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Political History[edit]
Reign of George I: 1714-1727[edit]
Jacobite Rebellion[edit]
Following the death of Queen Anne, the crown passed to George in accordance with the Act of Settlement. Less than a year after his coronation, a Jacobite rising in Scotland of up to 20,000 Scotsmen[1] supported the claim of James Francis Edward Stuart. A smaller English Jacobite rebellion was defeated at Preston[2], and after an inconclusive battle with government forces at Sheriffmuir the main Jacobite army slowly deserted.[3] The rebellion had collapsed and Stuart fled Scotland.[3] Crucial to the rebellion's failure was Stuart's refusal to convert from Catholicism to Anglicanism, which denied him wider support.[4]
Whigs gain control[edit]
The Tories had been hesitant to support the exclusion of the Stuarts[5], and became tainted by association with the Jacobites.[1] Politically George I favoured the Whigs, and his support was a key factor in their domination throughout his reign and beyond, known as the Whig Supremacy.[2] Between 1694 and 1715 there had been no fewer than ten general elections[5], but the Septennial Act of 1716 increased the length of parliaments to a maximum of seven years[1] - a change which was intended to create political stability, but favoured the Whig party who had won the 1715 election because it gave them several years in which to cement their position.[6] The Whigs used impeachment and other methods to strip away Tory influence at both the national and local government levels.[5][1]
War of the Quadruple Alliance[edit]
In 1717 Britain formed a triple Alliance with France and the Dutch Republic[2] and in 1718 the Holy Roman Empire joined as the four nations entered into a brief war against Spain. Shortly before this the Royal Navy had destroyed the Spanish fleet, which severely disrupted Spain's ability to be a long term naval rival.[7]
The first Prime Minister[edit]
The South Sea Bubble allowed Robert Walpole to become the most powerful politician in Britain due to his role in easing the financial crisis.[5] Monarchs had employed ministers to run the country for centuries, but Walpole is recognised as the first de facto Prime Minister and his appointment by George I is traditionally dated to 1721.[5] The cabinet started to meet regularly for the first time without the monarch during this period, partly due to George's inability to speak English.[5]
Reign of George II: 1727-1760[edit]
War of the Austrian Succession[edit]
Anger at Spanish interference with British merchant ships led to war with Spain in 1739, which later brought Britain into the wider conflict in Europe as France allied with Spain. Walpole had tried to keep Britain at peace which lead to his downfall in 1742 after more than twenty years in power, as parliament lacked confidence in him to conduct the war.[5] Naval victories against the French in May and October of 1747 were the only real successes of the war[8]
Reign of George III: 1760-1820[edit]
Reign of George IV: 1820-1830[edit]
Reign of William IV: 1830-1837[edit]
Culture[edit]
Arts[edit]
Architecture[edit]
The Adam brothers developed the Adam Style of architecture and interior design in the later 18th century, which was favoured by the artistocracy and in France during a period of Anglomania.[6] The Adam Style was neo-classical, influenced not just by Greek and Roman architecture, but also by Etruscan architecture.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d A companion to eighteenth-century Britain. Dickinson, H. T. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub. 2002. ISBN 0631218378. OCLC 49276245.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c Jeremy,, Gregory,. The Routledge companion to Britain in the eighteenth century, 1688-1820. Stevenson, John, 1946-, Gregory, Jeremy. London. ISBN 9780415378826. OCLC 76183787.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b 1936-, Roberts, John L. (John Leonard), (2002). The Jacobite wars : Scotland and the military campaigns of 1715 and 1745. Edinburgh: Polygon at Edinburgh. ISBN 1902930290. OCLC 48154273.
{{cite book}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Oxford history of Britain. Morgan, Kenneth O. (Rev. ed., New ed ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780199579259. OCLC 467749038.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Lawrence), Leonard, R. L. (Richard (2011). Eighteenth-century British premiers : Walpole to the younger Pitt. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403939081. OCLC 650213836.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b 1955-, Black, Jeremy, (2008). Eighteenth-century Britain, 1688-1783 (2nd ed ed.). Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230537491. OCLC 228195455.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help);|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Brendan., Simms, (2009). Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire, 1714-1783. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465013326. OCLC 230193500.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ 1949-, Rodger, N. A. M., (2006). The command of the ocean : a naval history of Britain 1649-1815. National Maritime Museum (Great Britain) (1st Penguin ed in this format ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141026909. OCLC 966377780.
{{cite book}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)