User:Mr. Ibrahem/Buprenorphine/naloxone

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Not to be confused with Bupropion/naltrexone.
Mr. Ibrahem/Buprenorphine/naloxone
Buprenorphine, an opioid
Naloxone, an opioid antagonist that is only active if injected
Combination of
BuprenorphineOpioid modulator
NaloxoneOpioid antagonist
Clinical data
Trade namesSuboxone, Bunavail, Zubsolv, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comSuboxone
License data
Routes of
administration		Sublingual
Legal status
Legal status

Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone.[3] In combination with counselling, it is used to treat opioid use disorder.[3][4] It decreases withdrawal symptoms for about 24 hours.[5] Buprenorphine/naloxone is available for use in two different forms, under the tongue or in the cheek.[1]

Side effects may include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), small pupils, sleepiness, and low blood pressure.[3] The risk of overdose is lower with buprenorphine/naloxone than with methadone.[5] However, people are more likely to stop treatment on buprenorphine/naloxone than methadone.[5] Methadone, or buprenorphine alone, are generally preferred when treatment is required during pregnancy.[5]

Buprenorphine, at lower doses, results in the usual opioid effects; however, high doses beyond a certain level do not result in greater effects.[6] This is believed to result in a lower risk of overdose than some other opioids.[6] Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that competes with and blocks the effect of other opioids (including buprenorphine) if given by injection.[3] Naloxone is poorly absorbed when taken by mouth and it is added to decrease the risk that people will misuse the medication by injection.[1] Misuse by injection or use in the nose, however, still occurs.[3] Rates of misuse in the United States appear to be lower than with other opioids.[7]

The combination formulation was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002 and Europe in 2006.[3][7][8] In the United States the wholesale cost as of 2017 is between US$2.32 and US$3.15 per day.[9] In the United Kingdom a similar dose costs the NHS £0.90 to £2.72 per day, according to 2015 data.[10] A generic version was approved in mid 2018.[11] In 2017, it was the 288th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.[12][13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Buprenorphine". www.samhsa.gov. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  2. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Suboxone – FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  4. ^ Gary L. Fisher; Nancy A. Roget (11 November 2008). Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery. SAGE Publications. pp. 570–. ISBN 978-1-4129-5084-8. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d Srivastava, Anita; Kahan, Meldon; Nader, Maya (March 2017). "Primary care management of opioid use disorders: Abstinence, methadone, or buprenorphine-naloxone?". Canadian Family Physician. 63 (3): 200–205. ISSN 1715-5258. PMC 5349718. PMID 28292795.
  6. ^ a b "Buprenorphine for Chronic Pain: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness". Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. 6 January 2017. PMID 28727399.
  7. ^ a b Yokell, MA; Zaller, ND; Green, TC; Rich, JD (March 2011). "Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone diversion, misuse, and illicit use: an international review". Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 4 (1): 28–41. doi:10.2174/1874473711104010028. PMC 3154701. PMID 21466501.
  8. ^ "Suboxone". Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  9. ^ "NADAC as of 2017-11-29". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  10. ^ British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 346. ISBN 9780857111562.
  11. ^ "Press Announcements - FDA approves first generic versions of Suboxone sublingual film, which may increase access to treatment for opioid dependence". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  12. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Buprenorphine; Naloxone – Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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