List of bishops of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine

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This is the list of the bishops of the Ukrainian Church including current Orthodox Church of Ukraine and its direct predecessors the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate, as well as depicting the organization of the church.

For church and clergy associated with the Latin Church and descendant of the Ruthenian Uniate Church, see Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

Current bishops[edit]

Ruling bishops[edit]

Each ruling bishop is put in charge of a subdivision of OCU called an eparchy. Ruling bishops can be awarded higher ranks of archbishop and metropolitan for their services to the Church. Every ruling bishop can be chosen to fill a seat in the Holy Synod of the OCU. Ruling bishops can partake in consecration of new bishops at their own will.

The Head of OCU is also among the ruling bishops, as the de jure head of the eparchy of Kyiv.

Name Rank Title Consecration
Date Lead consecrator
Epiphanius (Dumenko) metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine November 15, 2009 Philaret (Denysenko)
Andrew (Abramchuk) metropolitan of Halychyna April 7, 1990 John (Bodnarchuk)
Romanus (Balashchuk) metropolitan of Vinnytsia and Bratslav May 22, 1990[p 1] John (Bodnarchuk)
Volodymyr (Ladyka) metropolitan of Mykolaiv and Bohoiavlensk March 13, 1993 Philaret (Denysenko)
Hadrian (Starina) metropolitan of Bohorodsk[p 2] February 6, 1994 Volodymyr (Romaniuk)[2]
Simon (Shostatsky) metropolitan of Vinnytsia and Bar May 4, 1996 Volodymyr (Sabodan)
Macarius (Maletych) metropolitan of Lviv November 3, 1996 Demetrios (Yarema)
Joasaph (Vasylykiv) metropolitan of Ivano-Frankivsk and Halych April 6, 1997 Philaret (Denysenko)
Demetrios (Rudiuk) metropolitan of Lviv and Sokal July 16, 2000 Philaret (Denysenko)
Clemence (Kushch) metropolitan of Simferopol and Crimea July 23, 2000 Philaret (Denysenko)
Michael (Zinkevych) metropolitan of Lutsk and Volhynia October 22, 2000 Philaret (Denysenko)
Sergius (Horobtsov) metropolitan of Donetsk and Mariupol December 14, 2002 Philaret (Denysenko)
John (Yaremenko) metropolitan of Cherkasy and Chyhyryn March 30, 2003 Philaret (Denysenko)
Nestor (Pysyk) metropolitan of Ternopil and Kremenets March 5, 2006 Philaret (Denysenko)
Theodore (Bubnyuk) metropolitan of Poltava and Kremenchuk October 20, 2006 Philaret (Denysenko)
Alexander (Drabynko) metropolitan of Pereyaslav and Vyshneve December 19, 2007 Volodymyr (Sabodan)
Hilarion (Protsyk) metropolitan of Rivne and Ostroh May 14, 2008 Philaret (Denysenko)
Eustratius (Zorya) metropolitan of Bila Tserkva May 25, 2008 Philaret (Denysenko)
Jacob (Makarchuk) archbishop of Drohobych and Sambir November 8, 1998 Demetrios (Yarema)
Methodius (Sribniak) archbishop of Sumy and Okhtyrka June 6, 2004 Philaret (Denysenko)
Lawrence (Myhovych) archbishop of Luhansk and Starobilsk December 13, 2004 Methodius (Kudriakov)
Onuphrius (Khavruk) archbishop of Chernivtsi and Kitsman October 30, 2005 Philaret (Denysenko)
Michael (Bondarchuk) archbishop of Vinnytsia and Tulchyn January 1, 2006 Philaret (Denysenko)
Matthew (Shevchuk) archbishop of Volodymyr and Novovolynsk December 17, 2006 Philaret (Denysenko)
Mark (Levkiv) archbishop of Kropyvnytskyi and Holovanivsk February 1, 2009 Philaret (Denysenko)
Volodymyr (Shlapak) archbishop of Zhytomyr and Polisia June 21, 2009 Methodius (Kudriakov)
Athanasius (Shkurupii) archbishop of Kharkiv and Izium November 15, 2009 Methodius (Kudriakov)
Herman (Semanchuk) archbishop of Chernivtsi and Khotyn November 16, 2009 Methodius (Kudriakov)
Simon (Zinkevych) archbishop of Dnipro and lands of The Sich November 21, 2009 Philaret (Denysenko)
Tycho (Petraniuk) archbishop of Ternopil and Buchach November 22, 2009 Philaret (Denysenko)
Athanasius (Yavorskyi) archbishop of Odesa and Balta August 21, 2011 Philaret (Denysenko)
Metrophanes (Butynskyi) archbishop of Kharkiv and Sloboda lands August 25, 2013 Philaret (Denysenko)
Cyril (Mykhailiuk) bishop of Uzhhorod and Khust August 3, 2003 Philaret (Denysenko)
Paul (Kravchuk) bishop of Ternopil and Terebovlia March 29, 2009 Philaret (Denysenko)
Julian (Hatala) bishop of Kolomyia and Kosiv February 19, 2012 Philaret (Denysenko)
Photius (Davydenko) bishop of Zaporizhia and Melitopol December 17, 2014 Philaret (Denysenko)
Barsanuphius (Rudnik) bishop of Uzhhorod and Transcarpathia January 25, 2015 Philaret (Denysenko)
Viktor (Bed) bishop of Mukachevo and Carpathians August 14, 2015 Macarius (Maletych)
Boris (Kharko) bishop of Kherson and Kakhovka August 23, 2015 Macarius (Maletych)
Paisius (Kukharchuk) bishop of Zhytomyr and Ovruch January 29, 2017 Philaret (Denysenko)
Sabbas (Fryziuk) bishop of Donetsk and Sloviansk May 14, 2017 Macarius (Maletych)
Paul (Yurystyi) bishop of Khmelnytskyi and Kamianets-Podilsky January 28, 2018 Philaret (Denysenko)
Gabriel (Kryzyna) bishop of Rivne and Sarny September 2, 2018 Macarius (Maletych)
Nicodemus (Kulyhin) bishop of Kherson and Taurida December 4, 2019 Epiphanius (Dumenko)
Anthony (Firley) bishop of Chernihiv and Nizhyn June 2, 2022 Epiphanius (Dumenko)

Vicar bishops[edit]

Vicar bishops serve as helpers to the ruling bishop of their eparchy. Vicar bishops cannot be awarded a higher rank, except if they were made an archbishop before becoming a vicar in the OCU, usually by being a ruling bishop of the OCU or another Orthodox Church (metropolitans cannot become vicars). Vicar bishops cannot be chosen to fill a seat in the Holy Synod of the OCU (with one exception). All vicar bishops can partake in the consecration of new bishops at will.

The archbishop of Vyshhorod is a special case among the vicar bishops. As the de facto ruling bishop of the eparchy of Kyiv, he is officially equated in rights but not in name to a ruling bishop, and can be chosen to be a part of the Holy Synod. He is also awarded the title of archbishop immediately upon taking office.

Name Rank Title Eparchy Consecration
Date Lead consecrator
Alexander (Reshetniak) archbishop of Yahotyn Kyiv January 16, 1994 Volodymyr (Romaniuk)[2]
Iziaslav (Karha) archbishop of Makariv Kyiv September 11, 1994 Volodymyr (Romaniuk)[3][2]
Agapetus (Humeniuk)[p 3] archbishop of Vyshhorod Kyiv August 8, 2010 Philaret (Denysenko)
Pancras (Matviyevskyi) bishop of Sloviansk Donetsk March 28, 2003 Philaret (Denysenko)
John (Shvets) bishop of Bilhorod Kyiv October 29, 2010 Methodius (Kudriakov)
Volodymyr (Cherpak) bishop of Fastiv Kyiv November 16, 2010 Methodius (Kudriakov)
Paul (Mysak) bishop of Kolomyia Ivano-Frankivsk February 15, 2018 Macarius (Maletych)
Epiphanius (Dimitriou) bishop of Olbia Kyiv May 26, 2019 Epiphanius (Dumenko)
Theognostus (Bodoryak) bishop of Bohorodchany Ivano-Frankivsk and Halych February 13, 2022 Epiphanius (Dumenko)
Ephrem (Khomiak) bishop of Vasylkiv Kyiv February 26, 2023 Epiphanius (Dumenko)

Titular bishops[edit]

Titular bishops have the duties normally assigned to a priest in the eparchy, but unlike priests they answer directly to the Head of the Church and the Holy Synod, bypassing the ruling bishop. Titular bishops cannot be chosen to fill a seat in the Holy Synod, but can partake in consecration of new bishops at their own will.

Name Rank Title Consecration
Date Lead consecrator
Mark (Hrynchevskyi) bishop of Dunayivtsi December 17, 2009 Philaret (Denysenko)
Gerontius (Olianskyi) bishop of Boyarka September 14, 2014 Methodius (Kudriakov)

Retired bishops[edit]

Retired bishops are freed of their episcopal duties by the Holy Synod. They can partake in consecration of a new bishop, but only with a permission from the Head of the Church.

Name Rank Title Consecration
Date Lead consecrator
Philaret (Denysenko) metropolitan formerly of Kyiv, patriarch-emerite February 4, 1962 Poemen (Izvekov)
Daniel (Kovalchuk) metropolitan formerly of Chernivtsi and Bukovyna April 28, 1990[p 4] John (Bodnarchuk)
Damian (Zamarayev) archbishop formerly of Kherson and Taurida October 19, 1997 Philaret (Denysenko)
Hadrian (Kulyk) bishop formerly titular of Shepetivka February 16, 2011 Methodius (Kudriakov)

Former bishops[edit]

Died[edit]

  • Job (Pavlyshyn), formerly the archbishop of Ternopil and Kremenets (consecrated on 11 May 1995, retired in 2015, died 8 February 2019)
  • John (Boichuk), formerly the bishop of Kolomyia and Kosiv (consecrated on 7 July 1996, retired on 8 March 2013, died 2 November 2020)
  • Anthony (Makhota), metropolitan of Khmelnytskyi and Kamianets-Podilsky (consecrated on 21 July 1996, died in office on 23 March 2021)
  • Michael (Laroche), metropolitan of Korsun (consecrated on 12 May 1996, died in office on 14 April 2022)

Excommunicated[edit]

  • Joasaph (Shibaev), metropolitan of Belgorod and Oboyansk (consecrated on February 19, 1995, excommunicated on June 24, 2019)
  • Peter (Moskalyov), bishop of Valuiki (consecrated on December 13, 2008, excommunicated on June 24, 2019)
  • Philaret (Pancu), bishop of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (consecrated on July 31, 2005, excommunicated on July 20, 2020)

Bishops of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church[edit]

The church revival in Ukraine has started on efforts of bishop of the Ukrainian Exarchate Ioan (Bodnarchuk) in 1989-90. In April of 1992 Ioan (Bodnarchuk) was banned from the church. In June of 1992 most of bishops joined the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP) as part of the first unification attempt, while only Bishop of Chernivtsi Danyil did not rush with his decision. Patriarch Mstyslav excommunicated Metropolitan Antoniy and Archbishop Romaniuk who joined the unification with Metropolitan Filaret. In December of 1992 Bishop Danyil finally joined UOC-KP, while at the same time Archbishop of Lviv Petro decided to stay as part of the original Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC).

Former Bishops of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church[edit]

Left the Church for UOC – KP before 2018[edit]

Left the Church for the Moscow Patriarchate and others[edit]

Died[edit]

Excommunicated[edit]

  • Ioan (Bodnarchuk) (1977 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Zhytomyr and Ovruch (Ukrainian Exarchate, 1977–1989), Archbishop/Metropolitan of Lviv and Galicia (1989–1992), Metropolitan of Zhytomyr and Ovruch (1992), excommunicated)
  • Volodymyr (Romaniuk) (1990 by Ioan (Bodnarchuk) as Bishop of Uzhhorod and Vynohradiv (1990), Vicar Archbishop of Bila Tserkva (1990–1991), Vicar Archbishop of Vyshhorod (1991–1992), excommunicated)
  • Roman (Balashchuk) (1990 by Ioan (Bodnarchuk) as Bishop/Archbishop of Chernihiv and Sumy (1990–1992), joined UOC-KP (?excommunicated))
  • Antoniy (Masendych) (1990 by Ioan (Bodnarchuk) as Bishop/Archbishop of Rivne and Zhytomyr (1990–1992), Metropolitan of Pereyaslav and Sicheslav (1992), excommunicated)
  • Sofroniy (Vlasov) (1992 by Antoniy (Masendych) as Bishop of Vinnytsia and Kirovohrad (1992), Bishop of Zhytomyr and Ovruch (1992), joined UOC-KP (?excommunicated))
  • Mykhail (Dutkevych) (returned (1993) as Bishop of Bila Tserkva and Uman (1993–2001), created Ukrainian Apostolate Orthodox Church)
  • Feoktist (Peresada) (1993 by Petro (Petrus) as Bishop/Archbishop of Lutsk and Volhynia (1993–1997), retired (1997–2001), joined Ukrainian Apostolate Orthodox Church)
  • Ihor (Isichenko) (1993 by Petro (Petrus) as Bishop/Archbishop of Kharkiv and Poltava (1993–2003), created separate organization within own eparchy)
  • Mstyslav (Huk) (2010 by Methodius (Kudriakov) as vicar Bishop of Ternopil and Chervonohrad (2010–2015), Archbishop of Ternopil (2015–2016), Archbishop of Khmelnytskyi and Kamianets-Podilskyi (2016–2017), banned)

Bishops of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church[edit]

  • Filaret (Denysenko) (joined (1992) as Metropolitan/Patriarch of Kyiv (1992–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Danyil (Kovalchuk) (joined (1992) as Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Chernivtsi and Bukovyna (1992–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Volodymyr (Ladyka) (1993 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Vinnytsia and Bratslav (1993), Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Mykolaiv and Bohoyavlensky (1993–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Oleksandr (Reshetniak) (1994 by Volodymyr (Romaniuk) as vicar Bishop/Archbishop of Bila Tserkva (1994–2013), vicar Archbishop of Bohuslav (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Adrian (Staryna) (1994 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Dnipropetrovsk and Kryvyi Rih (1994–2009), Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Bohorodsk (1994–2018), Metropolitan of Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol (2009–2011), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Izyaslav (Karha) (1994 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Nikopol (1994–1995), Bishop of Donetsk and Luhansk (1995–1996), Bishop/Archbishop of Zhytomyr and Ovruch (1996–2017), vicar Archbishop of Makariv (2017–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Ioasaf (Shybayev) (1995 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Bilhorod and Oboyan (1995–2018), Exarch of Russia (2017–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Michel (Larouche) (came from Holy Synod of Milan (1996) as Bishop of Lyon (1996–1998), Metropolitan of Paris (1998–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Antoniy (Makhota) (1996 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Simferopol and Crimea (1996–1997), Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Khmelnytskyi and Kamianets-Podilskyi (1997–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Ioasaf (Vasylykiv) (1997 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Donetsk and Luhansk (1997), Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Ivano-Frankivsk and Galicia (1997–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Damian (Zamarayev) (1997 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop of Kherson and Tavria (1997–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Ioan (Boychuk) (came from UAOC (1997) as Bishop of Kolomyia and Kosiv (1997–2013), retired (2013–2018), admitted to Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Dmytro (Rudiuk) (2000 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi (2000–2010), Metropolitan of Lviv and Sokal (2010–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Klyment (Kushch) (2000 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Simferopol and Crimea (2000–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Mykhail (Zinkevych) (2000 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Sumy and Okhtyrka (2000–2002), Bishop of Chernihiv and Nizhyn (2002–2004), Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Lutsk and Volhynia (2004–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Sergi (Horobtsov) (2002 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Sloviansk (2002–2008), Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Donetsk and Mariupol (2008–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Vsevolod (Matvievsky) (2003 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Luhansk and Starobilsk (2003–2009), vicar Bishop of Sloviansk (2009–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Ioan (Yaremenko) (2003 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop/Metropolitan of Cherkasy and Chyhyryn (2003–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Mefodiy (Sribnyak) (2004 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop of Sumy and Okhtyrka (2004–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Filaret (Pancu) (2005 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop of Fălești and East Moldova (2005–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Onufriy (Khavruk) (2005 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Derman (2005–2006), Bishop/Archbishop of Vinnytsia and Bratslav (2006–2013), Archbishop of Chernivtsi and Kitsman (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Nestor (Pysyk) (2006 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop of Ternopil and Kremenets (2006–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Fedir (Bubniuk) (2006 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop of Poltava and Kremenchuk (2006–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Matfei (Shevchuk) (2006 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Drohobych and Sambir (2006–2012), vicar Bishop of Volodymyr-Volynskyi (2012–2017), Bishop of Volodymyr and Turiysk (2017–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Ilarion (Protsyk) (2008 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Chernihiv and Nizhyn (2008–2012), Archbishop of Rivne and Ostroh (2012–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Evstratiy (Zoria) (2008 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Vasylkiv (2008–2011), vicar Bishop of Bohuslav (2011–2012), Archbishop of Chernihiv and Nizhyn (2012–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Petro (Moskalyov) (2008 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Valuiky (2008–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Mark (Levkiv) (2009 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Kropyvnytskyi and Holovanivsk (2009–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Pavlo (Kravchuk) (2009 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Ternopil and Terebovlia (2009–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Epifaniy (Dumenko) (2009 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Vyshhorod (2009–2010), Bishop/Arhbishop/Metropolitan of Pereyaslav and Bila Tserkva (2010–2018), vicar Patriarch (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Symeon (Zinkevych) (2009 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop/Archbishop of Dnipro and Kryvyi Rih (2009–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Mark (Hrynchevsky) (2009 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Chernivtsi and Kitsman (2009–2013), Bishop of Odesa and Balta (2013–2018), Bishop-Paroch of Church of the Nativity of Christ (2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Ahapit (Humeniuk) (2010 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop/Archbishop of Vyshhorod (2010–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Afanasiy (Yavorsky) (2011 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Konotop (2011–2013), Bishop of Luhansk and Starobilsk (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Mykhail (Bondarchuk) (returned from UAOC (2011) as vicar Bishop of Dubno (2011–2012), Bishop of Drohobych and Sambir (2012–2013), Bishop/Archbishop of Vinnytsia and Bratslav (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Yulian (Hatala) (2012 by Filaret (Denysenko) as vicar Bishop of Horodok (2012–2013), Bishop of Kolomyia and Kosiv (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Mytrofan (Butynsky) (2013 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Kharkiv and Bohodukhiv (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Ioan (Shvets) (came from UAOC (2013) as Bishop-Paroch of Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Adrian (Kulyk) (came from UAOC (2013) as Bishop-Paroch of St. Great Martyr George the Victorious (2013–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Fotiy (Davydenko) (2014 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Zaporizhia and Melitopol (2014–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Vorsonofiy (Rudnik) (2015 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Uzhhorod and Trans-Carpathian (2015–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Paisiy (Kukharchuk) (2017 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Zhytomyr and Ovruch (2017–2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)
  • Pavlo (Yurysty) (2018 by Filaret (Denysenko) as Bishop of Odesa and Balta (2018), joined Orthodox Church of Ukraine)

Former Bishops of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – KP[edit]

Left the Church for UAOC before 2018[edit]

Left the Church for Moscow Patriarchate or others[edit]

Died[edit]

Excommunicated[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Reconsecrated on 16 September 1992 by Philaret (Denysenko).[1]
  2. ^ Bohorodsk is the original name of the Russian city of Noginsk. As a bishopric outside of Ukraine, it should be transferred under the jurisdiction of Constantinople.
  3. ^ equated to ruling
  4. ^ Reconsecrated on 16 December 1992 by Anthony (Masendych) and Sophronius (Vlasov).[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Щодо ролі патріарха Філарета в архієрейських хіротоніях. Archived 13 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ^ a b c d Лозовий, Марко. ""Ієрархія" ряджених". Україна православна. Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
  3. ^ Архієрей. Archived 1 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Щодо ролі патріарха Філарета в архієрейських хіротоніях. www.religion.in.ua

External links[edit]