User:Mr. Ibrahem/Cholera vaccine

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Mr. Ibrahem/Cholera vaccine
Cholera vacine (Dukoral)
Vaccine description
TargetCholera
Vaccine typeInactivated
Clinical data
Trade namesDukoral, Vaxchora, Shanchol, Euvichol-Plus[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Legal status
Legal status
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Cholera vaccines are vaccines used to prevent cholera.[9][10] For the first six months after vaccination they provide about 85 percent protection, which decreases to 50 percent or 62 percent during the first year.[9][11] After two years the level of protection decreases to less than 50 percent.[9] When enough of the population is immunized, it may protect those who have not been immunized (known as herd immunity).[9]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of cholera vaccines in combination with other measures among those at high risk.[9] With the oral vaccine, two or three doses are typically recommended.[9] The duration of protection is two years in adults and six months in children aged 2–5 years.[9] A single dose vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common.[12][13][14] In 2010, in some countries an injectable cholera vaccine was available.[9][15]

The available types of oral vaccine are generally safe.[9] Mild abdominal pain or diarrhea may occur.[9] They are safe in pregnancy and in those with poor immune function.[9] They are licensed for use in more than 60 countries.[9] In countries where the disease is common, the vaccine appears to be cost effective.[9]

The first vaccines used against cholera were developed in the late 1800s.[16] They were the first widely used vaccine that was made in a laboratory.[16] Oral vaccines were first introduced in the 1990s.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[17] In Europe it is licensed for in children over the age of two years.[18] The cost to immunize against cholera is between 0.10 and 4.00 USD.[19] In the UK, two doses costs the NHS around £26.[20] The brand Vaxchora is the only cholera vaccine licensed for use in the US as of 2021.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Bonville, Cynthia; Domachowske, Joseph (2021). "8. Cholera". In Domachowske, Joseph; Suryadevara, Manika (eds.). Vaccines: A Clinical Overview and Practical Guide. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 111–119. ISBN 978-3-030-58416-0. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  2. ^ "Summary for ARTG Entry:94483 Dukoral oral inactivated cholera vaccine liquid vial and buffer granules sachet". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Retrieved 30 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Dukoral Product information". Health Canada. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  4. ^ "Dukoral suspension and effervescent granules for oral suspension, Cholera vaccine (inactivated, oral) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  5. ^ "Vaxchora- cholera vaccine, live, oral kit". DailyMed. 24 October 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  6. ^ "Vaxchora- cholera vaccine, live, oral kit". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  7. ^ "Eukoral EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  8. ^ "Vaxchora EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p World Health Organization (August 2017). "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 92 (34): 477–498. hdl:10665/258764. PMID 28845659. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Weil, Ana A.; Ryan, Edward T. (2022). "66. Cholera". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 388–389. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  11. ^ Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM (2011). "Oral vaccines for preventing cholera". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD008603. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2. PMC 6532691. PMID 21412922.
  12. ^ "Vaxchora (Cholera vaccine, Live, Oral)" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  13. ^ "Vaxchora approval letter" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 10 June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2020-07-30. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. ^ "Vaxchora". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1 September 2019. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  15. ^ Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T (2010). "Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected)". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8): CD000974. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2. PMC 6532721. PMID 20687062.
  16. ^ a b Stanberry, Lawrence R. (2009). Vaccines for biodefense and emerging and neglected diseases (1 ed.). Amsterdam: Academic. p. 870. ISBN 9780080919027. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  17. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  18. ^ Prevatt, Natalie; Behrens, Ron H. (2021). "23. Paediatric vaccines for travel outside Europe". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. p. 272. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
  19. ^ Martin, S; Lopez, AL; Bellos, A; Deen, J; Ali, M; Alberti, K; Anh, DD; Costa, A; Grais, RF; Legros, D; Luquero, FJ; Ghai, MB; Perea, W; Sack, DA (1 December 2014). "Post-licensure deployment of oral cholera vaccines: a systematic review". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 92 (12): 881–93. doi:10.2471/blt.14.139949. PMC 4264394. PMID 25552772.
  20. ^ "14. Vaccines". British National Formulary (BNF) (82 ed.). London: BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2021 – March 2022. pp. 1366–1384. ISBN 978-0-85711-413-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
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