Yvonne Maldonado

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Yvonne Aida Maldonado
Born
United States
Alma materUniversity of California, Los Angeles
Stanford University School of Medicine, MD (1981)
Scientific career
FieldsInfectious Diseases, Pediatrics, Epidemiology

Yvonne "Bonnie" Maldonado is an American physician, pediatrician, and Professor of Pediatrics and of Health Research and Policy at Stanford University, with a focus on Infectious Diseases. She founded Stanford's pediatric HIV Clinic and now serves as Stanford University School of Medicine's Senior Associate Dean of Faculty Development and Diversity.

Early life[edit]

Raised in Los Angeles, Maldonado is the daughter of Mexican immigrants and was the first in her family to attend college.[1] Maldonado received her bachelor's degree from University of California, Los Angeles.[2] She then attended Stanford University School of Medicine, where she received her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1981. She then performed her residency in pediatrics at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where she remained for her fellowship in pediatric infectious diseases.[3]

Career[edit]

Following her residency she joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Officer in the mid-1980s at the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States.[3][4] There, she became interested in how to prevent the spread of HIV infection from mothers to their babies, particularly in developing countries. In 1988, she became a professor of pediatrics at Stanford University, where she started the pediatric HIV Clinic.[3]

Leadership and service[edit]

Maldonado has contributed her expertise to governmental policy, serving on the National Vaccine Advisory Committee through the United States Department of Health and Human Services and as a member of Governor Gavin Newsom's California Initiative to Advance Precision Medicine Advisory Council.[5] She is the Chair of the committee on infectious diseases at the American Academy of Pediatrics and serves as a Senior Fellow at the Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health.[6] She is also an advocate for diversity, equity, and inclusion, serving as Stanford's Associate Dean of Faculty Development and Diversity since May 2014, succeeding Hannah Valantine.[7]

Research[edit]

Her research focuses on the epidemiology and prevention of infectious diseases, such as rotavirus, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and pediatric HIV infection. She has also worked on developing and evaluating programs to prevent gender-based violence, working on interventions in Kenya. Her group partnered with the non-profit "Ujamaa-Africa/No Means No Worldwide" to develop and implement a 12-hour empowerment program to teach girls verbal and physical techniques to prevent sexual harassment and assault.[8][9] They found the intervention was successful in both curbing the incidence of sexual assault and increasing the likelihood that girls would disclose assault.

HIV research[edit]

One of Maldonado's research interests is preventing perinatal HIV transmission, which includes preventing transmission through breastfeeding and maximizing prevention strategies in developing countries. She and her colleagues found that treating infants with the anti-retroviral drug nevirapine for their first six months of life reduces HIV transmission through breastfeeding.[10][11]

Vaccine research[edit]

Maldonado's research program also focuses on the development and implementation of vaccines. Her group has received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to understand the factors that underlie the poor immunogenicity of the oral polio vaccine among children in three communities in Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico with the goal of understanding how to improve immunogenicity. She also studies the circulation and epidemiology of vaccine-derived polioviruses, which originate from the live oral vaccine used against polio.[12] She notes the live vaccine is still in use in developing countries, despite associated risks, because it is much cheaper and because manufacturers are still working to ramp up production of the inactivated vaccine, which is five times more expensive (as of 2018).[13]

She has also analyzed the efficacy of mandatory vaccination policies, which have been implemented in some European countries.[14] She also found that California's elimination of non-medical vaccine exemptions for students entering school in 2016 also led to an increase in vaccine coverage.[15][16] While mandates are effective in increasing immunization, Maldonado and her colleagues have also advocated for interventions to combat misinformation and address vaccine hesitancy.[17]

COVID-19 response[edit]

Maldonado and her team have been involved in many of the studies at Stanford University seeking to understand the biology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.[18] She has worked on a study of the accuracy of three different self-administered nasal swab techniques, which would allow individuals to test themselves for infection without the need to come to the hospital.[19][2] In the meantime, she has spoken of the importance of drive-through COVID-19 testing, which Stanford implemented to minimize the risk of spreading the disease at hospitals.[20] She also launched a study to understand how COVID-19 is transmitted within a household.[21] Adults who come into the hospital for COVID-19 were asked to perform at-home nose swab tests, along with all members of their household, as well as keep a symptom log to understand when infection is spread and whether that spread occurs before or after symptoms have disappeared.[21] Her team also worked to develop and implement an antibody test to determine if someone had contracted COVID-19; the test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in early April 2020.[22]

Awards and honors[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Kaur, Manat (2018-11-01). "Q&A: Stanford Medicine Professor Yvonne Maldonado on receiving the 2018 RISE Award for mentoring and leadership". The Stanford Daily. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  2. ^ a b Fimrite, Peter (2020-04-03). "Bay Area scientists forge alliance to stop coronavirus — it may prove key to cure". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  3. ^ a b c Berger, Jody (2018-06-28). "Pediatric researcher celebrated for her perseverance, accomplishments". Scope. Stanford Medicine. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  4. ^ California Morbidity. State Department of Health, Infectious Disease Section. 1988.
  5. ^ "CIAPM Advisory Council - Office of Planning and Research". opr.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  6. ^ "Committee on Infectious Diseases (COID)". services.aap.org. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  7. ^ Zonana, Kathy (2017). "Women faculty use data to seek parity in academic medicine". Stanford Medicine. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  8. ^ IANS (2014-04-15). "Empowering girls can curtail rape, sexual assault". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  9. ^ Straus, Tamara (11 June 2015). "Teaching women to fight today could stop rapes tomorrow". Quartz. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  10. ^ "Six-month drug regimen cuts HIV risk for breastfeeding infants". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  11. ^ Coovadia, Hoosen M; Brown, Elizabeth R; Fowler, Mary Glenn; Chipato, Tsungai; Moodley, Dhayendre; Manji, Karim; Musoke, Philippa; Stranix-Chibanda, Lynda; Chetty, Vani; Fawzi, Wafaie; Nakabiito, Clemensia (2012-01-21). "Efficacy and safety of an extended nevirapine regimen in infant children of breastfeeding mothers with HIV-1 infection for prevention of postnatal HIV-1 transmission (HPTN 046): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". The Lancet. 379 (9812): 221–228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61653-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 3539769. PMID 22196945.
  12. ^ Resnick, Brian (2016-01-08). "We've almost eradicated polio. Ironically, a big threat now is vaccines". Vox. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  13. ^ Howard, Jacqueline (2018-07-10). "Why polio outbreaks still happen". CNN. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  14. ^ First, Lewis (2020-03-29). "Lessons We Can Learn from Mandatory Vaccine Policies in Europe". AAP News.
  15. ^ "California's stricter vaccine exemption policy and improved vaccination rates". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  16. ^ Cohen, Elizabeth; Bonifield, John (2019-01-29). "Some states allow parents to get out of vaccinations. Then this happens". CNN. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  17. ^ Pogash, Carol (2019-05-28). "As anti-vaxx dispute rages, attention turns to California's Waldorf schools". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  18. ^ "COVID-19 Research". Stanford Medicine. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  19. ^ Singer, Natasha (2020-03-23). "Start-Ups Jump the Gun on Home Kits for Coronavirus Testing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  20. ^ Toussaint, Kristin (2020-03-18). "Why drive-through testing is such an important tool in the coronavirus fight". Fast Company. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  21. ^ a b Park, Alice (2020-04-06). "Why Children Seem to Be Less Affected by COVID-19". Time. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  22. ^ "Stanford Wins Approval For Antibody Test". KCBS 740AM | 106.9 FM. 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  23. ^ "National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members". National Academy of Medicine. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
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