User:CharismaU/sandbox

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CharismaU/sandbox
Clinical data
Trade namesFenoglide, Lipofen
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601052
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • Legend
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding99%
Metabolismglucuronidation
Elimination half-life20 hours
Excretionurine (60%), feces (25%)
Identifiers
  • propan-2-yl 2-{4-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]phenoxy}-2-methylpropanoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H21ClO4
Molar mass360.831 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)c2ccc(OC(C(=O)OC(C)C)(C)C)cc2
  • InChI=1S/C20H21ClO4/c1-13(2)24-19(23)20(3,4)25-17-11-7-15(8-12-17)18(22)14-5-9-16(21)10-6-14/h5-13H,1-4H3 checkY
  • Key:YMTINGFKWWXKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Fenofibrate (Tricor) is a drug of the fibrate class. It is mainly used to reduce cholesterol levels in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Like other fibrates, it reduces both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, as well as increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and reducing triglycerides level.[1] It is used alone or along with statins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

Fenofibrate has been used since 1975, is one of the most commonly prescribed fibrates, and has a well known efficacy and tolerability profile.[1]

Medical uses[edit]

Fenofibrate is mainly used for primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. Fenofibrate appears to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and possibly diabetic retinopathy in those with diabetes mellitus.[2] It also appears to be helpful in decreasing amputations of the lower legs in this same group of people.[3] In terms of unlabeled use, fenofibrate may be used as an added therapy of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. [4]

In addiiton to diet, it is also used to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia.[5]

It is used in addition to diet for treatment of adults with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Improving glycemic control in diabetics showing fasting chylomicronemia will usually decrease the need for pharmacologic intervention.[5]

Three randomized, double-blind trials have shown that treatment with fenofibric acid plus a statin improved HDL and triglyceride levels better than a statin alone and improved LDL levels better than fenofibric acid monotherapy.[1]

Additionally, in Europe, fenofibrate is indicated in mixed hyperlipidemia in those with high cardiovascular risk in addition to a statin when triglycerides and HDL are not adequately controlled.[citation needed]

Contraindications[edit]

Fenofibrate is contraindicated in:[5]

Adverse effects[edit]

The most common adverse events (>3% of patients with coadministered statins) are[6]

Precautions[edit]

Musculoskeletal

Hepatotoxicity

  • Can increase serum transaminases; liver tests should be monitored periodically[6]

Nephrotoxicity

  • Can increase serum creatinine levels; renal function should be monitored periodically in patients with renal insufficiency[6]

Biliary

  • Can increase cholesterol excretion into the bile, leading to risk of cholelithiasis; if there is suspected gallbladder issue, studies are indicated. Interaction with Bile Acid Sequestrant[6]

Coagulation/Bleeding

  • Exercise caution in concomitant treatment with oral coumarin anticoagulants (e.g. Warfarin). Adjust the dosage of coumarin to maintain the prothrombin time/INR at desired level to prevent bleeding complications[6]

Dosage[edit]

  • May be taken without regard to food[6]
  • May be taken at the same time as a statin
  • Coadministration with the maximum dose of a statin should be avoided until studies demonstrate benefit outweighs risk

It is recommended that fenofibrate be given in the morning and the statin at night, "In combined therapy, fibrates should be given in the morning and statins at night so that the peak dosages do not overlap."[7]

Controversy[edit]

The pharmaceutical form and the strength may change from one country to another, and from one brand to another. In the United States, Tricor was reformulated in 2005. This reformulation is controversial, as it is seen as an attempt to stifle competition from generic equivalents of the drug,[8] and is the subject of antitrust litigation by generic drug manufacturer Teva.[8] Also available in the United States, Lofibra is available in 54 and 160 mg tablets, as well as 67, 134, and 200;mg micronized capsules.[9] Generic equivalents of Lofibra capsules are currently available in all three strengths in the United States. In Europe, it is available in either coated tablet or capsule; the strength range includes 67, 145, 160 and 200 mg. The differences among strengths are a result of altered bioavailability (the fraction absorbed by the body) due to particle size. For example, 200 mg can be replaced by 160 mg micronized fenofibrate. The 145 mg strength is a new strength that appeared in 2005-2006 which also replaces 200 or 160 mg as the fenofibrate is nanonised (i.e. the particle size is below 400 nm).

Overdose[edit]

“There is no specific treatment for overdose with fenofibric acid delayed-release capsules. General supportive care Is indicated, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of clinical status”. [6]

Mechanism of action[edit]

"In summary, enhanced catabolism of triglyceride-rich particles and reduced secretion of VLDL underlie the hypotriglyceridemic effect of fibrates, whereas their effect on HDL metabolism is associated with changes in HDL apolipoprotein expression."[10]

Fenofibrate is a fibric acid derivative, a prodrug comprising fenofibric acid linked to an isopropyl ester. It lowers lipid levels by activating Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). PPARα activates lipoprotein lipase and reduces apoprotein CIII, which increases lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma.[10]

PPARα also increases apoproteins AI and AII, reduces very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) containing apoprotein B, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) containing apoprotein AI and AII.

In addition, by reducing the synthesis and increasing the catabolism of VLDL, fenofibrate increases LDL clearance and reduces small and dense LDL, which are associated with coronary heart disease.[11]Better citation needed

Brand names[edit]

Fenofibrate is sold under the brand name Tricor and Trilipix by Abbvie, Lipofen by Kowa Pharmaceuticals America Inc, Lofibra by Teva, Lipanthyl, Lipidil, and Supralip by Abbott Laboratories, Fenocor-67 by Ordain Health Care, Fenogal by SMB Laboratories, Antara by Oscient Pharmaceuticals,Tricheck by Zydus (CND), Atorva TG by Zydus Medica, Golip by GolgiUSA and Storfib by Ranbaxy Laboratories (India).[citation needed]

Once developed by Groupe Fournier SA, it was acquired in 2005 by Solvay Pharmaceutical, a business unit owned by the Belgian corporation, Solvay S.A.. In 2009 Solvay Pharmaceutical was in turn acquired by Abbott Laboratories, which now markets the drug. On Feb 26, 2013, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of global pharmaceutical company Mylan, launched Fenofibrate Capsules USP.

Research[edit]

The underlying mechanism of the ketogenic diet remains unknown, and involvement of PPARα has been suggested.[12] Fenofibrate exhibits anticonvulsant properties comparable to the ketogenic diet in adult rats, using pentylenetetrazol and lithium-pilocarpine models. These findings may be useful for future ketogenic diet study protocols.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Yang L, Keating GM. Fenofibric Acid: In Combination therapy in the Treatment of Mixed Dyslipidemia]. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 2009; 9(6): 401-409. doi:10.2165/11203920-000000000-00000.
  2. ^ Fazio, S (Jun 2009). "More clinical lessons from the FIELD study". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 23 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1007/s10557-008-6160-5. PMID 19160032. S2CID 7987660.
  3. ^ Steiner, G (Oct 2009). "How can we improve the management of vascular risk in type 2 diabetes: insights from FIELD". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 23 (5): 403–8. doi:10.1007/s10557-009-6190-7. PMID 19757004. S2CID 12747599.
  4. ^ Khanna D , Fitzgerald JD , Khanna PP , et al: 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64(10):1431-1446. PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683400/
  5. ^ a b c Package Insert: Abbot Laboratories (October 2010)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Fenofibric Acid FDA Label Prescribing Information"FDA Label Information" (PDF). FDA.
  7. ^ Wierzbicki (2003). "Statin-fibrate combination: therapy for hyperlipidemia: a review". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 19 (3). Curr Med Res Opin.: 155–68. doi:10.1185/030079903125001668. PMID 12814127. S2CID 35948128.
  8. ^ a b Abbott's request to dismiss the antitrust charge over Tricor was rejected. FDANews, Drug Daily Bulletin, (June 1, 2006) [1]
  9. ^ TEVA Pharmartsau6i8mkst7oceutical Lofibra Product Site
  10. ^ a b Staels, Bart (NaN). "Mechanism of Action". {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Package Insert: Laboratories Fournier SA, (September 2003)
  12. ^ Porta, N., Vallée, L., Lecointe, C., Bouchaert, E., Staels, B., Bordet, R., Auvin, S. (2009). "Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, exerts anticonvulsive properties". Epilepsia. 50 (4): 943–8. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01901.x. PMID 19054409. S2CID 6796135.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links[edit]

Category:Fibrates Category:Prodrugs Category:Organochlorides Category:Benzophenones Category:Phenol ethers Category:Carboxylate esters

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