Montenegrins

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Montenegrins
Montenegrin: Црногорци
Total population
c. 1+ million[a]
Regions with significant populations
Montenegro: 278,865 (2011)[b][1]
Diaspora: c. 600,000[2][3]
Diaspora
 United Statesc. 40,000 (2014)[4]
 Argentinac. 30,000 (2001)[4]
 Germanyc. 30,000[4]
 Francec. 30,000[5]
 Serbia20,238 (2022)[6]
 Luxembourgc. 12,000 (2001)[4]
 Chilec. 7,000 (2015)[7]
 Italy4,588 (2010)[8]
 Canada4,160 (2016)[9]
 Croatia3,127 (2021)[10]
 Netherlands2,721 (2022)[11]
 Slovenia2,667 (2002)[12]
  Switzerland2,593 (2014)[13]
 Boliviac. 2,000 (2017)[14]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina1,883 (2013)[15]
 Australia1,554 (2013)[16]
 Sweden1,551 (2022)[17]
 United Kingdom1,027 (2011)[18]
 North Macedonia1,023 (2021)[19]
 Mexico800 (2013)[20]
 Norway764 (2023)[21]
 Denmark684 (2023)[22]
 Albania366 (2011)[23]
 Russia181 (2010)[24]
 Belgium129 (2010)[25]
Languages
Montenegrin language, Serbian language
Religion
Majority:
51% Eastern Orthodoxy: (41% Serbian Orthodoxy, 10% Montenegrin Orthodoxy)
Minority:
Islam, Roman Catholicism and Irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Other South Slavs

Montenegrins (Montenegrin: Црногорци, romanized: Crnogorci, lit. 'People of the Black Mountain', pronounced [tsr̩nǒɡoːrtsi] or [tsr̩noɡǒːrtsi]) are a South Slavic ethnic group that share a common ancestry, culture, history, and language, identified with the country of Montenegro.

Montenegrins are mostly Orthodox Christians, but also Catholics, Muslims and irreligious. The Montenegrin language is the official language of Montenegro.

Historically, the Montenegrin nation was made up of many tribes. Most tribes were formed in the 15th and 16th centuries, during and after the Ottoman conquest of the medieval state of Zeta. Today they are mainly studied within the frameworks of social anthropology and family history, as they have not been used in official structures since the time of the Principality of Montenegro, although some tribal regions overlap with contemporary municipal areas. The kinship groups give a sense of shared identity and descent.

Outside of Montenegro and Europe, Montenegrins form diaspora groups in the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina. It is estimated that around 600,000 Montenegrins reside outside of Montenegro, according to descent.[26][27] In 2023 there are 152,649 Montenegrins who hold Montenegrin citizenship and reside outside of Montenegro.

Genetics[edit]

According to one triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on South Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Montenegrins with Serbs in between two Balkan clusters.[28] According to a 2020 autosomal marker analysis, Montenegrins are situated in between Serbs and Kosovo Albanians.[29]

Y-DNA genetic study done in 2010 on 404 male individuals from Montenegro gave the following results: haplogroup I2a (29.7%), E-V13 (26.9%), R1b (9.4%), R1a (7.6%), I1 (6.1%), J2a1 (4.7%), J2b (4.4%), G2a (2.4%), Q (1.9%), I2b (1.7%), N (1.4%), H (1.4%), L (1.2%), and J1 (0.49%).[30] A 2022 study on 267 samples from northeastern Montenegro found that the "most common haplogroups are I2 and R1b, both identified in 23.97% of samples, followed by E (22.47%), J2 (11.61%), I1 (6.74%), G2 (3.75%), R1a (3.37%), I1 (1.12%), G (1.12%), N (0.75%), C (0.37%), T1 (0.37%) and Q1 (0.37%)".[31]

History[edit]

Main article: History of Montenegro

Middle Ages[edit]

Slavs settled in the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. According to De Administrando Imperio, there existed three Slavic polities on the territory of modern Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and the Principality of Serbia, the north. Duklja emerged as an independent state during the 11th century, initially held by the Vojislavljević dynasty, later to be conquered and incorporated into the state of the Nemanjić dynasty. De Administrando Imperio does not mention which Slavic people lived in Duklja,[32] but the state was considered to be one of the first Serb states, alongside Raška formed chiefly under the Vlastimirović and Vojislavljević dynasties respectively.[33][34] Who exactly were the Slavic inhabitants of Duklja differs among authors, as other historians maintain that it is not possible to equate the people of Duklja with either Serbs or Croats, considering most historical Byzantian documents from that time.[35]

In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (Zeta) came under the rule of the Balšić noble family, then the Crnojević noble family, and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora (Venetian: Monte Negro). The Crnojevići were driven out from Zeta by the Ottomans and forced to retreat above the Bay of Kotor where they built a monastery and a royal court in Cetinje, the future royal capital of Montenegro, before eventually fleeing to Venice.[36]

Yugoslav era[edit]

Flag of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro

Annexation of the Kingdom of Montenegro on November 13, 1918 gained international recognition only at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris, held on July 13, 1922.[37]

Although Montenegrins comprised one of the smallest ethnic groups in the state (2.5% in 1971), they were the most overrepresented ethnic group in the Yugoslav bureaucracy, military, and communist party organs. In the Yugoslav People's Army, 19% of general officers and 30% of colonels were ethnic Montenegrins. Among party elites, Montenegrins made up 16% to 21% of senior officials throughout the existence of communist Yugoslavia, and comprised a similar portion of the state's diplomatic corps.[38][39] The striking overrepresentation among elites, which has been compared [by whom?] to the role of senior Austrian officers and officials in Nazi Germany, has partly been attributed to the pre-war strength of the Communist Party of Montenegro, the high proportion of Montenegrins among partisan commanders and central committee members during the war, and a historically militaristic culture.[40][41] During this period, ethnic Montenegrins also held about 15% of government jobs in Yugoslavia.[42]

Language[edit]

Main articles: Montenegrin language and Serbo-Croatian language

39.23% of the young people under 18 in Montenegro say they speak Montenegrin, while 37.47% call their mother tongue Serbian, as reported in the census held from 1 to 15 April 2011.[43]

Religion[edit]

Further information: Religion in Montenegro

Most Montenegrins are Eastern Orthodox, majoritarily adhering to the Serbian Orthodox Church while a minority adhere to the Montenegrin Orthodox Church, which is canonically unrecognised by the Eastern Orthodox Church.[44][45]

Culture[edit]

Main article: Culture of Montenegro
Male folk costume from Montenegro

Diaspora[edit]

Main article: Montenegrin diaspora

Identity[edit]

Further information: Duklja, Principality of Zeta, Tribes of Montenegro, and Montenegrin nationalism

Vlahović (2008) noted many anthropological studies which showed that Montenegrin people have a strong Dinaric type (with seaboard, central, Durmitor, mountain and other subtypes) autochthonous on the Dinaric Alps since the Mesolithic period. Dinaric peoples, including Montenegrins, are among the tallest people in the world. The type, particularly in Montenegro, is distinguished by brachiocephal shape, broad forehead, wide relief and strong face, wide jaw and noticeably flat notched head, while arms and legs are proportional to the body height. The hair color is commonly black, with black or blue eyes.[46]

Anthropologist Božina Ivanović considered that the development of the Montenegrin Dinaric variety was influenced by gracilisation and brachycephalisation; they have characteristics which were not found in other Slavic and non-Slavic European populations, nor morphological properties from paleo-anthropological series originating from the Slavic necropolis from other South Slavic area. Also, the brachycephalisation and width of the face in the last five centuries is growing in Montenegrin, while among other Slavic and European communities decreasing, showing anthropological issues in Montenegro have deeper roots and broader scientific importance.[46] Montenegrin historian Dragoje Živković (1989) noted that modern multidisciplinary research disagrees with older consideration how Sklavinias and Slavic states had ethnical identification, example Serb ethnos, until the 12th century.[47] Slavs mixing with native populations (such as the Komani culture necropolis in Pukë) made a new cultural-historical drift of Albanian-Illyrian and Slavic built upon extinct and present La Tène, Greek-Illyrian, Illyrian-Roman, and Byzantine.[48] He argued that the Slavs from Duklja promptly blended in social-economical of the natives who historically had a more developed society, as was in their interest to approach the Roman-Illyrian natives.[49]

See also[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

  1. ^ Note: The total figure is merely an estimation and as such might be misleading or exaggerated. This includes all nationals of Montenegro and Montenegrin diaspora, including those of partial Montenegrin ancestry.
  2. ^ Note: The term "Montenegrins" in a wider sense can also be used to denote all the peoples from the Montenegro (population of 621,873), regardless of their ethnic and religious affiliation.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011" (PDF). Monstat.org. 12 July 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  2. ^ "Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca" (in Montenegrin). RTCG. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  3. ^ "U dijaspori živi još jedna Crna Gora" (in Montenegrin). Montenegrina. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca Archived 29 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Radio i Televizija Crne Gore
  5. ^ "Présentation du Monténégro". Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  6. ^ "RZS objavio rezultate popisa o nacionalnoj pripadnosti stanovnika". N1. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Stojović: U Čileu živi 7000 potomaka Crnogoraca". Montengrina.net. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  8. ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  9. ^ "2016 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  10. ^ "Census of population, households and dwellings in 2021 - Population by towns/municipalities". Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 7 October 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  11. ^ "Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari" (in Dutch). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS). Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Statistini urad RS - Popis 2002". Stat.si. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  13. ^ "Who are the two million foreigners in Switzerland?". 19 November 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  14. ^ "Bolivija: Po prvi put se okupili potomci iseljenika iz Crne Gore". cdm.me (in Montenegrin). 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  15. ^ "1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti - detaljna klasifikacija". Popis.gov.ba. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  16. ^ "Montenegro   Crna Gora   Montenegro". 2013 Census. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018. Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
  17. ^ "Population by country of birth and country of Origin". Statistics of Sweden. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  18. ^ "2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  19. ^ "Dabase". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  20. ^ "Census 2011 Data: Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation". The Institute of Statistics of Republic of Albania. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  21. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  22. ^ DST statistics, DST statistics. "DST statistics". DST statistics. Archived from the original on 18 December 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  23. ^ "Census 2011 Data: Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation". The Institute of Statistics of Republic of Albania. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  24. ^ Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населения Archived 6 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  25. ^ "Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010" (in French). Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  26. ^ "Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca" (in Montenegrin). RTCG. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  27. ^ "U dijaspori živi još jedna Crna Gora" (in Montenegrin). Montenegrina. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  28. ^ Kushniarevich, Alena; et al. (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the South-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
  29. ^ Takic Miladinov, D; Vasiljevic, P; Sorgic, D; et al. (2020). "Allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 22 autosomal STR loci in a population of 983 individuals from Serbia and comparison with 24 other populations". Annals of Human Biology. 47 (7–8): 632–641. doi:10.1080/03014460.2020.1846784. PMID 33148044.
  30. ^ Mirabal 2010, p. 380–390.
  31. ^ Sinanovic, A. L.; Licina, F. (2022). "Genetic diversity of male population in six municipality of the north-eastern Montenegro". Journal of Bioanthropology: 275. doi:10.54062/jb. S2CID 244764042. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  32. ^ Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Emperor of the East (1967). De administrando imperio. Gyula Moravcsik (New, rev. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5. OCLC 11970692.
  33. ^ Deliso, Christopher (2008). Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro. ABC-CLIO. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-31334-437-4. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  34. ^ Morozova, Maria (2019). "Language Contact in Social Context: Kinship Terms and Kinship Relations of the Mrkovići in Southern Montenegro". Journal of Language Contact. 12 (2): 307. doi:10.1163/19552629-01202003. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  35. ^ Budak, Neven (1994). "Prva stoljeća Hrvatske" (in Croatian). p. 46. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023.
  36. ^ Roberts 2007, p. 9.
  37. ^ "Interesting things about the royal order of Montenegro - Untitled". Orderofdanilo.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  38. ^ Yugoslavia From "National Communism" to National Collapse: US Intelligence Community Estimative Products on Yugoslavia, 1948-1990. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 605. ISBN 978-0160873607.
  39. ^ Lampe, John (2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 252-253. ISBN 0521774012.
  40. ^ Austin, Robert (2019). Making and Remaking the Balkans: Nations and States since 1878. University of Toronto Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1487530723.
  41. ^ Petersen, Roger (2011). Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-1139503303.
  42. ^ Morrock, Richard (2014). The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda. McFarland. p. 54. ISBN 978-0786456284.
  43. ^ "Većina mladih do 18 godina govori crnogorskim jezikom". Vijesti.me. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  44. ^ Kerrigan, M. (2010). World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 1691. ISBN 9780761479031. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  45. ^ Cole, Jeffrey E. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 265. ISBN 9781598843033. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  46. ^ a b Vlahović, Petar (2008). "Dinarski tip i njegovi varijeteti u Crnoj Gori" [Dinara type and its varieties in Montenegro]. Journal of the Anthropologycal Society of Serbia. 43: 7–14. ISSN 1820-7936.
  47. ^ Živković 1989, p. 97, 103.
  48. ^ Živković 1989, p. 94–95.
  49. ^ Živković 1989, p. 96, 124.

General and cited references[edit]

External links[edit]

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