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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Testicular cancer

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Testicular cancer
Other namesTestis tumor[1]
7.4 × 5.5-cm seminoma in a radical orchiectomy specimen.
SpecialtyOncology
SymptomsLump in the testicle, swelling or pain in the scrotum[2]
Usual onset15 to 35 years old males[2]
Types>95% Germ cell tumors (seminomas and nonseminomas),[2] sex-cord stromal tumors, lymphomas[3][4]
Risk factorsUndescended testis, family history of the disease, previous history of testicular cancer[4]
Diagnostic methodPhysical exam, ultrasound, blood tests, surgical removal of the testicle[5]
Differential diagnosisSpermatocele, epididymitis, inguinal hernia, appendix testis[1]
TreatmentSurgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation[5]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate rates ~ 95% (US)[6]
Frequency686,000 (2015)[7]
Deaths9,400 (2015)[8]

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.[2] Symptoms may include a lump in the testicle, or swelling or pain in the scrotum.[2]

Risk factors include an undescended testis, family history of the disease, and previous history of testicular cancer.[4] The most common type (>95%) are germ cell tumors which are divided into seminomas and nonseminomas.[2] Other types include sex-cord stromal tumors and lymphomas.[3] Diagnosis is typically based on a physical exam, ultrasound, and blood tests.[5] Surgical removal of the testicle with examination under a microscope is then done to determine the type.[5]

Testicular cancer is highly treatable and usually curable.[4] Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.[5] Even in cases in which cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate greater than 80%.[3] Treatment may result in infertility.[5]

Globally testicular cancer affected about 686,000 people in 2015.[7] That year it resulted in 9,400 deaths up from 7,000 deaths in 1990.[8][9] Rates are lower in the developing than the developed world.[10] Onset most commonly occurs in males 15 to 35 years old.[2] The five-year survival rate in the United States is about 95%.[6] Outcomes are better when the disease remains localized.[6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1253. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Enhorn, Lawrence H. (2020). "190. Testicular cancer". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1335–1337. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Feldman DR; Bosl GJ; Sheinfeld J; Motzer RJ (13 February 2008). "Medical treatment of advanced testicular cancer". JAMA. 299 (6): 672–684. doi:10.1001/jama.299.6.672. PMID 18270356.
  4. ^ a b c d "Testicular Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Testicular Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 7 July 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b c "Cancer of the Testis - Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  7. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Testicular cancer incidence statistics". Cancer Research UK. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
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