List of Princeton University people (United States Congress, Supreme Court, Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention)

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This list of people associated with Princeton University includes graduates who have served in the national government of the United States.

Senate[edit]

The United States Senate is the upper house of Congress. Princetonians have a long history of service in the Senate. The Senate of the First Congress included three Princeton alumni (Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut,[1] William Paterson of New Jersey,[2] and John Henry of Maryland[3]), two more who attended Princeton but did not graduate (John Brown of Virginia, later Kentucky, and Benjamin Hawkins of North Carolina), and one Princeton Trustee (Jonathan Elmer of New Jersey). Alexander Leitch wrote in 1978 of the Senate, "Since its establishment in 1789 it has been without a Princetonian only twenty years."[4] This is still the case: Claiborne Pell served 1961–97,[5] Kit Bond served 1987–2011,[6][7] Jeff Merkley has served since 2009, and Ted Cruz has served since 2013. If Cruz completes his current term, he will represent Princeton in the Senate through 2025. Princetonians have represented 26 of the 50 U.S. states in the Senate.

John Brown served in the Senate first from Virginia and then from Kentucky after its admission as a state.[8] He is listed twice for convenience of sorting by state.

Name Affiliation State Service Notes Refs
John Armstrong Jr. Att New York 1800–02, 1804 Minister to France, 1804–1810. Minister to Spain, 1806. Secretary of War, 1813–14. [9]
Dewey F. Bartlett B 1942 Oklahoma 1973–79 Governor, 1967–71. [10]
David Baird Jr. B 1903 New Jersey 1929–30 [11]
William Barbour Att New Jersey 1931–37, 1938–43 [12]
James Bayard B 1784 Delaware 1804–13 [13]
Richard Bayard B 1814 Delaware 1836–39, 1841–45. Chargé d'affaires to Belgium, 1850–53. [14]
John Macpherson Berrien B 1781 Georgia 1825–29, 1841–45, 1845–52 Attorney General, 1829–31. [15]
Hiram Bingham III F Connecticut 1924–33 Credited with the discovery of Machu Picchu. [16]
Francis Preston Blair Jr. B 1841 Missouri 1871–73 Major general for the Union during the American Civil War. [17]
Bill Bradley B 1965 New Jersey 1979–97 NBA player, 1967–77. Gold medalist in basketball in the 1964 Summer Olympics. [18]
Daniel Brewster Att 1942 Maryland 1963–69. [19][20]
John Brown Att Virginia 1789–92 U.S. Senator from Kentucky, 1792–1805. President pro tempore, 1803, 1804. Listed twice; see above. [8][21]
John Brown Att Kentucky 1792–1805 U.S. Senator from Kentucky, 1789–92. President pro tempore, 1803, 1804. Listed twice; see above. [8][21]
Aaron Burr B 1772 New York 1791–97 Vice President of the United States, 1801–05. [22]
Kit Bond B 1960 Missouri 1987–2011 Governor, 1973–77, 1981–85. [6][7]
Jacob Burnet B 1791 Ohio 1828–31. [23]
J. Donald Cameron B 1852 Pennsylvania 1877–97 Secretary of War, 1876–77. Chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1880. [24]
George W. Campbell B 1794 Tennessee 1811–14, 1815–18 Secretary of the Treasury, 1814. Minister to Russia, 1818–21. [25]
James Chesnut Jr. B 1837 South Carolina 1858–60 Confederate brigadier general, 1864. [26]
John E. Colhoun B 1774 South Carolina 1801–02 [27]
Alfred Colquitt B 1844 Georgia 1883–94 Governor, 1876–80. [28]
Walter Colquitt Att Georgia 1843–48 Congressman, 1839–49 [29]
Ted Cruz B 1992 Texas 2013– Solicitor General of Texas, 2003–08 [30]
Alfred Cuthbert B 1803 Georgia 1835–43 [31]
John Danforth B 1958 Missouri 1976–95 Ambassador to the United Nations, 2004–05. [32]
Jonathan Dayton B 1776 New Jersey 1799–1805 U.S. House Speaker, 1795–99. [33]
William Dayton B 1825 New Jersey 1842–51 Republican Party nominee for Vice President, 1856. Minister to France, 1861–64. [34]
Mahlon Dickerson B 1789 New Jersey 1817–33. Governor, 1815–17. Secretary of the Navy, 1834–38. [35]
James H. Duff B 1904 Pennsylvania 1951–57 Governor, 1947–51. [36]
John Foster Dulles B 1908 New York 1949 Secretary of State, 1953–59. [37]
Henry W. Edwards B 1797 Connecticut 1823–27 Governor, 1833–34, 1835–38. [3]
Oliver Ellsworth B 1766 Connecticut 1789–96 Chief Justice of the United States, 1796–1800. Minister to France, 1799–1800. [1]
Jonathan Elmer T 1782–95 New Jersey 1789–91 [38]
Richard Stockton Field B 1821, F 1847 New Jersey 1862–63 [39]
John Forsyth B 1799 Georgia 1818–19, 1829–34 Governor, 1827–29. Secretary of State, 1834–41. [40]
Frederick Frelinghuysen B 1770 New Jersey 1793–96 [41]
Theodore Frelinghuysen B 1804 New Jersey 1829–35 Whig Party candidate for Vice President, 1844. President of Rutgers College, 1850–62. [42]
Bill Frist B 1974; T 1974–78, 1991–2001; F 2007–08 Tennessee 1995–2007 Senate Majority Leader, 2003–07. [43][44][45][46]
Edward Gay B 1901 Louisiana 1918–21 [4][47]
William B. Giles B 1781 Virginia 1804–15 Governor, 1827–30. [48]
George Gray B 1859 Delaware 1885–99 [49]
Joseph F. Guffey Att 1890–91 Pennsylvania 1935–47 [50][51]
John S. Hager B 1836 California 1873–75 [52]
Robert G. Harper B 1785 South Carolina 1816 [53]
Benjamin Hawkins Att North Carolina 1789–95 [54]
John Henry B 1769 Maryland 1789–97 Governor, 1797–98. [55]
Kaneaster Hodges B 1960 Arkansas 1977–79 [56]
Daniel E. Huger B 1798 South Carolina 1843–45. [57]
John L. M. Irby Att South Carolina 1891–97 [58]
James Iredell B 1806 North Carolina 1828–31 [59]
Alfred Iverson Sr. B 1820 Georgia 1855–61 [60]
James K. Kelly B 1839 Oregon 1871–77 [61]
John F. Kennedy Att 1935 Massachusetts 1953–60 President of the United States, 1961–63. U.S. Representative, 1947–53. [62][63]
Blair Lee I B 1880 Maryland 1914–17 [64]
Samuel Livermore B 1752 New Hampshire 1793–1801 President pro tempore, 1796, 1799. [21][65]
Edward Livingston B 1781 Louisiana 1829–31 Mayor of New York City, 1801–03. Secretary of State, 1831–33. Ambassador to France, 1833–35. [66]
George R. Lunn GS New York 1917–19 [67]
Nathaniel Macon B 1777 North Carolina 1815–28 President pro tem, 1826–27. U.S. Representative from North Carolina, 1791–1815; Speaker, 1801–07. [21][68][69]
Alexander Martin B 1756 North Carolina 1793–99 Acting Governor, 1781–82. Governor, 1782–84, 1789–92. [70]
Jonathan Mason B 1774 Massachusetts 1800–03 [71]
Jeff Merkley MPA 1982 Oregon 2009– [72]
Arnold Naudain B 1806 Delaware 1830–36 [73]
Aaron Ogden B 1773, T 1803–39 New Jersey 1802–03 Governor, 1812. [74]
William Paterson B 1763 New Jersey 1789–90 Governor, 1791–93. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1793–1806. [2]
James Pearce B 1822 Maryland 1843–62 [75]
Claiborne Pell B 1940 Rhode Island 1961–97 [5]
Atlee Pomerene B 1884 Ohio 1911–23 [76]
Thomas Pratt Att Maryland 1850–57 Governor of Maryland, 1845–48. [77]
John Randolph Att Virginia 1825–27 Minister to Russia, 1830. Co-founder of the American Colonization Society. [78]
David A. Reed B 1900 Pennsylvania 1922–35 [79]
Thomas Reed Att Mississippi 1826–27, 1829 [80]
John Rutherfurd B 1779 New Jersey 1791–98 [81]
Paul Sarbanes B 1954, T 2002–06 Maryland 1977–2007 [82][83]
Howard Alexander Smith B 1901, F 1927–30 New Jersey 1944–59 [84]
Samuel Southard B 1804 New Jersey 1821–23, 1833–42 Secretary of the Navy, 1823–29. Interim Secretary of the Treasury, 1825. Interim Secretary of War, 1828. Governor, 1832–33. [85]
John P. Stockton B 1843 New Jersey 1865–66, 1869–75 U.S. Ambassador to Italy, 1858–61. [86]
Robert F. Stockton Att New Jersey 1851–53 Officer in the Mexican–American War. [87]
Richard Stockton B 1779 New Jersey 1796–99 [88]
David Stone B 1788 North Carolina 1801–07, 1813–14 Governor, 1808–10. [89]
John Taylor B 1790 South Carolina 1810–16 Governor, 1826–28. [90]
John Renshaw Thomson Att New Jersey 1853–62 [91]
Isaac Tichenor B 1775 Vermont 1796–97, 1815–21. Governor, 1797–1807, 1808–09. [92]
George Troup B 1797 Georgia 1816–18, 1829–33. Governor, 1823–27. [93]
Nicholas Van Dyke B 1788 Delaware 1817–26 [94]
Abraham B. Venable B 1780 Virginia 1803–04 [95]
John W. Walker B 1806 Alabama 1819–22 Inaugural U.S. Senator. [96]
James W. Wall B 1838 New Jersey 1863 [97]
George Howard Williams B 1894 Missouri 1925–26 [98]

House of Representatives[edit]

The House of Representatives is the lower house of Congress. Princetonians have a long history of service in the House. Alexander Leitch noted in 1978 that the House "has not been without a Princeton alumnus in its membership in any year since it first met in 1789."[69] As of 2015, this remains the case.

Princetonians have served 24 of the 50 U.S. states in the House. Two served as nonvoting delegates from Arkansas Territory and Michigan Territory before these territories became states.

Name Affiliation State Service Notes Refs
Evan Alexander B 1787 North Carolina 1806–09 [99]
Bruce Alger B 1940 Texas 1955–65 [100]
Willis Alston Att North Carolina 1825–31 [101]
Abram Andrew B 1893, T 1932–36 Massachusetts 1921–26 [102]
Arthur Glenn Andrews B 1931 Alabama 1965–67 [103]
Walter Gresham Andrews B 1913, Football coach 1913–15 New York 1931–49 [104]
John Archer B 1760 Maryland 1801–07 [105]
Stevenson Archer I B 1805 Maryland 1811–17, 1819–21 [106]
Stevenson Archer II B 1848 Maryland 1867–75 [107]
James Armstrong Att Pennsylvania 1793–95 [108]
William Armstrong B 1847 Pennsylvania 1869–71 [109]
John Bacon B 1765 Massachusetts 1801–03 [110]
Alexander Bailey B 1837 New York 1867–71 [111]
Joseph Bailey B 1915 Texas 1933–35 [112]
David Bard B 1773 Pennsylvania 1795–99, 1803–15 [113]
James W. Bates B 1807 Arkansas Territory 1819–23 Nonvoting Delegate. [114]
Thomas Bayly B 1797 Maryland 1817–23 [115]
Thomas M. Bayly B 1794 Virginia 1813–15 [116]
John Beatty B 1769, T 1787–1802 New Jersey 1793–95 [117]
Cleve Benedict B 1959 West Virginia 1981–83 [118]
Christopher Bergen B 1863 New Jersey 1889–93 [119]
Charles J. Biddle B 1837 Pennsylvania 1861–63 [120]
John Biddle Att Michigan Territory 1829–31 Nonvoting Delegate. [121]
Alexander Boteler B 1835 Virginia 1859–61 [122]
Elias Boudinot T 1772–1821 New Jersey 1789–95 Director of the U.S. Mint, 1794–1805. [123]
Thomas Fielder Bowie Att Maryland 1885–59 [124]
Obadiah Bowne Att 1838–40 New York 1851–53 [125]
Lawrence Branch B 1838 North Carolina 1855–61 Brigadier general in the Confederate Army. [126]
James Broom B 1794 Delaware 1805–07 [127]
George Houston Brown B 1828 New Jersey 1851–53 [128]
Charles Browne B 1896, AM 1900, F New Jersey 1923–35 Mayor of Princeton, 1914–23. [129][130]
Andrew Bruyn B 1810 New York 1837–38 [131]
Ken Buck B 1980 Colorado 2015– [132]
Chester Butler B 1817 Pennsylvania 1847–50 [133]
Jesse Bynum Att 1818–19 North Carolina 1833–41 [134]
Richard Carmichael B 1828 Maryland 1833–35 [135]
George Chambers B 1804 Pennsylvania 1833–37 [136]
William Chetwood B 1792 New Jersey 1836–37 [137]
James West Clark B 1797 North Carolina 1815–17 [138]
James M. Clarke B 1939 North Carolina 1983–85, 1987–91 [139]
Isaiah Clawson B 1840 New Jersey 1855–59 [140]
Hiester Clymer B 1847 Pennsylvania 1873–81 [141]
Joseph H. Crane Att Ohio 1829–37 [142]
Lewis Condict T 1827–61 New Jersey 1811–17, 1821–33 [143]
Silas Condit B 1795 New Jersey 1831–33 [144]
Edward Colston B 1806 Virginia 1817–19 [145]
Barnes Compton B 1851 Maryland 1885–90, 1891–94 [146]
Joseph Cottman Att 1821 Maryland 1851–53 [147]
John Cowen B 1866 Maryland 1895–97 [148]
Thomas Crago B 1893 Pennsylvania 1911–13, 1915–21, 1921–23 [149]
Thomas Hartley Crawford B 1804 Pennsylvania 1829–33 [150]
George Crump B 1805 Virginia 1826–27 [151]
Elisha Cullen Att Delaware 1855–57 [152]
John A. Cuthbert B 1805 Georgia 1819–21 [153]
Jonathan Dayton B 1776 New Jersey 1791–99 Speaker, 1795–99. U.S. Senator, 1799–1805. [33]
William Dewart B 1839 Pennsylvania 1857–59 [154]
Samuel Eager B 1809 New York 1830–31 [155]
Henry W. Edwards B 1797 Connecticut 1819–23 U.S. Senator, 1823–27. Governor, 1833–34, 1835–38. [3]
Lucas Elmendorf B 1782 New York 1797–1803 [156]
James Everhart B 1842 Pennsylvania 1883–87 [157]
Michael Feighan B 1927 Ohio 1943–71 [158]
John Van Lear Findlay B 1858 Maryland 1883–87 [159]
Hubert Fisher GS 1900–01 Tennessee 1917–31 [160]
Franklin Fort B 1901 New Jersey 1925–31 [161]
Samuel Fowler Att New Jersey 1889–93 [162]
Peter Frelinghuysen B 1938 New Jersey 1953–75 [163]
Henry M. Fuller B 1839 Pennsylvania 1851–53, 1855–57 [164]
Joseph Gaines B 1886 West Virginia 1901–11 [165]
Mike Gallagher B 2006 Wisconsin 2017– [166]
Ralph Gamble B 1909 New York 1937–57 [167]
Robert S. Garnett Att Virginia 1817–27 [168]
William Gaston B 1796 North Carolina 1813–17 [169]
Elmer Geran B 1899 New Jersey 1923–25 [170]
James Gholson B 1820 Virginia 1833–35 [171]
Richard Habersham B 1810 Georgia 1839–42. [172]
Charles Haight B 1857 New Jersey 1867–71 [173]
William Halstead B 1812 New Jersey 1837–39, 1841–43 Elected but not seated, 1839–41. [174]
James G. Hampton B 1835 New Jersey 1845–49 [175]
John A. Hanna B 1782 Pennsylvania 1797–1805 [176]
Robert G. Harper B 1785 South Carolina 1795–1801 U.S. Senator from Maryland, 1816. [53]
Henry S. Harris B 1870 New Jersey 1881–83 [177]
Harry Haskell Att 1940–42 Delaware 1957–59 [178]
William Hayward Jr. B 1808 Maryland 1823–25 [179]
Nan Hayworth B 1981 New York 2011–13 [180]
Ken Hechler F 1947–49 West Virginia 1959–77 [181][182]
John Hinshaw B 1916 California 1939–56 [183]
George Holcombe B 1805 New Jersey 1821–28 [184]
Rush Holt PPPL assistant director, 1989–97. New Jersey 1999–2015 [185]
Benjamin C. Howard B 1809 Maryland 1829–33, 1835–39 [186]
Charles R. Howell Att 1923–24 New Jersey 1949–55 [187]
Nathaniel W. Howell B 1788 New York 1813–15 [188]
William Hudnut B 1954 Indiana 1973–75 Mayor of Indianapolis, 1976–91. [189]
James Imlay B 1786 New Jersey 1797–1801 [190]
Charles Jared Ingersoll Att Pennsylvania 1813–15, 1841–49 [191][192]
Joseph Reed Ingersoll B 1804 Pennsylvania 1835–37, 1841–49 Ambassador to the United Kingdom, 1852–53. [193]
Glenn Ivey B 1983 Maryland 2023– [194]
James M. Jackson B 1845 West Virginia 1889–90 [195]
Kensey Johns Jr. B 1810 Delaware 1827–31 [196]
James T. Jones B 1852 Alabama 1877–79, 1883–89 [197]
Seaborn Jones Att Georgia 1833–35, 1845–47. [198]
Thomas Laurens Jones B 1840 Kentucky 1867–71, 1875–77 [199][200]
David S. Kaufman B 1830 Texas 1846–51 Republic of Texas: House of Representatives, 1839–43; Speaker, 1839–41. Senate, 1843–45. Chargé d'affaires to the United States, 1845. [201][202]
George Keim Att Pennsylvania 1838–43 [203]
John F. Kennedy Att 1935 Massachusetts 1947–53 President of the United States, 1961–63. U.S. Senator, 1953–60. [62][63]
Derek Kilmer B 1996 Washington 2013– [204]
Littleton Kirkpatrick B 1815 New Jersey 1843–45 [205]
William Kirkpatrick B 1788 New York 1807–09 [206]
John Kittera B 1776 Pennsylvania 1791–1801 [207]
Raja Krishnamoorthi B 1995 Illinois 2017– [208]
Jim Leach B 1964, T 2002–06, F 2007–09 Iowa 1977–2007 Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, 2009–2013. [209][210][211]
Leonard Lance MPA 1982 New Jersey 2009–19 [212]
Mel Levine MPA 1966 California 1983–93 [213]
James Linn B 1769 New Jersey 1799–1801 [214]
Edward Livingston B 1781 Louisiana 1823–29 U.S. Secretary of State, 1831–33. Mayor of New York City, 1801–03. U.S. Senator, 1829–31. Ambassador to France, 1833–35. [66]
Robert Le Roy Livingston B New York 1809–12 [215]
Clarence Long AM 1935, PhD 1938 Maryland 1963–85 [216]
Nathaniel Macon B 1777 North Carolina 1791–1815 Speaker, 1801–07. U.S. Senator, 1815–28; President pro tempore, 1826–27. [21][68][69]
Patrick Magruder Att Maryland 1805–07 Librarian of Congress, 1807–15. [217]
Alem Marr B 1807 Pennsylvania 1829–31 [218]
Jim Marshall B 1972 Georgia 2003–11 [219]
John Thomson Mason Jr. B 1836 Maryland 1841–43 [220]
George C. Maxwell B 1792 New Jersey 1811–13 [221]
John Patterson Bryan Maxwell B 1823 New Jersey 1837–39, 1841–43 Elected but not seated, 1839–41. [222]
George B. McClellan Jr. B 1886, F New York 1895–1903 Mayor of New York City, 1903–10. [223]
Walter I. McCoy B 1881 New Jersey 1911–14 [69][224]
Welty McCullogh B 1870 Pennsylvania 1887–89 [225]
Joseph McKibbin Att 1840–42 California 1857–59 [226]
Stewart McKinney Att 1949–51 Connecticut 1971–87 [227]
Robert McKnight B 1839 Pennsylvania 1859–63 [228]
Charles F. Mercer B 1797 Virginia 1817–39 [229]
John J. Milligan B 1814 Delaware 1831–39 [230]
Samuel W. Morris Att Pennsylvania 1837–41 [231]
Henry Nes B 1824 Pennsylvania 1843–45, 1847–50 [69][232]
Nathaniel Niles B 1766 Vermont 1791–95 [233]
John T. Nixon B 1841 New Jersey 1859–63 [234]
Edward Overton B 1856 Pennsylvania 1877–81 [235]
Richard W. Parker B 1867 New Jersey 1895–1911, 1914–19, 1921–23 [236]
John M. Patton B 1816 Virginia 1830–38 [69][237]
George Pearre Att Maryland 1899–1911 [238]
Richmond Pearson B 1872 North Carolina 1895–99, 1900–01 U.S. Envoy to Persia, 1902–07. Envoy to Greece and Montenegro, 1907–09. [239][240]
William Pennington B 1813 New Jersey 1859–61 Speaker, 1859–61. Governor, 1837–43. [241]
Charles E. Phelps B 1852 Maryland 1865–69 [242]
Isaac Pierson B 1789 New Jersey 1827–31 [243]
Otis Pike B 1946 New York 1961–79 [244]
Mahlon Pitney B 1879 New Jersey 1895–99 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1912–22. [245]
Jared Polis B 1996 Colorado 2009–19 Governor of Colorado, 2019– [246]
Alfred H. Powell B 1799 Virginia 1825–27 [69][247]
L. Richardson Preyer B 1941 North Carolina 1969–81 [248]
John Randolph Att Virginia 1799–1813, 1815–17, 1819–25, 1827–29, 1833 U.S. Senator, 1825–27. Minister to Russia, 1830. Co-founder of the American Colonization Society. [78]
John Rhea B 1780 Tennessee 1803–15, 1817–23 [249]
William E. Richardson B 1910 Pennsylvania 1933–37 [250]
John J. Roane Att Virginia 1831–33 [251]
Thomas Robinson Jr. B 1823 Delaware 1839–41 [69][252]
Robert F. Rockwell B 1909 Colorado 1941–49 [69][253]
George B. Rodney B 1820 Delaware 1841–45 [254]
Thomas Ross B 1823 Pennsylvania 1849–53 [255]
Tinsley Rucker Att Georgia 1917 [256]
William Fitts Ryan B 1947 New York 1961–72 [257]
John Sarbanes B 1984 Maryland 2007– [258]
John Scott B 1805 Missouri 1816–17, 1817–21, 1821–27 Nonvoting Delegate from Missouri Territory before August 10, 1821. [259]
John A. Scudder B 1775 New Jersey 1810–11 [260]
John Sergeant B 1795 Pennsylvania 1815–23, 1827–29, 1837–41. National Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States, 1832. [261][262]
Terri Sewell B 1986 Alabama 2011– [263]
Alfred Sieminski B 1934 New Jersey 1951–59 [264]
Roger Slaughter B 1928 Missouri 1943–47 [265]
Isaac Smith B 1755, F 1755–58 New Jersey 1795–97 [266]
Peter Plympton Smith B 1968 Vermont 1989–91 [267]
William Stephens Smith B 1774 New York 1813–15 [268]
John Stanly Att North Carolina 1801–03, 1809–11 [269]
John Stoddert B 1810 Maryland 1833–35 [270]
Michael Strang B 1956 Colorado 1985–87 [271]
John L. N. Stratton B 1836 New Jersey 1859–63 [272]
James Strawbridge B 1844 Pennsylvania 1873–75 [273]
John Augustus Swope B 1847 Pennsylvania 1884–85, 1885–87 [274]
Charles Talcott B 1879 New York 1913–15 [275]
Nathaniel G. Taylor B 1840 Tennessee 1854–55, 1866–67 [276]
Frederick Teese B 1843 New Jersey 1875–77 [277]
Thomas Telfair B 1805 Georgia 1813–17 [278]
George Toland B 1816 Pennsylvania 1837–43 [279]
Thomas Tredwell B 1764 New York 1791–95 [280]
Walter Tucker III Att 1974–76 California 1993–95 [281]
Jeremiah Van Rensselaer B 1758 New York 1789–91 [282]
Stephen Van Rensselaer Att New York 1822–29 Founder of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. [283]
John Vanmeter B 1821 Ohio 1843–45 [284]
Abraham Watkins Venable AM 1819 North Carolina 1847–53 [285]
John Watmough B 1811 Pennsylvania 1831–35 [69][286]
Laurence Hawley Watres B 1904 Pennsylvania 1923–31 [287]
James Moore Wayne B 1808 Georgia 1829–35 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1835–67. [288]
Addison White B 1844 Kentucky 1851–53 [289]
Harry White B 1854 Pennsylvania 1877–81 [290]
William G. Whiteley B 1838 Delaware 1857–61 [291]
James W. Wilkin B 1785 New York 1815–19 [292]
Samuel J. Wilkin B 1812 New York 1831–33 [293]
Seward Williams Att Ohio 1915–17 [294]
Ephraim Wilson B 1790 Maryland 1827–31 [295]
Ira W. Wood B 1877 New Jersey 1904–13 [296]
Silas Wood B 1789 New York 1819–29 [297]
Dudley Wooten B 1875 Texas 1901–03 [298]
John Wurts B 1813 Pennsylvania 1825–27 [299]
Ed Zschau B 1961 California 1983–87 [300]

U.S. Supreme Court[edit]

The Supreme Court of the United States is the nation's highest court. Of the 112 justices to have served on the Supreme Court,[301] 12 have been Princetonians. Three current justices are Princeton graduates. Oliver Ellsworth was the second Chief Justice of the United States; all others listed here were or are Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Name Affiliation Service Notes Refs
Samuel Alito B 1972 2006– [302]
Peter V. Daniel Att 1802–03 1842–60 [303]
Oliver Ellsworth B 1766 1796–1800 U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 1789–96. Minister to France, 1799–1800. [1]
John Marshall Harlan B 1920 1955–71 [304]
William Johnson B 1790 1804–34 [305]
Elena Kagan B 1981 2010– Dean of Harvard Law School, 2003–09. Solicitor General of the United States, 2009–10. [306]
Henry Brockholst Livingston B 1774 1807–23 [307]
William Paterson B 1763 1793–1806 U.S. Senator from New Jersey, 1789–90. Governor of New Jersey, 1791–93. [2]
Mahlon Pitney B 1879 1912–22 U.S. Representative from New Jersey, 1895–99. [245]
Sonia Sotomayor B 1976, T 2007–11 2009– [308][309][310]
Smith Thompson B 1788 1823–43 Secretary of the Navy, 1818–23. [311]
James Moore Wayne B 1808 1835–67 [288]

Continental Congress[edit]

The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774 to plan the colonies' response to the punitive Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament earlier that year. When the Congress's appeal to the British government failed, the Second Continental Congress convened, again in Philadelphia. Meeting 1775–81, it issued the Declaration of Independence and was the provisional government of the United States during the Revolutionary War. It reorganized in 1781 following the adoption of the Articles of Confederation, under which it was known formally as the Congress of the Confederation. Between 1781 and 1789, this body met in several locations, including in Nassau Hall on the Princeton campus for about four months in 1783. It disbanded in 1789 following the ratification of the Constitution.[312][313]

Princetonians represented each of the 13 states except Massachusetts in the Continental Congress. Four of them signed the Declaration of Independence; they are indicated by asterisks (*). Among them was John Witherspoon, a delegate from New Jersey and then the President of Princeton. Trained as a Presbyterian minister, Witherspoon was the only clergyman in the Continental Congress and served often as the body's chaplain.[314] His experience on representative bodies in the ministry prepared him to be especially effective and influential in Congress,[315] where he is said to have served on more committees than any other member.[314]

Name Affiliation State Service Notes Refs
John Armstrong Jr. Att Pennsylvania 1787–88 U.S. Senator from New York, 1800–02, 1803–04. Minister to France, 1804–10. Minister to Spain, 1806. Secretary of War, 1813–14. [9]
John Beatty B 1769, T 1787–1802 New Jersey 1784–85 U.S. Representative, 1793–95. [117]
Gunning Bedford B 1771 Delaware 1783–85 [316]
Elias Boudinot T 1772–1821 New Jersey 1778, 1781–83 President of the Continental Congress, 1782–83. Director of the U.S. Mint, 1795–1805. [317]
William Burnet B 1749 New Jersey 1780–81 [318]
Jonathan Dayton B 1776 New Jersey 1787–88 U.S. Representative, 1791–99; Speaker, 1795–99. U.S. Senator, 1799–1805. [33]
Pierpont Edwards B 1768 Connecticut 1788 [319]
Oliver Ellsworth B 1766 Connecticut 1778–83 U.S. Senator, 1789–96. Chief Justice of the United States, 1796–1800. Minister to France, 1799–1800. [1]
Jonathan Elmer T 1782–95 New Jersey 1777–78, 1781–83, 1787–88 U.S. Senator, 1789–91 [38]
Frederick Frelinghuysen B 1770 New Jersey 1779 U.S. Senator, 1793–96 [41]
John Habersham Att Georgia 1785 [320]
Joseph Habersham Att Georgia 1785 U.S. Postmaster General, 1795–1801. [321]
Benjamin Hawkins Att North Carolina 1781–83, 1787 U.S. Senator, 1789–91, 1791–95. [54]
John Henry B 1769 Maryland 1778–80, 1785–86 U.S. Senator, 1789–97. Governor, 1797–98. [55]
Joseph Hewes* Att North Carolina 1774–76 [322]
William Houston B 1768, F 1769–83 New Jersey 1775–76, 1779–81, 1784–85 [323][324]
David Howell B 1766 Rhode Island 1782–85 [325]
Richard Hutson B 1765 South Carolina 1778–79 [326]
Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee III B 1773, AM 1776 Virginia 1786–88 Governor, 1792–95. Revolutionary War cavalry officer. [327]
Samuel Livermore B 1752 New Hampshire 1780–82, 1785–86 U.S. Senator, 1793–1801; President pro tempore, 1796, 1799. [21][65]
Walter Livingston B 1759 New York 1784–85 [328]
James Madison B 1771, Princeton's first GS Virginia 1780–83, 1787–88 U.S. Secretary of State, 1801–09. President of the United States, 1809–17. "Father of the U.S. Constitution". [329][330]
James Manning B 1762 Rhode Island 1786 Founder and first President of Brown University, 1764–91. [331][332]
Joseph Montgomery B 1755 Pennsylvania 1780–82 [333]
David Ramsay B 1765 South Carolina 1782–83, 1785–86 President pro tempore, 1785–86. [334]
Nathaniel Ramsey B 1767 Maryland 1786–87 [335]
Joseph Reed B 1757 Pennsylvania 1778 President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, 1778–81. [336]
James Randolph Reid B 1775 Pennsylvania 1787–89 [337][338]
Jesse Root B 1756 Connecticut 1778–82 [339]
Benjamin Rumsey Att Maryland 1776–77 [340]
Benjamin Rush* B 1760 Pennsylvania 1776–77 [341]
Nathaniel Scudder B 1751, T 1778–81 New Jersey 1778–79 [342]
Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant B 1762 New Jersey 1776, 1776–77 [343]
William Shippen T 1765–96 Pennsylvania 1779–80 One of the founders of Princeton and UPenn. [344]
Jonathan B. Smith B 1760, T 1779–1808 Pennsylvania 1777–78 [345]
Richard Stockton* B 1748 New Jersey 1776 [346]
John Witherspoon* Pres 1768–94 New Jersey 1776–82 [347]
Henry Wynkoop B 1760 Pennsylvania 1779–82 [338][348]

Constitutional Convention[edit]

The impotence of the national government under the Articles of Confederation prompted the Constitutional Convention, which met in Philadelphia between 25 May and 17 September 1787. This assembly wrote the Constitution of the United States, which came into effect in 1789 after nine states had ratified it.[349]

Princetonians represented six of the 12 states that sent delegations to the convention. (Rhode Island declined to send a delegation.) Ten of the 56 delegates were Princetonians, including four of the five delegates from New Jersey. This compares with five delegates each from the College of William & Mary and Yale College, three each from Harvard College and Columbia College, two from the University of Pennsylvania, and one each from the University of Oxford and the University of Glasgow.[350]

James Madison was the first delegate to arrive at the convention and was so influential there that he came to be known as the "Father of the Constitution". He also argued for the Constitution's ratification in The Federalist Papers, written together with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. As a Representative in the 1st United States Congress, he introduced the Bill of Rights, which became the first ten Amendments to the Constitution.[349][351]

William Paterson and Oliver Ellsworth were also influential at the convention. In response to Madison's Virginia Plan, under which states would be represented in Congress in proportion to their population and taxes paid, Paterson authored the New Jersey Plan, which called for equal representation for each state. Together with his Connecticut colleague Roger Sherman, Ellsworth crafted the Connecticut Compromise, also called the Great Compromise, which blended the two plans. This plan, which specified a bicameral legislature with one house apportioned by population and the other in which the states would be represented equally, became the basis for the House of Representatives and Senate in the final Constitution.[349]

Signers of the Constitution are indicated with asterisks (*).

Name Affiliation State Notes Refs
Gunning Bedford* B 1771 Delaware [316]
David Brearley* Att New Jersey [352]
William Richardson Davie B 1776 North Carolina Governor, 1798–99. [353]
Jonathan Dayton* B 1776 New Jersey U.S. Representative, 1791–99; Speaker, 1795–99. U.S. Senator, 1799–1805. [354]
Oliver Ellsworth B 1766 Connecticut U.S. Senator, 1789–96. Chief Justice of the United States, 1796–1800. Minister to France, 1799–1800. [1]
William Houston B 1768, F 1769–83 New Jersey [323][324]
James Madison* B 1771, Princeton's first GS Virginia Secretary of State, 1801–09. President of the United States, 1809–17. [329][330]
Alexander Martin B 1756 North Carolina Acting Governor, 1781–82. Governor, 1782–84, 1789–92. U.S. Senator, 1793–99. [70][355]
Luther Martin B 1766 Maryland [356]
William Paterson* B 1763 New Jersey U.S. Senator, 1789–90. Governor, 1791–93. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1793–1806. [2]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  185. ^ United States Congress. "Rush D. Holt, Jr. (id: H001032)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  186. ^ United States Congress. "Benjamin Chew Howard (id: H000835)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
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  194. ^ United States Congress. "Glenn Ivey (id: I000058)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 24 Mar 2024.
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  198. ^ United States Congress. "Seaborn Jones (id: J000252)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  199. ^ United States Congress. "Thomas Laurens Jones (id: J000253)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
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  264. ^ United States Congress. "Alfred Dennis Sieminski (id: S000405)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  265. ^ United States Congress. "Roger Caldwell Slaughter (id: S000481)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  266. ^ United States Congress. "Isaac Smith (id: S000555)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  267. ^ United States Congress. "Peter P. Smith (id: S000601)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  268. ^ United States Congress. "William Stephens Smith (id: S000638)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  269. ^ United States Congress. "John Stanly (id: S000800)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  270. ^ United States Congress. "John Truman Stoddert (id: S000944)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  271. ^ United States Congress. "Michael Lathrop Strang (id: S000991)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
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  274. ^ United States Congress. "John Augustus Swope (id: S001128)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  275. ^ United States Congress. "Charles Andrew Talcott (id: T000023)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
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  280. ^ United States Congress. "Thomas Tredwell (id: T000361)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  281. ^ United States Congress. "Walter R. Tucker III (id: T000405)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
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  284. ^ United States Congress. "John Inskeep Vanmeter (id: V000048)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
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  332. ^ Brown University. "James Manning". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 17 Oct 2011.
  333. ^ United States Congress. "Joseph Montgomery (id: M000869)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
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  344. ^ United States Congress. "William Shippen (id: S000368)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
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  347. ^ United States Congress. "John Witherspoon (id: W000660)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
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