement, and even decline, in labor conditions amidst the rapid pace of social development. The exacerbation of domestic social issues in mainland China due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 also played a role. Some commentators argue that similar incidents are commonplace and that the working class has not truly benefited from rapid economic growth.[20][21][22]

In May 2021, due to the changing trend in population structure, the government of the People's Republic of China announced the introduction of a three-child policy. However, some analysts believe that many young people today face challenges such as long working hours, stagnant wages, difficulties in homeownership, mental and physical exhaustion, and heavy burdens of elderly care, leading to a widespread decline in willingness to marry and have children.[23][24]

From April to May 2021, a video circulated on the video-sharing website Bilibili featuring a speech by well-known media personality Bai Yansong. When asked about the phenomenon of contemporary young people feeling patriotic and optimistic about the country's future while also feeling powerless in the face of life and employment pressures, Bai Yansong responded with a rhetorical question: "Do we now expect housing prices to be low, jobs to be easy to find everywhere, no pressure at all, and as long as you pursue the girl you like, she will agree?" This statement sparked a barrage of criticism and ridicule from numerous netizens.[25][26][27]

Response[edit]

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) moved quickly to reject the idea. The CAC internet regulator ordered online platforms to "strictly restrict" posts on tang ping and had censors remove Luo's original Tieba post[28] while a discussion group of nearly 10,000 followers on Chinese social media site Douban is no longer accessible.[29] Selling tang ping-branded merchandise online is forbidden.[6]

In May 2021, Chinese state media Xinhua published an editorial asserting that "lying flat" is shameful.[30][31] In May, a video clip of CCTV news commentator Bai Yansong criticizing the low-key mindset circulated on the popular video-sharing website Bilibili,[11] and had attracted thousands of mockeries and slurs on the danmu commentaries in response.[32][33] The same month, a commentary of Hubei Radio and Television Economic Channel said, "you can accept your fate, but you mustn't lie flat."[34] An October article by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, published in the Communist Party journal Qiushi, called for "avoiding 'involution' [nei juan] and 'lying flat'".[8][35]

However, there were official voices offering more empathic opinions on the tang ping phenomenon. Beijing's party-affiliated Guangming Daily newspaper added that tang ping should not be discounted without reflection—if China wants to cultivate diligence in the young generation, it should first try to improve their quality of life.[11] Huang Ping, a literature professor who researches youth culture at East China Normal University, told Sixth Tone that official media outlets may be concerned about the tang ping lifestyle because of its potential to threaten productivity, but "humans aren't merely tools for making things... when you can't catch up with society's development—say, skyrocketing home prices—tang ping is actually the most rational choice."[11]

Comments[edit]

Negative comments[edit]

In May 2021, Sina Weibo's "Communist Youth League Central Committee" posted a Weibo message stating that "contemporary young people have never chosen to lie flat." The Nanfang Daily published a commentary article titled "Lying flat is shameful, where does the sense of justice come from?" by Wang Qingfeng, which criticized the "lying flat philosophy," condemning it as harmful and "toxic chicken soup" .[36] This article was reposted by Xinhua News Agency[37]. The Guangming Daily's "Guangming Commentary" column criticized the "lying flat" phenomenon in an article titled "Rejecting 'involution,' are young people starting to believe in 'lying flat-ology'?". [38]A comentary from the TV Economic Channel of Hubei Radio and Television stated: "Accepting fate is okay, lying flat is not". [39]The Global Times' "Global Times Sharp Commentary" column sarcastically said: "Young people who claim to lie flat are always woken up at dawn by the alarm clocks they set themselves".[40][41]

Li Fengliang, an associate professor at Tsinghua University, believes that "lying flat is an extremely irresponsible attitude that not only disappoints one's parents but also millions of taxpayers. ... People can still achieve upward social mobility through competition."[42]

On December 27, 2021, the Guangming Daily published a commentary on its front page titled "Lying Flat is Not Advisable," rejecting the behavior of lying flat.[43]

Positive comments[edit]

Financial scholar He Jiangbing believes that lying flat is a kind of “helpless activism”. Although it will have a negative impact on the economy, reducing consumption helps reduce waste and carbon footprint, which is conducive to achieving carbon emission reduction targets. People who “lie flat” are usually very gentle, not rebellious, and mostly do not retaliate against society, which helps maintain stability. He believes that it is unreasonable to accuse young people of lying flat as being decadent, and that a system of rigid hierarchy and lack of fair competition is the real decadence.[44] “Lying flat” can be extended to describe a state of inaction with low desire, low social participation, and not catering to secular expectations or mainstream views, in order to resist or withdraw from formulaic social norms (but not anti-social).[45]

On August 3, 2021, former U.S. Central Intelligence Agency employee Edward Snowden posted on Twitter, sharing the song "Lying Flat is King", and encouraged young people to "never forget that you are not alone: the exploitation of the emerging generation is a global struggle."[46]

Huang Ping, a professor in the Department of Chinese at East China Normal University, believes that "lying flat" is a way for young people to put down their burdens. When people cannot keep up with the distorted development of society (such as soaring housing prices)[47][48], "lying flat" is not a bad choice as the most rational option, and the official media's attention to this trend is due to concerns that the lying flat philosophy may pose a potential threat to productivity[49]. There is also a view that although "lying flat" is only an emotional social response, it also poses new issues for the healthy development of society, such as how to improve the working environment and career development ecology of young people.[50]

Columnist Chang Ping commented that "lying flat-ism" is "an awakening of rights consciousness and identity consciousness."[51]

Analysis of the phenomenon[edit]

Guangming Net believes that Lying flat is a common phenomenon that happens in a wide range of countries and regions in its post in May 2021. The economy possesses a certain security function and diversified economic opportunity when an economy reaches the climax of a state, so the marginal utility of working overtime decreases, hence resulting in a passive young generation.[52]

According to BBC, the serial popularity of “Geyou Lying Down” to “Lazy eggs” to “mourning culture” signals the increasing pressure on the younger generation, who grew up under the single-child policy, to work longer hours, abide the social credit system, and show their patriotism.[53]

On June 9, 2021, the British newspaper The Independent identified Lying Flat as an online protest by young people in China, an extension of similar movements around the world that call for rest and recovery rather than busyness.[54] Business Insider and The Washington Post reported on the issue and interviewed several young people who practice reclinism.[55][56]

According to New York Times, it indicates that lying flat happens in the US too. It’s a movement that individuals are embracing lying flat as a way to resist the expectations of relentless productivity and career success.  It highlights economic inequality, limited job opportunities, and a sense of disillusionment with the traditional path of working long hours as factors contributing to the rise of lying flat.  Lying flat represents a rejection of the idea that one's worth is solely determined by their job or economic status.  Instead, it reflects a desire for a simpler, more fulfilling life that prioritizes personal well-being over material success.[57]

In NTV NEWS24 Morimoto Hayashi believes that the popularity of the "lying flat" movement contrasts sharply with the philosophy of striving advocated repeatedly by the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, such as "the new era is the era of struggle." This news has garnered thousands of responses on Japanese websites, resonating with many Japanese netizens.[58]

Some believe that the official concern and criticism of the trend is due to its ideological connotation of non-cooperation, which is considered to pose a potential threat to stability.[59][60][61]

Similar concepts[edit]

Quiet Quitting[edit]

The phrase "quiet quitting", meaning doing only what one's job demands and nothing more, which became popular in the United States in 2022 primarily due to the evolving landscape of work culture influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic reshaped the way people worked, with remote and hybrid models becoming more common, individuals began to reassess their priorities and work-life balance.[62][63] It was thought to be inspired by the tang ping movement. Another newer related phrase is bai lan (Chinese: 摆烂; pinyin: bǎi làn; lit. 'let it rot'), which means "to actively embrace a deteriorating situation, rather than trying to turn it around". Basically, it refers to a voluntary retreat from pursuing certain goals because individuals realize they are simply too difficult to achieve.[64][65]

It has been considered as a rejection of the hustle-culture mentality that has long been associated with career success and corporate ladder-climbing. It showcases the stance that employees no longer can extract and exploit employee’s labor than they are paying for[66].

Sampo generation[edit]

Sampo generation is also referred to as "Three giving-up generation" is a neologism in South Korea referring to a generation that gives up courtship, marriage, and having kids due to the excess stress they face in life including high cost of living, high working hours, low income, and high unemployment rate[67].

The term evolved into Opo generation(Five giving-up generation), Chilpo generation(Seven giving-up generation), Gupo generation(Nine giving-up generation), and N-po generation, which people giving up on more things including employment, home ownership, interpersonal relationships, hope, health, physical appearance, and eventually life[68].

Freeter[edit]

This term specifically describes a state in Japan and Japanese culture, which is a person aged 15 to 34 who is unemployed, underemployed, or otherwise lacks full-time paid employment. The term excludes housewives and students[69].

Freeter have become a culture in Japan where they accommodate low-waged and marginalized workers to live and enjoy basic activities of life. The culture is presented in Koenji in Tokyo, where there are Second-hand shops and recycled objects, and troquets with low and affordable prices in the region, showing an alternative way of living[70].

NEET(Not in Education, Employment, or Training)[edit]

This term describes a state where a person is unemployed and not receiving an education or vocational training. The classification originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, and its use has spread, in varying degrees, to other countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Serbia, Canada, and the United States[71].

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "China's new 'tang ping' trend aims to highlight pressures of work culture". BBC. June 3, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "An entire generation of Chinese youth is rejecting the pressures of hustle culture by 'lying flat'". The Independent. June 9, 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26.
  3. ^ "China's youth are lying flat: the fear is, so might their futures". South China Morning Post. June 14, 2021.
  4. ^ "Young Chinese take a stand against pressures of modern life — by lying down". The Washington Post. June 5, 2021.
  5. ^ Joe McDonald; Fu Ting (July 4, 2021). "Some Chinese shun grueling careers for 'low-desire life'". Associated Press.
  6. ^ a b c Elsie Chen (July 3, 2021). "These Chinese Millennials Are 'Chilling,' and Beijing Isn't Happy". The New York Times. Young people in China have set off a nascent counterculture movement that involves lying down and doing as little as possible.
  7. ^ Kaplan, Juliana (3 November 2021). "The labor shortage is reshaping the economy and how people talk about work. Here's a glossary of all the new phrases that sum up workers' frustration with their deal, from 'lying flat' to 'antiwork.'". Business Insider.
  8. ^ a b Siqi, Ji; Huifeng, He; Peach, Brian (24 October 2021). "What is 'lying flat', and why are Chinese officials standing up to it?". South China Morning Post.
  9. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (18 October 2021). "Analysis | The 'Great Resignation' goes global". Washington Post.
  10. ^ Li, Jane (2021-12-07). "'Lying flat' is officially one of China's top memes of 2021". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2021-12-07.
  11. ^ a b c d Zhang, Wanqing; Liu, Mengqiu (2021-05-27). "Tired of Running in Place, Young Chinese 'Lie Down'". Sixth Tone. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  12. ^ Dolan, Eric W. (2023-06-19). "Young adults who embrace 'lying flatism' also tend to see romantic relationships as unnecessary for happiness". PsyPost. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  13. ^ Serenko, A. (2023). "The human capital management perspective on quiet quitting: Recommendations for employees, managers, and national policymakers" (PDF). Journal of Knowledge Management. in–press: 27–43. doi:10.1108/JKM-10-2022-0792. S2CID 258026195.
  14. ^ Perisha Kudhail (31 August 2022). "Quiet quitting: The workplace trend taking over TikTok". BBC.
  15. ^ Henry Bodkin (7 August 2022). "Workers embrace the bare minimum in 'quiet quitting' trend". The Telegraph.
  16. ^ "The rise of 'bai lan': why China's frustrated youth are ready to 'let it rot'" The Guardian. 2022.
  17. ^ Picoche, Ariane (2022-01-17). "Tang ping: the Chinese millennials lying flat to protest against overwork". Welcome to the Jungle. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  18. ^ a b Li, Jane (18 June 2021). "A niche Chinese Gen Z meme is ringing alarm bells for Beijing". Quartz. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  19. ^ James, Claire (2021-06-22). "Why Chinese youth are 'lying flat' as a form of resistance to CCP rule". ABC Money. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  20. ^ "货车司机自杀的背后是科技神话的破灭|金师傅|打工人_网易订阅". web.archive.org. 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  21. ^ "【资料汇编】卡车司机服毒自杀抗议扣车罚款事件 | 中国劳工通讯". web.archive.org. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  22. ^ "这是谁人之耻？ - 乌有之乡". web.archive.org. 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  23. ^ "三孩生育开放了？微信群沸腾了，我已笑趴，你还生么？|独生子女|两代人|生小孩_网易订阅". web.archive.org. 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  24. ^ "2021年三孩政策开放，网友：生娃容易，养娃难，多给点实际的好处|生育|婴儿|生三胎|三宝_网易订阅". web.archive.org. 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  25. ^ "不会吧白岩松，咱可是读书人_哔哩哔哩_bilibili". web.archive.org. 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  26. ^ "中国年轻人：拒绝"加油干"，只想"躺平"了 | 德国之声 来自德国 介绍德国 | DW | 06.06.2021". web.archive.org. 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  27. ^ "五城被纳入重点监测名单！住建部再度启动约谈，释放这个信号！三四线城市要注意 _ 证券时报网". web.archive.org. 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  28. ^ Yuan, Shawn (1 January 2022). "Silent resistance against social pressures in China". The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 6 (1): 11–12. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00378-3. ISSN 2352-4642. PMID 34921804. S2CID 245255571. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  29. ^ "China's new 'tang ping' trend aims to highlight pressures of work culture". BBC News. 3 June 2021.
  30. ^ "'躺平'可耻，哪来的正义感？" ['Lying flat' shameful, where is sense of justice?] (in Chinese). Xinhua. May 20, 2021.
  31. ^ "The low-desire life: why people in China are rejecting high-pressure jobs in favour of 'lying flat'". the Guardian. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  32. ^ "蚌埠住了，白岩松："难道我们现在指望的是房价很低，然后一点压力都没有？不会吧？！"请看2021年4月房价排行榜". 哔哩哔哩弹幕视频网. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  33. ^ "中国年轻人：拒绝"加油干"，只想"躺平"了". 德国之声中文网. 2021-06-06. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  34. ^ "湖北经视评论："认命"可以 "躺平"不行" [Hubei Radio and Television Economic Channel commentary: "You can 'accept your fate', but you mustn't 'lie flat'."]. Phoenix Television (in Simplified Chinese). Hubei Radio and Television Economic Channel. 2021-05-20. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  35. ^ Xi Jinping (2021-10-15). "扎实推动共同富裕" [Solidly promoting common prosperity]. Qiushi (in Chinese).
  36. ^ ""躺平"可耻，哪来的正义感？_第A04版：评论_ 2021-05-20 _南方日报数字报_南方网". web.archive.org. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  37. ^ ""躺平"可耻，哪来的正义感？-新华网". web.archive.org. 2021-05-30. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  38. ^ "光明时评：拒绝"内卷"，年轻人开始信奉"躺平学"了？ _光明网". web.archive.org. 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  39. ^ "湖北经视评论："认命"可以 "躺平"不行_凤凰网视频_凤凰网". web.archive.org. 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  40. ^ "躺平主义危险吗". web.archive.org. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  41. ^ "环时锐评：声称要"躺平"的年轻人，总是在黎明被自己设的闹钟唤醒". 环球网 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  42. ^ "习近平要"撸起袖子加油干"我们要"躺平"". web.archive.org. 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  43. ^ "躺平不可取-光明日报-光明网". web.archive.org. 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  44. ^ "国家在"做梦" 人民却"躺平"，中共一大警讯？". web.archive.org. 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  45. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  46. ^ "Edward Snowden on Twitter: "系统的目的不是帮助你，而是控制你。 无论您感到多么孤立，请永远不要忘记您并不孤单：对新兴世代的剥削是一场全球斗争。 (对不起，我可怜的中文。'-.-) https://t.co/KwgTgKqbae"". web.archive.org. 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2024-04-23. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  47. ^ "让年轻人不再因房价"躺平"！住建部表态，40个城市集体开始行动|租赁房|住房|租房|商品房_网易订阅". web.archive.org. 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  48. ^ "专栏 | 中国最钱线：钱线爱吐槽 - 躺平不是问题，想躺平而不得才是 — 普通话主页". web.archive.org. 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  49. ^ "Tired of Running in Place, Young Chinese 'Lie Down'". web.archive.org. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  50. ^ "觀瀾|致青年「躺平」者：奮鬥才是成功者不過期的「通行證」 - 中國熱點". web.archive.org. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  51. ^ "时事大家谈: "躺平"为何在中国突然流行并引发争议？". web.archive.org. 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  52. ^ "光明网评论员：年轻人选择"躺平"，也是在传递信号 _光明网". web.archive.org. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  53. ^ "China's new 'tang ping' trend aims to highlight pressures of work culture - BBC News". web.archive.org. 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  54. ^ "Tang ping trend: What is 'lying flat' protest in China | The Independent". web.archive.org. 2021-06-20. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  55. ^ Teh, Cheryl. "More and more Chinese 20-somethings are rejecting the rat race and 'lying flat' after watching their friends work themselves to death". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  56. ^ "Young Chinese take a stand against pressures of modern life ? by lying down - The Washington Post". web.archive.org. 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  57. ^ Rosenblum, Cassady (2021-08-22). "Opinion | Work Is a False Idol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  58. ^ "中国の若者に広がる"寝そべり主義"とは（日本テレビ系（NNN）） - Yahoo!ニュース". web.archive.org. 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  59. ^ "躺平主义危险吗". web.archive.org. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  60. ^ ""内卷"与"躺平"之间挣扎的中国年轻人 - BBC News 中文". web.archive.org. 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  61. ^ "中共不承認「內卷」，更不容忍青年「躺平」退出這場倖存者遊戲 - The News Lens 關鍵評論網". web.archive.org. 2021-09-12. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  62. ^ Life, Soo Kim; Reporter, Trends (2023-02-03). "More than a third of Americans are "quiet quitting"". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  63. ^ "Before 'quiet quitting,' China was 'lying flat.' How the anti-work movement swept the globe". Fortune. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  64. ^ Ni, Vincent; correspondent, Vincent Ni China affairs (2022-05-26). "The rise of 'bai lan': why China's frustrated youth are ready to 'let it rot'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  65. ^ "Why Chinese youths are going from 'lying flat' to 'letting it rot'". Young Post. 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  66. ^ Salvucci, Jeremy (2024-04-16). "What is quiet quitting? The viral misnomer explained". TheStreet. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  67. ^ Bhuiyan, Samiul (2022-09-05). "THE SAMPO GENERATION OF SOUTH KOREA". Medium. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  68. ^ "Sampo generation", Wikipedia, 2024-03-18, retrieved 2024-04-23
  69. ^ "Freeter", Wikipedia, 2023-11-13, retrieved 2024-04-23
  70. ^ "Freeters | Japan Experience". www.japan-experience.com. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  71. ^ "NEET", Wikipedia, 2024-03-28, retrieved 2024-04-23

Further reading[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang_ping&oldid=1220941611"