Egypt (Arabic : مصر Miṣr [mesˁr] , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mɑsˤr] ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia . It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast , the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia . Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt , while Alexandria , the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast . At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world , and the third-most populated in Africa.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century, and of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, before its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867. The country was then occupied by the British Empire and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt declared itself a republic , and in 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic , which was dissolved in 1961. Egypt fought several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948 , 1956 , 1967 and 1973 , and occupied the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords , which recognised Israel in exchange for its withdrawal from the Sinai. After the Arab Spring , which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak , the country faced a protracted period of political unrest ; this included the election in 2012 of a brief, short-lived Muslim Brotherhood -aligned Islamist government spearheaded by Mohamed Morsi , and its subsequent overthrow after mass protests in 2013 .
Egypt is considered to be a regional power in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world , and a middle power worldwide. It is a developing country having a diversified economy, which is the largest in Africa , the 38th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 127th by nominal GDP per capita. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Arab League , the African Union , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , World Youth Forum , and a member of BRICS . (Full article... )
The following are images from various Egypt-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the
golden mask from the mummy of Tutankhamun . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 2 Women in Cairo wear face masks during the
COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt in March 2020. (from
Egypt )
Image 4 Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics (from
Egypt )
Image 5 The gods
Osiris ,
Anubis , and
Horus in the tomb of Horemheb (
KV57 ) in the Valley of the Kings. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 6 The Weighing of the Heart from the
Book of the Dead of Ani (from
Egypt )
Image 7 Lower-class occupations (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 8 The
Temple of Dendur , completed by 10 BC,
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 9 Early tomb painting from
Nekhen ,
c. 3500 BC , Naqada, possibly Gerzeh, culture (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 10 The
Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the
ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. (from
Egypt )
Image 12 Coffin of Khnumnakht in 12th dynasty style, with palace facade, columns of inscriptions, and two Wedjat eyes (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 13 The pharaoh was usually depicted wearing symbols of royalty and power. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 14 Kushari , one of Egypt's national dishes (from
Egypt )
Image 15 The Cairo Metro (line 2) (from
Egypt )
Image 16 Model of a household porch and garden,
c. 1981–1975 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 17 The
Amr ibn al-As mosque in Cairo, recognised as the oldest in Africa (from
Egypt )
Image 18 The
Fayum mummy portraits epitomize the meeting of Egyptian and Roman cultures. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 19 Egypt is the eighth most water stressed country in the world. (from
Egypt )
Image 20 The preserved Temple of Horus at Edfu is a model of Egyptian architecture. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 21 Hatshepsut's trading expedition to the
Land of Punt (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 22 Measuring and recording the harvest, from the tomb of
Menna at
Thebes (Eighteenth Dynasty). (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 24 Illustration of various types of capitals, by
Karl Richard Lepsius (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 26 Tourists riding an
Arabian camel in front of
Pyramid of Khafre . The
Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions. (from
Egypt )
Image 27 Egyptian honour guard soldiers during a visit of U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen (from
Egypt )
Image 28 Egypt's topography (from
Egypt )
Image 29 Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the
Egyptian Museum of Cairo. (from
Egypt )
Image 30 Al-Azhar Park is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the
Project for Public Spaces . (from
Egypt )
Image 31 Rectangular fishpond with ducks and
lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees,
Tomb of Nebamun , Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 32 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the delta (from
Egypt )
Image 33 A typical
Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles (Predynastic Period) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 34 The High Court of Justice in
Downtown Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 35 Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013 (from
Egypt )
Image 36 Ruins of Deir el-Medina (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 37 Prominent Egyptian dissident
Alaa Abd El-Fattah was sentenced to five years of imprisonment in December 2021. (from
Egypt )
Image 38 Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 39 The
Book of the Dead was a guide to the deceased's journey in the afterlife. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 41 The
Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 42 Hieroglyphs on stela in
Louvre , c. 1321 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 46 The
Suez Canal (from
Egypt )
Image 47 Arabic calligraphy has seen its golden age in
Cairo . This adornment and beads being sold in
Muizz Street (from
Culture of Egypt )
Image 48 Anubis , the god associated with mummification and burial rituals, attending to a mummy. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 50 A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the
Egypt national football team (from
Egypt )
Image 51 The
Qattara Depression in Egypt's north west (from
Egypt )
Image 52 Egypt's population density (people per km
2 ) (from
Egypt )
Image 53 A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of
Nakht (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 54 Tutankhamun charging enemies on his
chariot , 18th dynasty. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 56 Temple of Derr ruins in 1960 (from
Egypt )
Image 57 Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna,
c. 1400 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 58 Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars. (from
Egypt )
Image 59 The well preserved Temple of Isis from
Philae is an example of
Egyptian architecture and
architectural sculpture (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 60 Four colossal statues of
Ramesses II flank the entrance of his temple
Abu Simbel (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 61 Soad Hosny , film star (from
Egypt )
Image 63 Hosni Mubarak was the president of Egypt from 1981 until his overthrew in 2011 (from
Egypt )
Image 64 Female nationalists demonstrating in
Cairo , 1919 (from
Egypt )
Image 65 Napoleon defeated the
Mamluk troops in the
Battle of the Pyramids , 21 July 1798, painted by
Lejeune . (from
Egypt )
Image 66 An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field (from
Egypt )
Image 67 Khafre enthroned (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 68 The
Egyptian Museum of Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 70 Salah Zulfikar , film star (from
Egypt )
Image 71 Egyptian
tomb models as funerary goods. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 73 Egyptians celebrated feasts and festivals, accompanied by music and dance. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 74 The
Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo, of
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , the sixth caliph, as renovated by
Dawoodi Bohra (from
Egypt )
Image 75 The Ptolemaic Queen
Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar,
Caesarion , at the
Temple of Dendera (from
Egypt )
Image 76 Naguib Mahfouz , the first Arabic-language writer to win the
Nobel Prize in Literature (from
Egypt )
Image 77 Statues of two pharaohs of Egypt's
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and several other
Kushite kings,
Kerma Museum . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 78 Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser in Mansoura, 1960 (from
Egypt )
Image 79 British infantry near
El Alamein , 17 July 1942 (from
Egypt )
Image 80 Seagoing ship of an expedition to Punt, from a relief of
Hatshepsut's Mortuary temple , Deir el-Bahari (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 81 Sennedjem plows his fields in
Aaru with a pair of oxen,
Deir el-Medina (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 82 Hunting game birds and plowing a field, tomb of
Nefermaat and his wife
Itet (
c. 2700 BC ) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 84 Muhammad Ali was the founder of the
Muhammad Ali dynasty and the first
Khedive of Egypt and
Sudan . (from
Egypt )
Image 85 Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the
Suez Canal hit during the initial
Anglo-French assault on Egypt, 5 November 1956. (from
Egypt )
Image 86 The halls of Karnak Temple are built with rows of large columns. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 87 Tanoura dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 88 Smart Village , a business district established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high-tech businesses (from
Egypt )
Image 89 Frontispiece of
Description de l'Égypte , published in 38 volumes between 1809 and 1829. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 90 Ancient Egyptians playing music (from
Egypt )
Image 91 The "weighing of the heart" scene from the
Book of the Dead (from
Egypt )
Image 92 Cairo grew into a
metropolitan area with a population of over 20 million. (from
Egypt )
Image 93 The
Edwin Smith surgical papyrus describes anatomy and medical treatments, written in
hieratic ,
c. 1550 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 95 The
pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 97 Glassmaking was a highly developed art. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 98 A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, most probably
Amenemhat II or
Senwosret II . It functioned as a divine guardian for the
imiut ; the divine kilt, suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 99 Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty (from
Egypt )
Image 100 Wooden figures of soldiers, from the tomb of nomarch
Mesehti (
11th dynasty ) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 101 President el-Sisi with US President
Joe Biden , 11 November 2022 (from
Egypt )
Image 102 The
Eastern Imperial Eagle is the national animal of Egypt. (from
Egypt )
Image 103 Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the
Yom Kippur War , 1973 (from
Egypt )
Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Ṭughj ibn Juff ibn Yiltakīn ibn Fūrān ibn Fūrī ibn Khāqān (8 February 882 – 24 July 946), better known by the title al-Ikhshīd (Arabic : الإخشيد ) after 939, was an Abbasid commander and governor who became the autonomous ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria (Levant ) from 935 until his death in 946. He was the founder of the Ikhshidid dynasty , which ruled the region until the Fatimid conquest of 969.
The son of
Tughj ibn Juff , a general of
Turkic origin who served both the Abbasids and the autonomous
Tulunid rulers of Egypt and Syria, Muhammad ibn Tughj was born in
Baghdad but grew up in Syria and acquired his first military and administrative experiences at his father's side. He had a turbulent early career: he was imprisoned along with his father by the Abbasids in 905, was released in 906, participated in the murder of the
vizier al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i in 908, and fled
Iraq to enter the service of the governor of Egypt,
Takin al-Khazari . Eventually he acquired the patronage of several influential Abbasid magnates, chiefly the powerful commander-in-chief
Mu'nis al-Muzaffar . These ties led him to being named governor first of
Palestine and then of
Damascus . In 933, he was briefly named governor of Egypt, but this order was revoked after the death of Mu'nis, and Ibn Tughj had to fight to preserve even his governorship of Damascus. In 935, he was re-appointed to Egypt, where he quickly defeated a Fatimid invasion and stabilized the turbulent country. His reign marks a rare period of domestic peace, stability and good government in the annals of early Islamic Egypt. In 938 Caliph
al-Radi granted his request for the title of
al-Ikhshid , which had been borne by the rulers of his ancestral
Farghana Valley . It is by this title that he was known thereafter. (
Full article... )
List of selected biographies
Omar Khayyam and Shahrazade bottles from Gianaclis Vineyards.
Winemaking has a long tradition in
Egypt dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. The modern wine industry is relatively small scale but there have been significant strides towards reviving the industry. In the late nineties the industry invited international expertise in a bid to improve the quality of Egyptian wine, which used to be known for its poor quality. In recent years Egyptian wines have received some recognition, having won several international awards. In 2013 Egypt produced 4,500 tonnes of wine, ranking
54th globally , ahead of
Belgium and the
United Kingdom . (
Full article... )
Religions in Egypt
Arab states
Other countries
... that Ancient Egyptians were shocked by the Greco-Roman practice of infanticide , and would rescue abandoned babies from manure heaps?
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