Ahluwalia (misl)

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Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

Ahluwalia (also transliterated as Ahluvalia) was a misl, that is, a sovereign state in the Sikh Confederacy of Punjab region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Ahlu, the ancestral village of the misl leaders. The Ahluwalia misl was one of the 12 major Sikh misls, and held land to the north of Sutlej river.[1]

Misls of the Sikh Confederacy
A 1780 map of the Punjab Region shows the relative positions of the Sikh Misls and other states.

History[edit]

Different scholars variously name the misl's founder as Sadho Singh,[2][3] his descendant Bagh Singh,[4][5] or Bagh Singh's nephew Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.[6][7]

The misl rose to prominence under Jassa Singh,[1][8] who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu.[9]

Although the Ahluwalia Misal was not the biggest, yet the influence of Jassa Singh was great and whenever any combination of Misals took place he was made the commander-in-chief though each body of troops fought under its own leader.[10]

Jassa Singh did more than any other chief to consolidate the Sikh power which after his death got disorganised, until the strong hand of Maharaja Ranjit Singh again forced it into cohesion.[11] Even after other misls lost their territories to Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire, the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the British took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.[12]

Battles[edit]

Battle of Lahore (1753)[edit]

In 1753, an army led by Aziz Khan was sent to confront the Sikhs, but Jassa Singh's leadership led to the complete rout of the government forces.[13]

Battle of Fatehabad (1755)[edit]

In the year 1755, the Ahluwalia chief achieved a significant victory by defeating Adeena Beg at Kadar, seizing control of the territory of Fatehbad from him. Subsequently, he established his headquarters in Fatehbad, situated on the right bank of the Beas River. [14]

Battle of Jalandhar (1756)[edit]

In the year 1756, Sarbuland Khan, an Afghan general entrusted by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the ruler of Kabul, with the governance of Jalandhar, suffered a defeat at the hands of Jassa Singh and his allies. [15]

Attack on Mehalpur (1757)[edit]

Adina Begh sought support against Afghans from Sodhi Wadbhag Singh Kartarpuria and S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, who eagerly backed him. The Khalsa, preparing for battle with the Durranis, gathered at Mehalpur in December 1757. To distinguish allies from enemies, they tied green grass on their heads. Despite the Durranis' light artillery, they couldn't contain the furious Khalsa. Buland Khan fell, and Morad Khan fled, leaving their army defeated.[16]

Strike on Jalandhar (1757)[edit]

S. Jassa Singh launched a direct attack on Jalandhar, overwhelming Saadat Khan Afridi's forces, forcing them to retreat in defeat. With the city now vulnerable, the Singhs held sway. In the chaos, residents from Tangri village arrived in Jalandhar, joining in the looting. Witnessing the turmoil, Adina Begh offered Rs. 3 lakh and 25 thousand to the Singhs, pleading with them to restore peace and order in the city.[17]

Strike on Kalanaur (1758)[edit]

After the Khalsa took over Jalandhar, Saadat Khan Afridi fled to the hills, and the Singhs' bravery spread across Doaba. S. Jassa Singh gained renown. Upon hearing this, Tehmur Shah dispatched a 25,000-strong cavalry under Khwajah Ubedullah Khan to Lahore. However, they were defeated, losing all artillery to the Singhs, who then extended control over Bari Doab, including Batala and Kalanaur, and the outskirts of Lahore in the south.[18]

Battle of Lahore (1758)[edit]

In 1758, Adeena Beg sought assistance from the Marathas and Sikhs to capture Lahore. Prince Timur and his minister Jahan Khan fled to Afghanistan in panic.[19] On April 20, Adina Begh Khan, Raghunath Rao, and the Khalsa seized Lahore. Key Sikh leaders like S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Charal Singh Shukarchakia ousted the Durranis. Singh forces, led by S. Charat Singh, pursued and captured around 200 Afghan prisoners, who were then put to work cleansing the holy tank in Sri Darbar Sahib.[20]

Battle of Urmar Tanda (1758)[edit]

In the Jalandhar Doab the Sikhs were opposed by Bishambar Das, the diwan of Adina Beg. He assembled an army of about 25,000-30,000 troops and attacked the Sikh[21] Raja Bhoop Chand attacked S. Jassa Singh, injuring his horse. In retaliation, S. Jassa Singh severed Bhoop Chand's arm, causing his death and leading to confusion in his army.[22] S. Jassa Singh and fellow Sardars then defeated the armies of Sirhind and Phagwara, bringing them under Khalsa control.[23]

Battle of Amritsar (1759)[edit]

Ahmed Shah sent Jahan Khan to face S. Jassa Singh's army. Singh's forces surrounded the Durranis, attacking from both sides. The battle ensued until evening, resulting in 2,000 Durranis killed and Jahan Khan wounded.[24] Both armies retreated. Khalsa forces dispersed across Majha, prepared to strike Durranis upon Ahmed Shah's departure.[25]

Rescue of Hindu women (1761)[edit]

After winning the Third Battle of Panipat, Ahmad Shah Abdali prepared to return to Afghanistan with his spoils.[26] Sikh groups launched nightly attacks on the Durrani Army, looting them and retreating into the forest by day. They ambushed Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Beas River at Goindwal, seizing riches worth lakhs of rupees and freeing 2,200 captives.[27][28][29][30][31]

Battle at Gujranwala (1761)[edit]

In 1761, Afghan General Khwaja Obed Khan aimed to punish Sikhs but was thwarted when Sikhs, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Hari Singh Dhillon, and Jai Singh Kanheya, defeated his forces at Gujranwala, forcing him to flee.[32]

Conquest of Lahore (1761)[edit]

Following consecutive victories, the Sikhs, emboldened, convened in Amritsar on Diwali, October 27, 1761, and resolved to seize Lahore. They laid siege to the city, encountering little resistance from Khawaja Obed Khan. The Sikhs breached Lahore's defenses, entered the city, and looted it.[33] captured the Royal mint and struck coins bearing Sikka Zad dar Jahan Bafazat-i-Akal, mulk-i-Ahmad garift Jassa Kalal, which means 'the coin struck by Grace of God in the country of Ahmad captured by Jassa Kalal.[34] The Khalsa Dal reveled in their triumphs, basking in a state of bliss. Jassa Singh, having secured the capital of Punjab for them, elevated the prestige of the Panth. In recognition of his leadership, they bestowed upon him the title of "Sultan-ul-Qaum" — the king of the community.[35]

Battle of Kup (1762)[edit]

Jassa Singh played a pivotal role in countering the Afghans, notably during the Wada Ghallughara in 1762.[36] Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Afghan forces reached Malerkotla, west of Sirhind. They were met by between 30,000 and 50,000 Sikhs.[37][38] Abdali's forces outnumbered the Sikhs in hand-to-hand combat and the Sikhs couldn't use their usual tactics of hit and run, but had to engage in battle while protecting the civilians at the same time.[39] The Sikhs created a human ring around civilians as protection and fought the battle as they advanced towards Barnala.[39] Abdali was able to break the ring and carried out a full scale massacre of the Sikh civilians.[40] Ahmad Shah's forces killed several thousand Sikhs, and the surviving Sikhs fled to Barnala. According to various different estimates, as many as 5,000 to 30,000 Sikh men, women, elderly and children were killed in what is known as the second Sikh genocide (Vadda Ghalughara).[37][40][39][41][42]

Battle of Harnaulgarh (1762)[edit]

The Sikhs assembled in May 1762 and plundered the baggage of the Mughal governor of Sirhind, Zain Khan Sirhindi.[43][44] The Sikh forces then marched and fought a severe battle with the Durranis at Harnaulgarh, a place 30 miles from Sirhind. The Sikhs secured a decisive victory at Harnaulgarh by driving away the Afghans and the defeated governor of Sirhind, Zain Khan Sirhindi, was forced to pay tribute of Rs. 50,000 to the Sikhs as a penalty for his loss.[45]

Attack on Jalandhar (1763)[edit]

In June 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia marched towards Jalandhar, Sadat Yar-Khan, the Governor of Jalandhar so much terrified he did not stir out of his capital, Jassa Singh sacked Jalandhar, In December 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeated and Killed Bhikhan Khan, the Nawab of Malerkotla, and plundered Morinda,[46]

Conquest of Sirhind (1764)[edit]

Under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's leadership, a coalition of Sikh factions attacked Sirhind in 1764, defeating and killing Governor Zain Khan.[47] This retaliation was fueled by the tragic fate of Guru Gobind Singh's sons at Sirhind. The town was razed, and surrounding territories fell to the Sikhs.[48]

Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna (1764)[edit]

In February 1764, the Sikhs crossed Jamuna under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Khushal Singh, Sardar Tara Singh Ghaiba, Baghel Singh, and Gurbaksh Singh, at the head of strong force. They plundered Saharanpur, Shamli, Kandhla, Miranpur, Deoband, Jawalapur, Chandausi, Muzaffarnagar, and Najibabad. Najib ad-Dawlah made peace with the Sikhs by offering them 11 lakhs of rupees tribute.[49]

Punishing the Jammu chief (1765)[edit]

The Sikhs harbored resentment towards Jammu Raja Ranjit Deo for paying tribute to Ahmad Shah Durrani. In 1765, when Durrani left for Kabul, Ranjit Deo paid him tribute. A faction of the Dal Khalsa, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, launched an attack on Jammu. They obtained a fine of three lakh and seventy-five thousand rupees from Ranjit Deo and made him a tributary of the Dal Khalsa.[50]

Acquisition of territories (1766-1768)[edit]

In 1766, Jassa Singh led a southern expedition alongside the chiefs of Patiala and Jind, pillaging Jhajjar, Rewari, and Baghpat. Additionally, he seized Payal from the Kotla Afghans. During his final invasion in 1766-1767, Ahmad Shah Durrani realized the difficulty of reconquering Punjab, which was largely under Sikh control. In 1768, Jassa Singh extended his influence to the vicinity of Delhi and Anupshahr, triumphing over Mirza Sukhan, dispatched by the Emperor to counter him.[51]

Capture of Jalandhar (1769)[edit]

In 1769, Jassa Singh and Singhpuria chief Khushal Singh captured Jalandhar and its vicinity. Jassa Singh initially retained control of Jalandhar but later handed it over to Khushal Singh, who made it his headquarters, as a gesture of respect for Nawab Kapur Singh. [52]

Capture of Raikot and Kapurthala (1771-1780)[edit]

In 1771, Jassa Singh seized Raikot from the Pathans and Rajputs of Berowal. The following year, in 1772, he advanced towards Kapurthala, governed by Rai Ibrahim, who had pledged annual tribute. Only after capturing thirteen forts surrounding Kapurthala and laying siege to the town itself did Rai Ibrahim fulfill his promise.[53]

Aid to Patiala chief (1779)[edit]

In September 1779, Abdul Ahad, a Delhi minister, invaded Patiala. Maharaja Amar Singh sought aid from Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, who swiftly came with allies Khushal Singh Singhpuria and Tara Singh Ghaiba. The Delhi minister retreated upon seeing the Sikh reinforcements. [54]

Battle of Delhi (1783)[edit]

In early March 1783, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, accompanied by Sardar Baghel Singh and others, entered Delhi.[55] On March 11, they headed for the Red Fort. Finding the Emperor and his courtiers hiding in their private quarters, the Sikhs entered the Diwan-i-Am. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was placed on the throne of Delhi as Badshah Singh of Delhi but Ramgarhia objected that no one can sit on the throne without the approval of Sarbat Khalsa.[56][57][58][59] So the Ahluwalia chief immediately declined the honour thrust upon him, and be left the Durbar. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia discarded the distinction of royalty twice, once in 1761, and again in 1783.[60]

Royal dynasty[edit]

Sardars[edit]

  • Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (1777 – 20 October 1783)[61]
  • Bagh Singh Ahluwalia (1783–1801)
    Jassa Singh Ahluwalia had a son born in 1747, who unfortunately passed away shortly after birth. He had two daughters, one wedded to Mohar Singh of Fatahabad and the other to Murar Singh of Sultanwind.[62] Since daughters or their sons weren't considered legal heirs during that time, he had no direct male successor. Consequently, his second cousin Bhag Singh, son of Ladha Singh and born in the same year, 1747, inherited his position.[63]
  • Fateh Singh Ahluwalia (1801–1837)
    Fateh Singh, the sole offspring of Bhag Singh and born in 1784, assumed leadership of the Misl in 1801. Following his father's demise in Phagwara, he took control of Phagwara and Banga from Chaudhri Chuhar Mai. Known for his tranquil disposition and accommodating nature, he preferred to focus on managing his own territories rather than engaging in territorial expansion.[64]
Fateh Singh accompanied the Maharaja Ranjit in various extended military campaigns as well such as :
  • Jamke and Kathua (1802)
  • Sujanpur (1803)
  • Kasur (1804 and 1807)
  • Amritsar (1805)
  • Jhang (1807)
  • Sialkot (1807)
  • Satluj (1806-08).
He was also present in the expeditions against
  • Find Dadan Khan (1809-10)
  • Jalandhar (1810-11)
  • Mandi (1811)
  • Kulu (1811)
  • Hazara (1813)
  • Kashmir (1814)
  • Yusufzai territories (1824).[65]

Rajas[edit]

Raja-i Rajgan[edit]

  • Randhir Singh (12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)
  • Kharak Singh (2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877) (b. 1850 – d. 1877)
  • Jagatjit Singh (3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)[38]

Maharajas[edit]

Crown Prince[edit]

  • Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh (b. 1961)[69]

Gallery[edit]

  • Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Punjab Plains, circa 1850
    Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Punjab Plains, circa 1850
  • Miniature painting of Bhag Singh Ahluwalia, ca.1785
    Miniature painting of Bhag Singh Ahluwalia, ca.1785
  • Painting of Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
    Painting of Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
  • Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, CIE
    Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, CIE
  • Photograph of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's haveli
    Photograph of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's haveli

References[edit]

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  3. ^ Surjit Singh Gandhi (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 393. ISBN 978-81-7205-217-1. The Misl was founded by Sadda Singh who was Jat by race and Kalal (wine distiller) by profession and lived seven miles east of Lahore in a village named Ahlu which gave its name to the Misl
  4. ^ Gurbachan Singh Nayyar (1979). Sikh Polity and Political Institutions. Oriental. p. 120. The founder of Ahluwalia misl was Bagh Singh.
  5. ^ Khazan Singh (1970). History of the Sikh religion. Department of Languages, Punjab. p. 289. The real founder of the misl was Sardar Bagh Singh, Kalal, of Hallo-Sadho. He was initiated with pahaul by Bhai Mani Singh in Sambat in 1771 (1714 A D ) and soon after that became leader of a considerable body of troops.
  6. ^ Jagjiwan Mohan Walia (1982). Parties and politics at the Sikh court, 1799-1849. Master. p. 6. The Ahluwalia Misl was founded by Jassa Singh, who belonged to village Ahlu.
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