User:Ted Shackelford/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Homosexuality and same-sex relationships have been subject to various views and opinions in different societies throughout history, with positions ranging from anywhere between full acceptance to full rejection, in some situations carrying the potential for the application of capital punishment. The following list chronologically details cases in which capital punishment was used against individuals in same-sex relationships or otherwise known to be homosexual.

Note: Mass executions should only be referred to as "together" if it is known or implied that the individuals in question had prior relations with each other.

13th century[edit]

14th century[edit]

  • Kingdom of France Robert de Peronne, alias de Bray (1317), burned in Laon. His brother Jean was given an unknown sentence for the same charge the following year.[1][6]
  • Duchy of Savoy Pierre Poirer (1334), burned in Dorche, Savoy.[6]
  • Duchy of Savoy Name unknown (1344), burned in Dorche, Savoy.[1]
  • Kingdom of Navarre Juce Abolfaça and Simuel Nahamán (1345), Jews from Puente la Reina, chained to a tree and burned together at Olite.[1][7]
  • Kingdom of Navarre Pascoal de Rojas (1346), burned in Tudela for "heresy with his body".[1]
  • Republic of Florence Agostino di Ercole (1348), sentenced to death (and presumed executed) in Florence; he did not believe his crime was serious and felt that if he was worthy of death, "then many others were to be considered worthy of death".[8]
  • Republic of Venice Pietro di Ferrara (20 February 1349), servant, burned in Venice. Tried and convicted by the Lords of the Night along with fellow servant Giacomello di Bologna on December 29, 1348, who was only banished as he did not confess.[9]
  • Republic of Venice Rolandino/Rolandina Roncaglia (20 March 1354), cross-dressing male prostitute or transgender woman, burned in Venice. Originally from Padua, prior to presenting as female he/she was sometimes mistaken for a woman because of his/her feminine mannerisms. Sold eggs by day and sold sexual favors by night; most clients did not know of Roncaglia's sex. Worked for 7 years before he/she was reported by a client and arrested.[10][11]
  • Republic of Venice Nicoleto Marmagna and Giovanni Braganza (3 October 1357), Venetian boatman and his servant, burned together by the Lords of the Night. Marmagna was married to Braganza's sister.[1][9]
  • Republic of Florence Giovanni di Giovanni (7 May 1365), 15, publicly punished as a "a public and notorious passive sodomite".
  • Kingdom of France Name unknown (1372), burned in Reims.[1]
  • Kingdom of Navarre Name unknown (1373), servant, burned in Olite for relations with another servant.[1]
  • Holy Roman Empire Willem Case and Jan van Aersdone (1373), executed together in Antwerp.[1]
  • Holy Roman Empire Names unknown (1375), two men, executed together in Ypres.[12]
  • Holy Roman Empire Heinrich Schreiber (1378), convicted by a Munich civil court and likely executed.[2]
  • Holy Roman Empire Br. Hans Storzl, Br. Eberhard of St. Lienhart, 2 Beghards, and a peasant (1381), burned together in Augsburg for "having committed heresy with one another".[2]
  • Holy Roman Empire Name unknown (1391), executed in Mechelen; only defendant of 17, including 2 women, to confess in a group trial.[12]
  • Crown of Aragon Antoni (1395), slave of Francesc Peres burned in Barcelona.[13]
  • Holy Roman Empire Friedrich (1399), cook burned in Basel; his partner, Friedrich Schreglin, was banished.[2]

15th century[edit]

  • Holy Roman Empire Johannes Rorer (1400), bathhouse owner executed in Strasbourg; his partner, Heinzmann Hiltebrant, fled.[2]
  • Republic of Venice Nanni di Firenze (27 July 1401), sentenced to burn (presumed executed) in Venice.[14]
  • Republic of Venice Nani Silvestri (20 December 1401), merchant, sentenced to burn (presumed executed) in Venice.[15]
  • Republic of Venice Domenico da Fermo (3 January 1402), barber, bunred in Venice. Resisted interrogative torture, refusing to and retracting confessions.[16]
  • Crown of Aragon Isaach Salamó (1403), Jew, burned in Perpignan.[13]
  • Republic of Venice Clario Contarini and 16 or 15 others (1407), young nobles and some clerics, all burned in Venice. From a group of 35, including 14 nobles, tried by the Council of Ten; scandal ensued due to the backgrounds of the accused.[17]
  • Holy Roman Empire Ulrich Frey, Jacob Kyss, Ulrich, and 2 others (1408 or 1409), ecclesiastics, one burned and the other 4 bound and starved in a wooden cage in Augsburg.[1][2]
  • Holy Roman Empire Names unknown (1418), two clerics, sentenced to be (and likely) burned together in Konstanz.[2]
  • Republic of Florence Domenico di Giovanni (29 July 1420), decapitated in Florence.[18]
  • Papal States Alvisio (1421), burned in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna.[19]
  • Papal States Francesco Guglielmi and Stefano da Prato (1422), burned together in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna. Guglielmi's house in Valdonica was also burnt and his innocent heirs' property was confiscated.[19]
  • Papal States Francesco Mancini and Antonio Micileto (1 December 1423), Sicilian university law professor and his servant, beheaded together in Piazza del Comune, Bologna.[20]
  • Holy Roman Empire Hermann von Hohenlandberg (1431), Burgher and noble previously accused of robbing travelers outside of Zurich in 1419, executed there for relations with male adolescents.[2]
  • Republic of Florence Antonio d'Ugolino (9 May 1443), of S. Michele di Mugello, hanged and burned in Florence; buried in the temple.[18]
  • Republic of Florence Simon Barbiere Bizzello (28 May 1443 or 20 May 1444), decapitated in Florence.[18][21]
  • Holy Roman Empire Names unknown (1444), Bishop of Geneva's Greek personal chef and local Genevan, hanged together in Geneva. First executions in Geneva for sodomy.[22][23]
  • Holy Roman Empire Gooswyn de Wilde (1447), President of the States of Holland, beheaded.[24][25][26]
  • Crown of Aragon Mahoma Mofari and Açen (1458), Muslim potters, sentenced to burn together in Lleida for relations between themselves and Christian prostitutes; Mahoma converted to Christianity as Pere Cirera, so he was drowned before burning.[13]
  • Crown of Aragon Margarida Borràs (1460), transgender woman, executed in Valencia under anti-sodomy laws.
  • Holy Roman Empire Name unknown (1463), sentenced to burn (presumed executed) by the Court of Holland.[26]
  • Holy Roman Empire Names unknown (1464), a sexton of a pilgrimage church and a boy, burned together in Einsiedeln.[2]
  • Republic of Venice Ermolao Foscari and Mafeo Barbaro (1464), beheaded and burned in Venice; their younger (puer) companions, Giovanni Basadona and Giovanni Filippo Priuli, were both exiled for 8 years.[9]
  • Crown of Aragon Joan de Llobera and Bartomeu Polo (28 May 1464), a counselor of Barcelona in 1463 and an "immoral hermit", strangled and burnt together on La Rambla in Barcelona.[13]
  • Crown of Aragon Gaspar Rajadell and Joan Sori (21 July 1464), the latter a scribe, drowned in a wine bucket and burnt together on La Rambla in Barcelona.[13]
  • Republic of Florence Antonio di Giovanni Pucca (17 April 1469), beccamorto, decapitated in Florence.[18]
  • Holy Roman Empire Georg Semler, Fritz Rottel, Stefan Karl, and Andre Vetter (1471), decapitated in Regensburg.[2]
  • Holy Roman Empire Names unknown (1474), 18 Lombard mercenaries, captured and burned in Basel.[2]
  • BurgundyNames unknown (24 December 1474), 18 Lombard soldiers, executed in Burgundy.[27]
  • Republic of Venice Padano d'Otranto and Marino Alegeti (1474), beheaded and burned together in Piazza San Marco, Venice, by the Council of Ten. Two from a group of six tried by the Council, and the only ones executed due to their active status; the others received lesser punishments.[9]
  • Crown of Aragon Names unknown (1476), five men, burned in Barcelona during a plague attack.[28]
  • Republic of Venice Marco Baffo and Francesco Toniuti (11 September 1476), hanged together in Venice by the Council of Ten. Baffo was married to the daughter of Piramo da Veglia.[29]
  • Holy Roman Empire Katherina Hetzeldorfer (1477), cross-dressing lesbian drowned in the Rhine at Speyer.
  • Republic of Venice Francesco Cercato (1480), hanged between the columns of a square in Venice.[30]
Burning of Hohenburg and Mätzler, 1482
  • Holy Roman Empire Richard Puller von Hohenburg and Anton Mätzler (24 Septmeber 1482), 28 (Hohenburg), Alsatian noble and knight in Switzerland and his servant, burned together in Zurich.
  • Republic of Venice Marco Baffo (1485), hanged in Venice.[31]
  • Holy Roman Empire Cristan Schriber (1488), burned in Konstanz.[2]
  • Holy Roman Empire Hans Zogg and Uli im Tann (1489), burned together in Lucerne.[2]
Decapitation of Hans Waldemann, 1489
  • Holy Roman Empire Hans Waldemann (6 April 1489), 54, mayor of Zurich beheaded after a peasant revolt.
  • Duchy of Ferrara Name unknown (1490s), 17, hanged in Ferrara.[32]
  • Holy Roman Empire Jehan Ruaulx (1493), pastry chef, executed in Fribourg after returning from France with an ear and his penis missing for a sodomy charge in Sisteron. Admitted to relations with several men, including a cleric, at both Fribourg and Lausanne.[2]
  • Kingdom of Castile Names unknown (1495), six Italians, seen hanged upside down by a German traveler in Almería.[28]

16th century[edit]

  • N/A Names unknown (year unknown), nuns, burned together in Spain for using "material instruments"; mentioned in the writings of Antonio Gómez.[23]
  • Republic of Genoa Geronimo (15 March 1504), burned in Genoa at the public square of Vastato.[33]
  • Crown of Castile Names unknown (1506), 12 men, burned in Seville.[1]
  • Switzerland Heinrich Baltschmid, Felix Bluntschli, Caspar Noll, and Hans Honegger (1506), burned in Lucerne.[2]
  • Holy Roman Empire Jerome and a bottlemaker (1506), burned together in Strasbourg.[2]
  • Republic of Florence Giovanni di Piero Masini (25 August 1514), baker's boy, hanged and burned in the courtyard of the Bargello, Florence.[21]
  • Switzerland Jacob von Schloss (1515), thief who admitted to relations with several older men of higher social rank; burned in Zurich. Blamed the welsch (French, Savoyards, etc.) for introducing sodomy to Germans, claiming he was first seduced by notary in the Savoy court of Geneva.[2][34]
  • Portuguese Empire Salomon Antón (1519), Sicilian master on the Victoria, burned at sea under Ferdinand Magellan off the coast of Santa Lucia, Brazil. The Genoese grummet and apprentice sailor implicated with him, António Varesa, drowned in the same area shortly afterwards when thrown overboard by his shipmates.[35][36]
  • Switzerland Andres von Tschafel (1519), broken on the wheel and burned in Lucerne.[2]
  • Switzerland Blasius Hipold (1519), burned in Lucerne.[2]
  • Switzerland Bonifaz Dorn (27 January 1519), decapitated in Lucerne.[2]
  • Switzerland Johannes Nusser (1520), broken on the wheel in Lucerne.[2]
  • Switzerland Hans Propstli (1525), decapitated and burned in Solothurn; blamed the welsch. First execution in Solothurn.[2][37]
  • Switzerland Hans Fritschi (1530), monastery laborer, decapitated in Schaffhausen.[2]
  • Switzerland Balthasar Bar (1532), drowned in Lucerne; blamed the welsch.[2][37]
  • Holy Roman Empire Jacob Miller, Berlin Wagner, and Michel Will (1532), decapitated in Augsburg.[2]
  • Switzerland Conrat Mulibach (1533), burned in St. Gallen.[2]
  • Kingdom of France Name unknown (1535), woman from Fontaines who dressed as a man and married of maid of Foy; burned. Case reported by Henri Estienne.[23][38]
  • Holy Roman Empire Franz von Alsten (1536 or 1537), decapitated in Münster.[2]
  • Switzerland Marx Anthon (1537), burned in Zurich.[2]
  • Switzerland Jorg Sigler (1537), burned in Lucerne.[2]
  • Switzerland Bonifacius Amerbach (1538), burned in Schaffhausen.[2]
  • Papal States Name unknown (1540), executed in Bologna.[39]
  • Switzerland Uli Rugger (1540), decapitated in Zurich.[2]
  • Switzerland Hans Blatter (1540), burned in Zurich.[2]
  • Switzerland Jacob Muller (1540), decapitated and burned in Zurich.[2]
  • Papal States Name unknown (1541), executed in Bologna.[39]
  • Spain Salvador Vidal (1541), rural priest, tried by the Saragossa tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition and "relaxed" (handed over for execution) to the secular courts.[1][28]
  • Republic of Venice Francesco Fabrizio (May 1545), priest of San Giuliano and poet, decapitated and burned by the Council of Ten.[29][30][40]
  • Spain Name unknown (1546), layman, executed in a Saragossa auto-da-fé.[1]
  • Papal States Names unknown (1547), both executed (one hanged and burned, the other quartered) in Bologna.[39]
  • Papal States Name unknown (1549), hanged and burned in Bologna.[39]
  • Canton of Geneva Name unknown (1550), young Frenchman, hanged in Geneva.[41]
  • Republic of Genoa Jacopo Bonfadio (19 July 1550), 41, humanist historian, decapitated and burned in Genoa.
  • Republic of Venice Francesco Calcagno (23 December 1550), 22, expelled Franciscan friar, executed in Venice; also committed atheistic blasphemy.
  • Spain Name unknown (1551), Castilian soldier, executed in Saragossa awaiting a public auto-da-fé.[28]
  • Republic of Florence Antonio di Giovanni Bandoni (24 October 1551), hanged and burned (or quartered) in Florence.[21][42]
  • Republic of Florence Crazia di Negroponte (15 June 1553), Turkish footman, strangled and burned in Pratello, Florence. Converted to Christianity 9 months before his execution; buried in the temple.[18]
  • Canton of Geneva Jean Fontaine (1554 or 1555), executed in Geneva; involved with a Branlard later tried with a youth, Ramel.[43]
  • Canton of Geneva Name unknown (1556), French, hanged in Geneva.[23]
  • Kingdom of France Dominique Phinot (1556), 46, composer, executed in Lyon.
  • Papal States Messer Rinieri (25 September 1556), 56, a cathedral canon and man of letters from the Franchi family of Perugia, hanged and burned there under Sixtus V for "having repeatedly scaled the walls of the seminary of said Perugia, on behalf of sodomy."[44]
  • Spain Names unknown (1558), a Castilian jurist/lawyer, two priests, and a French shepherd boy, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé.[1][28]
  • Papal States Gabriele Thomaein (17 February 1559), German from Augsburg, burned in Rome with 3 heretics.[45]
  • N/A Names unknown (1560), 3 Turkish galley slaves and 2 French Catholics from a captured Savoy fort, burned together by Genevan forces. The slaves implicated the 2 Catholics when questioned.[1]
  • Canton of Geneva Guillaume Brancard (1561), drowned in Geneva.[46]
  • Switzerland Thoni Ruttiman (1561), hanged in Zurich.[2]
  • Republic of Venice Baptistam Bariliarum (11 October 1561), decapitated on a high platform between two columns and burned in Venice.[47]
  • Canton of Geneva Pierre Jobert and Thibaud Lespligny (1562), French, drowned together in Geneva; were in a long-standing relationship.[23][43]
  • Republic of Venice Paseto Portador (12 December 1562), decapitated on a high platfrom between two columns in Piazza di San Marco and burned. Also convicted of homicide.[47]
  • Canton of Geneva Name unknown (1566), 22, Italian student, drowned in Geneva.[23]
  • Canton of Geneva Bartholomé Tecia (10 June 1566), 15, Piedmontese student, drowned in Geneva.
  • Duchy of Milan Nicola da Germinà (12 July 1565), burned in Bargello, Milan.[48]
  • Duchy of Milan Ambrogio di Croce (8 April 1566), hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Papal States Name unknown (July 1566), young man burned on a bridge in Rome.[50]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giuseppe D'Angelo (18 December 1566), from Monte di Trapani (Erice), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Switzerland Rudolf Bachmann and Uli Frei (1567), decapitated and burned together in Zurich.[2]
  • Papal States Cornelio Mantovani (1567), policeman, burned in Bologna.[39]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Cosimo la Mirabella and Santoni Giuliano (13 June 1567), hanged and burned together in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Bernardino di Marsala (8 October 1567), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Republic of Venice Nico (2 December 1567), becher, beheaded and burned between the two columns of San Zulian, Venice; convicted of sodomy "among other faults", which we were read alound from a platform over the Grand Canal.[47]
  • Canton of Geneva Name unknown (1568), French, drowned in Geneva.[23]
  • Canton of Geneva Francoise-Jeanne Morel (1568), itinerant plague worker, drowned in Geneva. Initially accused of molesting a woman she shared a bed with, she denied and then admitted to the charge along to relations with both men and women.[22][52]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Sebastiano Vita (20 February 1568), executed and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Papal States Name unknown (21 August 1568), young man burned in Rome; many "false doors" were ordered closed that night.[53]
  • Papal States Valerio (1570), hanged in Bologna; his surname was not reported.[39]
  • Papal States Luigi Fontino (March 1570), musician and canon of the Basilica of Nostra Signora di Loreto, laicizied and beheaded in Loreto for relations with a student of his, 16-year-old Luigi Dalla Balla. Giovanni Leonardo Primavera, another lover of Dalla Balla, escaped persecution in 1585.[54]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Cosimo la Piccola (23 June 1570), strangled and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Spain Names unknown (1572), three foreigners, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé.[1][28]
  • Spain Names unknown (1573), two Trinitarian monks, executed together in Valencia.[1]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco la Motta and Simone Micara (7 May 1573), strangled and burned together in Palermo.[51]
  • Spain Martín de Castro (1574), pícaro and prostitute, burned in Madrid; was present at the 1572 trials of 2 of his high-ranking clients, Don Pedro Luis Galceran de Borgia and the Count of Ribagorza.[55]
  • Spain Miguel Salvador de Morales and Baptista Tafolla (25 June 1574), a Trinitarian friar and his long-time acquaintance, burned together in Valencia. Tafolla had returned from traveling in Italy and went to Morales' monastery in Valencia, where they were caught. Both had known each other since childhood.[1]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Melchiorre di Trapani (24 November 1574), strangled and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Spanish Empire Juan Bautista Finocho (July 1575), mariner of the galleon San Tadeo, burned in the harbor of La Havana.[35]
  • Duchy of Milan Name unknown (25 June 1576), from Pesaro, hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
Friars burned in Bruges, 1578
  • Spanish Empire Names unknown (28 June 1578), several Franciscan friars, burned in Bruges.[1]
  • Papal States Battista, Antonio de Velez, Francisco Herrera, Bernardino de Alfar, Alfonso de Robles, Jeronimo de Paz, Marcos Pinto, and Gaspar de Martin (August 1578), an Albanian boatman, a Catalan, 4 other Spaniards, and 2 Portuguese, burned together in Rome; arrested in a church near San Giovanni Laterano for organizing same-sex marriage ceremonies.[56][57]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Luciano lo Terrosi (19 November 1578), strangled and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giovanni di Bella (4 December 1578), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Switzerland Wilhelm von Muhlhausen (1579), burned in Zurich.[2]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giuseppe Benanti (15 May 1579), strangled in Palermo; also executed was Giacopo di Giacopo, who made false allegations against Giuseppe de Marino in another sodomy trial.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily D. Carlo Barone, Don Paolo Bevaceto, Giacomo Russitano, and Antonio Scolaro (3 August 1579), executed (Barone unknown, Bevaceto beheaded, Russitano and Scolaro strangled) and burned in Palermo. The father of D. Pietro Vinacito paid the court 15,000 scudi to spare the men, but the executions were still carried out.[51]
  • Kingdom of France Marie (1580), weaver from Chaumont, dressed as a man and married another woman in Montier-en-Der; hanged for using "illicit devices".[23][38]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Prospero Magri (11 April 1580), strangled in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giovanni Bentivoglio and Fabrizio Lisci (29 July 1580), hanged and burned together in Palermo.[51]
  • Spain Name unknown (1581), Neapolitan, burned in Seville for a "habit of Italy".[22]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Matteo Paladino (25 August 1581), brigand, strangled and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Geronimo Galesi and Pietro d'Olieri (19 November 1582), hanged and burned together in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Innocenzo Bonamico and Muscato (2 May 1583), hanged and burned together in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Antonino Polito (18 May 1583), hanged and burned in Palermo; also convicted of country theft.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Lazzarino Almirotto (14 January 1584), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Duchy of Milan Giovanni Borgognone (29 November 1584), executioner, burned outside of Porta Ticinese, Milan.[48]
  • Spain Diego Maldonado, Salvador Martín, and Alonso Sánchez, and 5 others (1585), sodomite group, burned together in Seville by secular authorites. Maldonado, a member of a "well-to-do family" from Granada, was the group leader.[22][35][58]
  • Spain Muyuca (1585), African, burned in Seville. Likely a procurer; wore a ruff, cosmetics, and a wig at his execution, likely as humiliation.[22]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giuseppe Serio (29 May 1585), hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two young beardless men.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Vincenzo Malatesta (25 June 1585), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Leonardo d'Amadeo (2 December 1585), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily G. Battista Inbrunetta (26 April 1586), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Republic of Genoa Name unknown (9 May 1586), 20, pedant (teacher) from Ponticelo, hanged in the Archi and burned in Genoa; tried along with another teacher who was also sentenced to death but it is unknown if he too was executed.[59]
  • Switzerland Name unknown (28 May 1586), burned between Lenzburg and Aarau.[60]
  • Papal States Names unknown (June 1586), a priest and a boy, burned together in Rome even though both had voluntarily confessed.[1]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Andrea li Sarti (17 June 1586), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Scipione di Nicolò (11 July 1586), hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two clean-shaven young men.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Aurelio Ciafaglione (23 December 1586), hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with a young beardless man.[51]
  • Spain Names unknown (1587), seven adolescents under 21, executed in Aragon (Saragossa).[28][55]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Girolamo Incudina (2 January 1587), body quartered and displayed on the streets of Palermo; also committed theft and murder.[51]
  • Spain Names unknown (1588), both 17, executed in Aragon (Saragossa).[28][55]
  • Spain Names unknown (1588), both French, burned together in Seville.[22]
  • Spain Gaspar Arrimen and Pedro Alache (1588), both 20, Moriscos, burned together in Valencia.[1]
  • Papal States Francesco Carlini (1588), hanged and burned in Bologna; also committed theft and heresy.[39]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giuseppe Magliocco (7 January 1588), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Duchy of Milan Don Vincenzo Alteato (14 November 1589), burned outside Porta Ticinese, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni.[48]
  • Canton of Geneva Names unknown (1590), a 25-year-old soldier and his 18-year-old valet, both French, burned together in Geneva.[22][23]
  • Canton of Geneva Names unknown (1590), three Turkish galley slaves, burned in Geneva.[23]
  • Canton of Geneva Jean Chaffrey, Etienne Chappuis, Tatare Mahomet, Assan, and Ali Arnaud (February 1590), 20, 15, 35, 20, and 34, a French, a Genevan, and 3 Muslim converts to Calvinism (from Martara, Turkey, and Romania), executed together in Geneva after a group relations trial; a 3rd European was acquitted.[52]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giovanni Mazzone (1 February 1590), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Papal States Muzio di Senso and Bernardino di Camillo (1592), hanged together in Ponte, Rome, after being led through the city.[45]
  • Papal States Allegro Orsini and Ottaviano Bargellini (1593), a Jew and a senatorial family member, beheaded together in Bologna; Orsini's body was displayed in Piazza Maggiore. Orsini converted to Christianity before the execution as Paolo.[39][61]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Antonio d'Assena (24 March 1593), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Papal States Names unknown (23 May 1593), two Bolognese sodomites sentenced to be hanged and burned together in Bologna after a long trial (presumed executed).[62]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Andria Badulato (24 November 1593), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Ioanni Costa (1 June 1594), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Holy Roman Empire Christopher Mayer and Hans Weber (13 August 1594), a weaver of fustian and a fruiterer, citizens of Nuremberg, caught in the act behind a hedge; Mayer was beheaded and Weber was burned with Mayer's body. They had been in a relationship for 3 years; Weber also had relations with a cook named Endressen, an Alexander, and others over the 20 prior years.[63]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Leonardo Cortese (30 August 1594), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Switzerland Franciscus de Rouiere (1596), burned in Sankt Gallen.[2]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Mariano Pignataro (22 April 1598), choked and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Duchy of Milan Mario di Croce (18 January 1599), partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Duchy of Milan Gio. Batta Aricardi (3 April 1599), weaver and partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Paolo Ferrare (27 July 1599), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Ausebio Bonhomo (13 August 1599), from Nicosia, hanged and burned in Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo.[51]
  • Duchy of Milan Alessandro Cabiate (14 August 1599), partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan.[49]

17th century[edit]

  • Spain Names unknown (1600), 12 men, burned in Seville.[58]
  • Canton of Geneva Pierre Dufour and Pierre Brelat (13 November 1600), a Genevan citizen and a local peasant cowherd, drowned together in Geneva after Brelat accused Dufour of buggery after a fistfight. Brelat had previously openly boasted of their relations due to Dufour's high social standing.[22][43][64]
  • Spanish Empire Name unknown (1601), Jesuit, burned in Antwerp.[12]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Petro Curchio, alias Haro (22 March 1601), choked on a stake and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Domenico Galletti (12 September 1601), strangled and burned on Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco Cappadona (28 September 1601), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Petro Scudero and Mustafà Giorgio (4 June 1602), a Spanish soldier in the company of D. Ernando di Gusman and a Turkish slave of the Duchess of Maqueda, hanged together in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco La Barbara (12 June 1602), strangled and burned in Piano della Marina, Palermo.[51]
  • Republic of Florence Bartolo di Bernabeo Aquilanti (27 August 1602), hanged for "pimping sodomy" in Florence.[21]
  • Spanish Empire Gerónimo Ponce de Leon and Domingo López (1603), mulattoes, executed together in Seville; tried by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación.[65]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Minico la Sola (20 June 1603), from Partanna, hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Spain Name unknown (1604), street vendor of Triana, burned in Seville; described as "fat, deaf, and blind."[66]
  • Holy Roman Empire Name unknown (1605), burned in Middelburg.[26]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Paulu Simonetto (19 April 1606), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Duchy of Milan Gio. Battista Pasquale (21 August 1606), from Camerino, burned in Milan; the putto with whom he had relations was led to the gallows but sent back to the Chief Justice's office.[48]
  • Papal States Giovanni Maria Bonfiglioli (1607), hanged and burned in Bologna.[39]
  • Spain Jose Estravagante and Bartolomeo Teixidor (1607), galley prisoners, one for sodomy and the latter another charge; burned in Valencia by the Inquisition after other prisoners revealed their affair.[1]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giovanni Garsè (21 February 1607), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Sebastiano/Vespasiano Spalletta (26 March 1607), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giuseppe di Tommaso and Antonio Longobardi (27 November 1607), from Castello a Mare (Longbardi), hanged and burned together in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Rocco Febo (15 March 1608), city executioner, hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Vincenzo d'Amico, alias Bella di Sciacca (17 June 1608), habitual sodomite, hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of England Peter Chambers (5 October 1609), Catholic seminarian who converted to Protestantism, hanged in Exeter. He was convicted of sodomy with one of his choirboys at the Exeter assizes; he lived in Exeter Cathedral "to teach the singing boys" under Matthew Sutcliffe's sponsorship. Chambers protested at his execution that in Italy he was able to suppress his urges as a Catholic, but quickly relapsed in Protestantism.[67][68]
  • Switzerland Jephat Scheurmann (1609), likely executed in Lucerne. Claimed he was seduced as a young man "in foreign countries" by an apprentice from Fribourg.[2][34]
  • Duchy of Milan Antonio Carcano (22 September 1609), hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Papal States Names unknown (1610), both hanged and burned in Bologna.[39]
  • Canton of Geneva Names unknown (1610), a gatekeeper and 2 others, drowned in Geneva; partners of Pierre Canal.[23]
  • Canton of Geneva Pierre Canal (2 February 1610), city official, burned in Geneva; arrested for treason and homicide, confessed during torture and named several others.[22]
  • Republic of Florence Giovanni di Bernardo Pieri (4 July 1610), hanged and burned in Florence.[18]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Vincenzo "Scannaserpi" d'Abbene and Leonardo Rocco (1 December 1610), hanged together in Palermo; also committed field theft.[51]
  • Duchy of Milan Melchiore da Verè, alias Franzosino (15 February 1611), burned in Milan; buried in S. Giovanni.[48]
  • Republic of Florence Giovanni Batta d'Antonio (15 July 1611), cloth weaver, strangled on a stake and burned in Florence.[18]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Paolo Simonetta and Giuseppe Colomba (3 March 1612), from Termini and Castronovo respectively, hanged and burned together in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco Lo Re, alias Picalupo (11 July 1612), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Papal States Paolo Zani (1613), hanged and burned in Bologna.[39]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Vito Anello (16 July 1613), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Duchy of Modena Caviaro (1613 or 1615), executioner, hanged in Modena. He mocked the exhortations of clergy present at the execution.[69]
  • Papal States Giacomo Biavati (1614), porter, hanged and burned in Bologna.[39]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Orlando Crispo (17 February 1614), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Republic of Florence Bartolomeo di Giovanni Carletti (30 October 1614), musician, hanged and burned in Florence.[18]
  • Duchy of Milan Gio. Batta Rovida (24 December 1614), hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Duchy of Savoy Avril or Aprile (1615), young Provençal, burned in Turin; his lover, Giovan Battista Marino, fled to France.[70]
  • Duchy of Milan Domenico Facchino, alias Meneghino (2 March 1615), hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Duchy of Milan Maurizio Lana, alias Prè Strazzone (10 October 1615), son of Madonna Benedetta, burned in La Vetra, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni.[48]
  • Spain Names unknown (1616), two men of color, burned together in Seville; names not recorded.[22]
  • Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem Names unknown (March 1616), a Spanish soldier and a Maltese adolescent, burned together in Valletta. Execution reported by William Lithgow.[71]
  • Duchy of Milan Antonio Crotto (14 January 1616), from Bergamo, hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Canton of Geneva Jean de la Rue (1617), 80, burned in Geneva; arrested for making a pass in an inn. Executed after a single interrogation in which he openly admitted to having relations with many people in Geneva and elsewhere "for pleasure, for grain, and for poverty".[43][52]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giovanne Corvo (5 May 1617), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Paolo Marino, alias Pizo (7 June 1618), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Cola Ioanni Cassisi (12 April 1619), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Canton of Geneva Name unknown (1621), 50, Catholic Savoyard, burned in Geneva.[23]
  • Kingdom of Portugal Names unknown (1621), two effeminate dancers, burned in Lisbon. They were part of a group called Dança dos Fanchonos led by 30-year-old mulatto Antonio Rodrigues.[1]
  • Republic of Florence Giulio di Giovanni Sorbi (9 July 1621), formerly of Guardia de' Lioni, strangled on a stake and burned in the middle of Pratello, Florence.[18]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Giovanni Incardona (10 December 1622), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco lo Guzzo (7 December 1623), hanged on Piano della Marina, Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco Garagazzo, alias Cappellitto, and Petro Costa (19 December 1623), hanged together in Palermo.[51]
  • Spain Nicolas Gonzales and 11 others (1625), 20, prostitute from Orihuela and those he implicated under questioning (including 7 slaves, such as a 40-year-old Turk), burned together in Valencia. He named over 60 men and boys when questioned. 128 quintals of wood were needed to burn all 12 over a 7-hour period, "something never seen or heard of in Valencia".[4][55]
  • Spain Names unknown (1626), two men, executed together in Valencia; executed "without making a noise" outside of the inquisition palace.[1]
  • Republic of Florence Piero di Marsilio di Marradi and Angiolo di Ottavio Cappelli (17 July 1627, 21 October 1627, or 27 July 1654), 34 or 40 and 43, hanged and burned together in Florence; sources are conflicting on details.[72][18][42]
  • Duchy of Milan Giovanni Angelo Maggio (19 August 1627), hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Antonio d'Aprile (3 August 1628), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Soliman Moro (26 August 1628), Turkish slave, hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Switzerland Melchior Brütschli (1629), executed in Lucerne.[2]
  • Kingdom of England Mervyn Tuchet (1631), 38, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, executed for sodomy with his male servants and arranging the rape of his wife.
  • Kingdom of Sicily Pietro l'Indovino, alias D. Ramundo (14 May 1631), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco Rotundo (17 April 1632), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Vincenzo Dammacanale, alias Muratore (12 October 1633), hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Marcin Gołek and Wojciech ze Sromotki (9 November 1633), master baker and his apprentice, burned together in Sieradz. Both accused the other of initiating their relations.[73]
  • Canton of Geneva Name unknown (1634), Neapolitan, burned in Geneva; French valet banished.[23]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Francesco Turturici (20 June 1634), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Lorenzo Bivona (7 August 1634), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Filippo Bonanno Xacca/Sciacca (17 July 1638), hanged in Palermo under the Grande Almirante.[51]
Hangings of Atherton and Childe, 1640
  • Kingdom of Ireland John Atherton and John Childe (1640), 42 (Atherton), Bishop of Waterford and Lismore and his tithe proctor, hanged together in Waterford. They had been convicted under a law Atherton had supported.
  • Spain Name unknown (1640), burned in Granada.[55]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Blasi Canizzo (5 November 1640), from Licodia, hanged and burned in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Name unknown (20 November 1640), executed in Palermo.[51]
  • Dutch East India Company Ingel Harmensz and Bento de Sal (1643), a young Dutch sailor and a Mardijker, executed together (Harmensz drowned, and de Sal burned) in Batavia under the VOC.[36][74]
  • Dutch East India Company Joost Schouten, Jan van Cleef, and Pieter Egbertsz (1644), a Council of the Indies member, a soldier, and a Batavia burgher, strangled and burned at the orders of Anthony van Diemen.[36]
  • Kingdom of Portugal Santos de Almeida (1645), 66, royal chaplain, burned in Lisbon; said to have resided over a "conventicle of fanchonos".[1]
  • Dutch East India Company Gerrit Jansz de Wit (1645), boatswain, drowned in a bag in Batavia; former partner of Joost Schouten.[36]
  • Dutch East India Company Names unknown (1646), four Chinese, burned in Batavia; all also convicted of counterfeiting money.[36]
  • Kingdom of Sicily Vincenzo Oddo (3 November 1646), hanged in Palermo.[51]
  • Kingdom of Portugal Names unknown (1647), two Old Christians, burned in a Lisbon auto-da-fé; both also reported having religious visions.[75]
  • Spain Name unknown (1647), burned in a Barcelona auto-da-fé.[1]
  • Dutch East India Company Names unknown (1647), a ship's captain and a young boy, executed (the captain burnt and the boy drowned) together in Batavia.[36]
  • Canton of Geneva Names unknown (1647), two Italians, executed (one hanged and the other burned) together in Geneva.[23]
  • Dutch East India Company Names unknown (1647), five Chinese, all executed (two burned, two strangled and burned, and one drowned) in Malacca; all also convicted of counterfeiting money.[36]
  • Dutch East India Company Names unknown (1648), four Chinese, sentenced to burn in Malacca (presumed executed).[36]
  • Spanish Empire Francisco (1648), Portuguese mulatto, executed in Seville; tried by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación.[65]
  • Spanish Empire Juan Chapinero and Nicolás (1651), two blacks (one free, the latter a slave), publicly garroted and the corpses burnt together in Mexico City.[65]
  • Dutch East India Company Names unknown (1652), a 40-year-old Dane and five "black" boys, executed (the Dane burnt, and the boys drowned) together in Batavia.[36]
  • Duchy of Milan Nicolò Morello (22 July 1655), from Ascoli, hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Republic of Florence Francesco di Vincenzo (22 August 1660), from Viterbo, carried on a cart on a donkey and then beheaded in Florence.[21]
  • Duchy of Milan Bernardino Restello (6 February 1662), hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Duchy of Milan Giuseppe Colombo (20 December 1664), hanged and burned in Milan.[49]
  • Spanish Empire Giuseppe Lopez (1668), hanged in Naples with Nicola Fanfano. At his execution he admitted that his implication of Fanfano was made under torture, but Fanfano was still hanged.[76]
  • Republic of Venice Alessandro Borromeo (3 June 1668), 20, Paduan noble, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten. Son of Girolamo Borromeo; described as "scandalous" and "without Christian law" for seducing his friends.[29]
  • Republic of Venice Paolo Cricetti (10 December 1668), 19, friend of Borromeo, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten.[29]
  • Kingdom of Portugal Name unknown (3 April 1669), Old Christian priest, burned in a Lisbon auto-da-fé.[75]
  • Spanish Empire Juan de la Cruz (March 1670), indigenous resident of La Lagunilla, publicly burned in the public market of San Juan, Mexico City on a Monday at 4:00 PM.[65]
  • Kingdom of Portugal Name unknown (1671), priest, executed by the Portuguese Inquisiton in Lisbon. Last person executed as a fanchono.[1]
  • Spanish Empire Names unknown (25 June 1671), two mulattoes and three blacks, burned in San Lázaro, Mexico City; caught in the act at Juan de Ávila's mill in Mixcoac. The site of their execution is today the location of Mexico's national archives.[65]
  • Spanish Empire Names unknown (13 November 1673), seven mulattoes, blacks, and mestizos, burned in Mexico City; caught in the act in the same textile mill.[65]
  • Holy Roman Empire Name unknown (1676), executed in Utrecht, one of three defendents (including a burgomaster).[26]
  • Sweden Lisbetha Olsdotter (1679), executed in Stockholm.
  • N/A Francis Dilly (February 4, 1679), non-white sailor on the Jersey, executed as chief ringleader of a 4-man sodomite group. Other three members spared as they were white, "white men being scarce among us."[77]
  • Kingdom of England Name unknown (September 1684), young man, hanged in Portsmouth; name not recorded.[77]
  • Papal States Name unknown (1686), hanged in Bologna.[39]
  • Holy Roman Empire Names unknown (1686), two men, possibly drowned in a barrel together in Amsterdam.[26]
  • Spanish Empire Names unknown (20 November 1686), a mulatto and a mestizo, burned together in Mexico City; a black man was publicly shamed as an accomplice.[65]
  • Duchy of Milan Giacomo Redaello, alias il Marangone (22 April 1692), tortured, strangled with a noose and burned in Milan; also convicted of other crimes. His accomplices were also tortured.[78]

18th century[edit]

  • Kingdom of the Netherlands Names unknown (1702), two men, executed together in Rotterdam for having relations in an almoner's house.[26]
  • Duchy of Milan Name unknown (29 March 1710), hanged and beheaded in Milan. Voluntarily confessed to having passive and continued relations with his master, along with "treasonous homicide" and robbery; head displayed at Boschi di Longhignana.[79]
  • Kingdom of France Philippe Basse and Bernard Mocmanesse (1720), burned together in Paris; also committed blasphemy.[1]
  • Kingdom of the Netherlands Name unknown (1721), executed in Utrecht.[26]
  • Kingdom of Prussia Catharina Margaretha Linck (1721), cross-dressing lesbian, executed in Halberstadt.
  • Republic of Venice Antonio Fontana (15 September 1724), from Verona, beheaded and burned in Venice; also covicted of sacreligious theft.[80]
  • Kingdom of France Benjamin Deschauffours (1726), procurer, burned on Place de Grève in Paris; accused of killing a kidnapped boy.
  • Papal States Pellegrino Torri (1727), hanged in Bologna; his eyes and nose were also cut off to render his body unrecognizable.[39]
  • Duchy of Modena Vincenzo Pelliciari (20 July 1727), hanged in Modena. Publicly boasted that he had married the devil and had regular relations with him, along with other heresies and blasphemies; tried by the Inquisition and executed by the secular wing.[69]
  • Dutch Cape Colony Names unknown (13 May 1728), two slaves, drowned together on the Cape of Good Hope; names not recorded.[81]
  • Kingdom of the Netherlands Utrecht sodomy trial executions:
    • Jan Backer and Jan Schut (12 June 1730), the prior a house servant hiring middleman, hanged and burned together in the Hague.[41]
    • Frans Verheyden, Cornelius Wassermaar, Pieter Styn, Dirk van Royen, and Herman Mouillant (12 June 1730), a milkman (Wassermaar), a coat embroiderer (Styn), and a servant (Mouillant), hanged and thrown into the sea with 50-pound weights in Scheveningen.[41]
Execution of van Waavre, 1730
    • Willem van Waavre (19 June 1730), executed in Heusden.
    • Pieter Marteyn Janes Sohn and Johannes Keep (24 June 1730), the latter a decorator, strangled and burned together in Amsterdam.[41]
    • Maurits van Eeden and Cornelius Boes (24 June 1730), the latter 18, house servants (the latter for Keep), drowned together in a barrel in Amsterdam.[41]
    • Jan Westhoff and Steven Klok (29 June 1730), soldiers, strangled and buried under the gallows in Kampen.[22]
    • Leendert de Haas, Casper Schroder, and Huibert van Borselen (17 July 1730), 60 (Haas), a candlemaker, a distiller, and a gentleman's servant, strangled and burnt in Rotterdam, and their ashes dumped at sea.[22]
    • Pieter van der Hal, Adriaen Kuyleman, David Munstlager, and Willem la Feber (21 July 1730), a grain carrier, a glove launderer, an agent, and a tavern keeper, hanged and thrown into the sea with 100-pound weights in Scheveningen.[41]
    • Antonie Byweegen (21 July 1730), fishmonger, hanged and burnt to ashes in the Hague.[41]
    • Laurens Hospuijn (16 September 1730), chief of detectives in the Navy, strangled and thrown into the water with a 100-pund weight in Amsterdam.[41]
    • Cornelis Palamedes (19 October 1730), 56, teacher, half-strangled and burned in Veen near Heusden. Was previously in a relationship with Dirk van Royen.[22]
    • Names unknown (22 September 1731), a drummer and an orphan, beheaded together in Groningen.[22]
    • Mass execution in Zuidhorn (24 September 1731):[22][82][83]
      • Gerrit Loer, 48, farmer, scorched alive and strangled before being burnt to ash; had committed sodomy with several persons, including on his way to and from church.
      • Hendrick Berents, 32, a Liplander, scorched alive and strangled before being burnt to ash.
      • Asinga Immes, 45, from Huifinga, strangled to death and burned.
      • Eysse Jans, 40 or 41, from Aduwert, strangled to death and burned; no response.
      • Gosen Hendrix, 40, from Nieuwkerk, strangled to death and burned; no response.
      • Jan Wygers, 45, from Doefem, strangled to death and burned; no response.
      • Jan Harms Brakel, 37, strangled to death and burned; no response.
      • Mindelt Jansz Rol, 32 or 36, from Esinga, strangled and burnt; swayed back and forth upon being sentenced and bowed to all present before leaving.
      • Jan Jacobs den Donderen, 30, strangled and burnt; cried out "Oh! Oh!" upon hearing sentence.
      • Jan Egberts, 19, strangled and burnt; corrected the judge when age was listed incorrectly in sentence, and bowed saying "It is all right, sir," before leaving.
      • Peter Cornelisz, 20 or 21, strangled and burnt; appeared to be about to faint as sentence was read but sighed instead.
      • Hendrik Cornelisz, 21, strangled and burnt; said "I forgive you and thank you gentlemen for the sentence which I shall receive."
      • Hindrik Leuwes, 19, strangled and burned; sighed and quickly left.
      • Jan Idses, 18, strangled and burnt; told the court "I forgive you for the sin you have committed against me."
      • Jan Jansz, 18, strangled and burnt; no response.
      • Cornelis Jansz, 18; told the court "You may see how you direct me."
      • Gerrit Harms, 16, strangled and burnt; no response.
      • Tamme Jansz, 14, strangled and burnt; remained silent when sentenced.
      • Thomas Iacobs, 16 or 18, from Nieuhooven, strangled and burnt; no response.
    • Jan van der Lelie (24 September 1731), hanged and thrown into the sea in the Hague.[41]
  • Dutch East India Company Class Blanc and Rijkaert Jacobsz (1735), both Dutch, executed together in Batavia. Jacobsz, a sailor, was formerly accused of sodomy in 1713.[74]
  • Spanish Empire Names unknown (February 1735), both sentenced to death and their corpses burned in Mexico City "for the grave crime of Sodomy"; case reported in the Gazeta de México.[65]
  • Kingdom of Sardinia Giovanni Antonio Cremis (28 May 1736), from Felizzano, hanged and burnt in Alessandria. His accomplice, 15-year-old Giovanni Stefano Barnaba Mordea of Asti, is sentenced to row oars in the royal fleet for 5 years.[84]
  • Papal States Name unknown (12 September 1736), 28, barber of the boat in S. Giovanni de' Fiorentini, hanged on the bridge of Sant'Angelo, Rome.[85]
  • Spanish Empire Names unknown (27 August 1738), indigenous, both sentenced to burn in Mexico City for the "nefarious crime"; on the way to be executed, members of the local cofradía accompanied them.[65]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland James Hunt and Thomas Collins (25 August 1743), 37 and 57, a barge builder and a former weaver/soldier, hanged together at Kennington Common. Accused of sodomy in a toilet at Pepper Alley, Southwark; both denied this but gave differing accounts. Tried at Surrey assizes on 4 August.[86][87]
  • Kingdom of France Names unknown (8 August 1745), former associates of the bandit Raffiat, tongues pierced, hanged, and burned; also committed blasphemy. No sources list their names; Raffiat himself was broken on the wheel in 1742.[28][88]
  • Republic of Florence Giuseppe del già Domenico Rossi (21 October 1747), hanged and burned in Florence.[18]
  • Republic of Venice Bernardo Gabrieli (15 May 1748), cleric, decapitated on a platform between the two columns of St. Mark's, Venice.[47]
  • Republic of Venice Andrea Brazzoi/Brasola (1749), Mantuan, beheaded and burned in Venice.[80]
  • Kingdom of France Jean Diot and Bruno Lenoir (6 July 1750), 40 and 23, a charcuterie worker and a cordwainer, strangled and burned together on the Place de Grève, Paris; caught in the act by a city watchman on the rue Montorgueil.
  • Republic of Venice Antonio Lambranzi (31 August 1752), 30, becher from Cannaregio, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten for "sodomy having used many iniquities".[29]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Richard Arnold and William Critchard (15 September 1753), 60 and 20, a landlord and a footman, hanged together on St. Michael's Hill, Bristol. Caught in the act in the Swan Inn, Broad Street, and convicted on 31 August; Arnold kissed Critchard's hand before the cart was pulled out. Arnold owned the Lamb & Flag.[89][90][91][92]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Joseph Wright and Thomas Grimes (15 August 1755), hanged together on Whitley Common. Tried at Coventry assizes, Wright admitted his guilt but claimed Grimes was innocent, which he corroborated; Wright was also convicted of killing Mr. Warner of Winhall.[93]
  • Duchy of Lorraine Name unknown (1757), parish priest of Ludres, burned by the sovereign court of Lorraine. He made an edifying speech to his parishoners before execution, and the execution site became the destination of organized pilgrimages.[94][95]
  • Duchy of Milan Bartolomeo Luisetti (10 April 1764), son of quondam Antonio of Villa Albese, suffocated and burned in the square of del Brolo, Milan, in front of S. Stefano. Pietro Verri reported on the case, claiming Lusietti was a pederast and that he "had never committed a misdeed in his life".[79]
  • Netherlands Jan Kemmer (1765), young man executed in Amsterdam. Claimed his first act took place when still in an orphanage and connected to known sodomite networks after an encounter in Amsterdam's town hall's citizens' hall. Named 15 other boys in his confession. Described as "particularly acquainted with the Truths (Biblical truths)."[26]
  • Republic of Venice Name unknown (1771), monk, burned in Venice.[28]
  • Netherlands Abraham Feijs (1772), 19, tailor, executed in Leiden. At interrogation, he openly declared to have committed sodomy "hundreds of times" and never slept with women. Last execution in Leiden.[25]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Richard Whatley (23 March 1776), 41, executed in Hampshire. Tried and convicted of sodomy against Lovell Stanhope's coachman, Benjamin Dupre, in Avington on 5 March; Whatley claimed the offence was only attempted.[96][97]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Benjamin Loveday and John Burke (12 October 1781), a former waiter/public house keeper and a midshipman, hanged together on St. Michael's Hill, Bristol. Tried at Bristol assizes, both denied having relations. Loveday was also accused by James Morgan; Joseph Giles and James Lane were also accused with Loveday but only sentenced for misdemeanors, and William Ward was acquitted. Loveday may have been running a molly house.[98][99][100]
  • Spanish Empire Name unknown (23 June 1784), "the nefarious offender of this royal jail", burned in Mexico City and his body reduced to ashes in the accustomed site.[65]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Lad[a] (10 April 1786), Methodist preacher, hanged on Peckham Common, Southwark. Tried and convicted at Surrey assizes on 22 March and held at New Gaol prior to execution.[101][86]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Thomas Crispin (17 August 1787), 45, potter from Pilton and workhouse resident for the prior 7 years, hanged at Heavitree gallows near Exeter. The co-accused, Hugh Gribble, was reprieved due to mental incapacity; Crispin admitted his guilt but showed no remorse.[102][103]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Southwell and John Smith (3 April 1790), hanged together at Rushmere Heath; tried and convicted at Suffolk assizes, Bury on 17 March.[104][105]
  • N/A Henry Allen (1797), captain on the Rattler, executed for sodomy.[106]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland William Powell (30 August 1797), 70, pauper in Melford workhouse, hanged in Bury St. Edmunds; tried and convicted at Suffolk assizes on 9 August, he did not confess.[104][107][108]

19th century[edit]

  • Kingdom of the Netherlands Jillis Bruggeman (9 March 1803), flogged and hanged in the grand market of Schiedam. Blackmailed his partner to keep silent about their relations but was exposed by another confidante. Last execution in the Netherlands for sodomy.[109][110]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Joseph Bird (26 August 1803), Methodist pauper at Melford workhouse, executed in Warwick. Tried and convicted at Warwickshire assizes on the testimony of John Privett, who briefly withdrew only to admit that Bird's son bribed him to do so.[111]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Mathuselah Spalding[b] (8 February 1804), hanged at Newgate for "a venereal affair" with James Hankinson. Tried and convicted at the Old Bailey in November 1803; hanged with a forger, Ann Hurle, both were led out of Debtor's Door and had cart pulled out from under them instead of the New Drop.[112][113][114]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland David Robertson (13 August 1806), 48, brothel keeper on Charles Street, Covent Garden, executed at Newgate. Convicted of an offense with George Foulston, 17; Robertson attempted suicide while imprisoned.[115][116][117]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland James Stockton[c], Joseph Holland, and John Powell (13 September 1806), hanged in Lancaster Castle. Arrested as part of the "Remarkable Trials", where 27 men aged 17 to 84 were arrested in Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool in May 1806 for sodomy, with 9 being tried at the Lancaster assizes by John Borron and Richard Gwillym. All said to meet in the house of Isaac Hitchin in Great Sankey on Mondays and Fridays, with rumours that members of Parliament were involved due to Holland's rich pawnbroker status. The condemned were hanged on the testimonies of John Knight and Thomas Taylor, who testified to avoid hanging themselves. Joshua Newsom and George Ellis were convicted of lesser offences and the others were acquitted.[116][118][119][120][121][122]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Isaac Hitchin and Thomas Rix (27 September 1806), hanged in Lancaster Castle. Interrogated further during the "Remarkable Trials" to find other group members, but the Home Office stopped the magistrates.[116][118]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland William Billey (31 March 1808), 45, hanged on Penenden Heath. Tried and convicted at Kent Lent Assizes, Maidstone, of an offence against Thomas Douglas of Crayford and attempted offences with others. He had no family and described by the Kentish Gazette to have "appeared a perfect idiot".[123][124]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland James Bartlett (4 April 1809), executed in Horsemonger Lane Gaol. Tried and convicted at Surrey Assizes; buried in Limehouse, left £1,500 to his daughter.[125]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Richard Oakden (October 1809), bank clerk, hanged at Tyburn.[126]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Samuel Mounser (31 August 1810), from Stanford-le-Hope, tried and covicted at Chelmsford Summer Assizes.[127]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Hepburn and Thomas White (7 March 1811), 40s and 16, an ensign and a drummer, hanged in front of Newgate. Tried and convicted at the Old Bailey in connection to the Vere Street Coterie.[128][129]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland David Thompson Myers (4 May 1812), draper of Stamford, hanged at Fengate, Peterborough. He was accused by Thomas Crow, 18, tailor's apprentice to Mr. Horden. Initially acquited in Lincolnshire due to suspicions Crow was lying, but later convicted at Peterborough after Crow brought up offences committed at Burghley Park. Last public hanging in Fengate.[130][131][132]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland George Godfrey (1 April 1813), butler in the house of Mr. Atkinson in Lee, hanged at Penenden Heath. Convicted of "unnatural offences" with footman Henry Greenhurst from May to December 1812. Greenhurst, who was "unconscious of the heinous character of the offence", told another servant who told Atkinson.[133][134]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Ottaway[d] and Henry Youens (18 August 1814), 33 and 21, soldiers, hanged at Penenden Heath. Tried at the Kent Assizes in Maidstone.[135][136]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Abraham Adams (26 July 1815), 51, hanged at Newgate. Tried at the Old Bailey; hanged alongside Elizabeth Fenning.[137][138][139]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Charles, Raphael Seraco, Raphael Treake, and John Westerman (1 February 1816), sailors on the HMS Africaine, hanged (presumably in Portsmouth[e]) at 11 under Capt. Edward Rodney. In May 1813, Westerman (who was then the captain's servant boy) was accused of having relations with 2 midhsipmen; Westerman demoted to ordinary seaman. In 1815, Westerman was demoted again for "deviant sexual practices" and further banned from the mizzen-top to keep him away from the other boys. In October that year a 15-man ring was discovered, led by Italians Seraco and Treake, who named over 50 men. Rodney did not act until his return to Portsmouth so that the Admiralty could hold an official court-martial. Two others, John Parsons and Jack Hubbard, were only given lashes, but Hubbard's lashing was cut short for medical reasons.[140][141][142][143]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland George Siggins (21 August 1817), executed on Penenden Heath. Tried at Kent Assizes in Maidstone for a crime committed in Chatham.[144]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Joseph Charlton (14 April 1819), 26, watchmaker, hanged at Morpeth. Tried at the Guildhall in Newcastle; funeral attended by 2,000 people.[145][146][147]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Markham (29 December 1819), 26, pauper and inmate of St. Giles's Workhouse, hanged at Newgate. Diarist and politician John Cam Hobhouse, who also held at Newgate at the time, noted, "Tis dreadful hanging a man for this practice".[147][148][149][150]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Thomas Foster (3 May 1820), hanged at Penenden Heath. Tried at Kent Assizes for an offence with John Whyneard (charged as an accomplice, not hanged) at the Isle of Sheppey.[151][152][153]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Holland and William King (25 November 1822), 42 and 32, executed at Newgate; trial at Old Bailey.[154][155]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland William Arden, Benjamin Candler, and John Doughty (21 March 1823), 35, 36, and 35, a gentleman/half-pay officer, a valet to the Duke of Newcastle, and a cabinet maker, all hanged at Lincoln Castle. A love letter from 19-year-old Henry Hackett, apprentice draper, was sent to Candler using the Duke's address to save postage money, but the Duke read it and confronted Candler; Candler subsequently implicated Doughty and Arden, who had been associated in Grantham during summer 1822. Tried and convicted at Lincoln Assizes by Mr. Justice Park. Arden led a 36-man hunger strike with Candler and Doughty while in prison.[156][157][158][159]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Charles Cutton (13 August 1824), 25, 53rd Regiment private, hanged at the New Drop, Northamptonshire. Charged for an offence committed in the barracks of Weedon Bec with a fellow 53rd Regiment private, 17-year-old Charles Paul, in May 1823. Sentenced by Mr. Justice Holroyd.[160][161]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Joseph Bennett and George Maggs (20 April 1825), 30 and 22, from Witney and Radstock respecitvely, hanged together at Ilchester Gaol, Somerset.[162]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Henry Nicholl[f] (12 August 1833), 50, captain and veteran of the Peninsular War, hanged at Horsemonger Lane Gaol. Body handed over for hospital dissection as his prominent family would not accept it for burial.[163]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland George Cropper (26 December 1833), 26, soldier, hanged at New Sessions House, Maidstone. Tried and convicted of an offence at Deptford with 18-year-old fellow solider Charles Pike, but Pike was acquitted. Cropper was hanged alongside a rapist.[164][165]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Spershott[g] (22 August 1835), 19, labourer, hanged at Horsham, Surrey. Tried and convicted of an offence with George Howard (not charged) at Mid Lavant. Spershott's execution was once of the last where the hangman passed the dead man's hands over the necks and bosoms of young women to cure glandular enlargements. Also hanged was a burglar.[166][167][168]
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Smith and John Pratt (27 November 1835), last executions for homosexuality in England.

See also[edit]

Sources[edit]

  1. ^ Also given as Ladd and Thomas
  2. ^ AKA Methuselah
  3. ^ AKA Samuel Stockton
  4. ^ Also spelled Ottoway, Otooway, Ottway, and Otway
  5. ^ The Africaine arrived in Portsmouth in 1815 and was broken up in 1816, so they were likely executed here.
  6. ^ Also given as Nichol and Nicholls
  7. ^ Also given as Sparshott and Sparsholt
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Crompton, Louis (2003). Homosexuality and Civilization. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03006-0.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Puff, Helmut (June 2003). Sodomy in Reformation Germany and Switzerland, 1400-1600. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-68505-2.
  3. ^ Elliott, Dyan (2020-11-27). The Corrupter of Boys: Sodomy, Scandal, and the Medieval Clergy. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9748-5.
  4. ^ a b Licata, Salvatore J.; Petersen, Robert P. (1981). Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-917724-27-5.
  5. ^ "Testi di storia gay - Il primo processo ad un sodomita in Italia - Cronica fiorentina anonima, 1293". www.giovannidallorto.com. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  6. ^ a b Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (2017-07-05). Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-66565-0.
  7. ^ Egaña, Iñaki (2005). Quién es quién en la historia del país de los vascos (in Spanish). Txalaparta. ISBN 978-84-8136-399-9.
  8. ^ Rocke, Michael (1998-03-05). Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535268-9.
  9. ^ a b c d Ruggiero, Guido (1988). I confini dell'Eros: crimini sessuali e sessualità nella Venezia del Rinascimento (in Italian). Marsilio. ISBN 978-88-317-5079-0.
  10. ^ Stewart, Chuck (2020-11-09). Gender and Identity around the World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-6795-8.
  11. ^ State Archives of Venice (1354). Signori di Notte al criminal, Trials (in Italian) (Reg. 6 ed.). pp. 64r.
  12. ^ a b c Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume I. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-36815-1.
  13. ^ a b c d e Sabaté, Flocel (2019-09-03). The Death Penalty in Late-Medieval Catalonia: Evidence and Significations. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-58174-8.
  14. ^ ASV. Signori di Notte al Criminal, Processes (in Italian) (Reg. 12 ed.). pp. 65r-v.
  15. ^ ASV. Signori di Notte al Criminal, Processes (in Italian) (Reg. 12 ed.). pp. 70v.
  16. ^ ASV. Signori di Notte al Criminal, Processes (in Italian) (Reg. 12 ed.). pp. 74v–75r.
  17. ^ Council of Ten. Miste (in Italian) (reg. VIII ed.). pp. 135v.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sieni, Stefano (2002). La sporca storia di Firenze (in Italian). Florence: Le Lettere.
  19. ^ a b "1833 - Mazzoni-Toselli, Ottavio - Dizionario Gallo-italico (1833). Voce Bardassa e sodomia a Bologna". web.archive.org. 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  20. ^ Cosi, N. Rodolico (1895). Siciliani nello Studio di Bologna nel medioevo (in Italian). pp. 89–225, 161.
  21. ^ a b c d e Ciabani, Roberto (1994). Torturati impiccati squartati. La pena capitale a Firenze dal 1423 al 1759 (in Italian). Florence: Bonechi.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Fone, Byrne (2001-11-03). Homophobia: A History. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42030-7.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Licala, S. J.; Peterson, R. P. (2014-06-03). The Gay Past: A Collection of Historical Essays. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-95970-0.
  24. ^ Hemert, Johan Maurits van (1749). Korte levensbeschryving der Hollandsche graven (in Dutch). by Nicolaas Goetzee.
  25. ^ a b Tucker, Scott (1997). The Queer Question: Essays on Desire and Democracy. South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-577-0.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h Herdt, Gilbert (2020-10-27). Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-942130-52-9.
  27. ^ The Malleus Maleficarum. Manchester University Press. 2013-01-18. ISBN 978-1-84779-805-3.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dynes, Wayne R.; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). History of Homosexuality in Europe and America. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-0550-7.
  29. ^ a b c d e AB (2020-05-01). "Elenco delle condanne capitali eseguite a Venezia, dalle origini della Repubblica alla sua caduta | Conoscere Venezia" (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  30. ^ a b Brusegan, M.; Scarsella, A.; Vittoria, M. (2000). Guida insolita ai misteri, ai segreti, alle leggende e alle curiosità di Venezia. Newton Compton.
  31. ^ Tassini, Giuseppe (2009). Alcune delle più clamorose condanne capitali eseguite in Venezia sotto la Repubblica (in Italian). Venice: Filippi.
  32. ^ Dean, Trevor (2014-06-17). Crime in Medieval Europe: 1200-1550. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88178-0.
  33. ^ Zazzu, Guido Nathan (1987). "Prostituzione e moralità pubblica nella Genova del '400". Studi genuensi / Istituto internazionale di studi liguri, Sezione di Genova. 5.
  34. ^ a b O'Donnell, K.; O'Rourke, M. (2005-09-27). Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-52415-6.
  35. ^ a b c Carvajal, Federico Garza (2010-01-01). Butterflies Will Burn: Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77994-5.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reyes, Raquel A. G.; Clarence-Smith, William G. (2012-07-26). Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 - 1950. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-29721-2.
  37. ^ a b Bruns, Claudia; Walter, Tilmann (2004). Von Lust und Schmerz: eine historische Anthropologie der Sexualität (in German). Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-07303-9.
  38. ^ a b Traub, Valerie (2002-06-06). The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44885-7.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Casanova, Cesarina. "L'amministrazione della giustizia a Bologna nell'eta moderna". Dimensioni e problemi della ricerca storica. 2.
  40. ^ Malland, Leslie R. (2022-06-07). The Spaces of Renaissance Anatomy Theater. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-64889-421-3.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fensham, Charles (2019-11-01). Misguided Love: Christians and the Rupture of LGBTQI2+ People. Journal of Pastoral Care Publications. ISBN 978-1-7325655-3-1.
  42. ^ a b Penta, Pasquale (1903). "Pagine retrospettive. La pena di morte a Firenze dal 1328 al 1759". Rivista mensile di psichiatria forense, antroplogia criminale e scienze affini.
  43. ^ a b c d Betteridge, Thomas (2002-10-11). Sodomy in Early Modern Europe. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6115-8.
  44. ^ Lapini, Agostino (1900). Diario fiorentino (in Italian). Florence: Sansoni.
  45. ^ a b Grossi, Oreste (1997). I boia di Roma (in Italian). Rome: Newton Compton.
  46. ^ Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, 2009/1 et 2009/2 (in French). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-01295-9.
  47. ^ a b c d Bellondi, Vincenzo (1902). Documenti e aneddoti di storia veneziana (810-1854) (in Italian). Florence: Seeber.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Benvenuti, Matteo (1882). "Come facevasi giustizia nello stato di Milano dall'anno 1471 al 1763". Archivio storico Lombardo. IX.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Registro de' giustiziati della società (congregazione) di s. Giovanni Decollato detta de' Bianchi (1471-1760) (in Italian).
  50. ^ Mutinelli, Fabio (1855). Storia arcana ed aneddotica d'Italia, raccontata dai veneti ambasciatori annotata ed ed. da F. Mutinelli (in Italian).
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Tartamella, Enzo (2003). Rapito d'improvvisa libidine (in Italian). Trapani: Maroda.
  52. ^ a b c Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700: The trial in history, volume I. Manchester University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7190-6342-8.
  53. ^ Pastor, Ludwig (1924). Storia dei papi (in Italian) (VIII ed.). Rome: Desclée.
  54. ^ Sherr, Richard (1991). "A canon, a choirboy, and homosexuality in late sixteenth-century Italy: a case study". Journal of Homosexuality. 3: 1–22.
  55. ^ a b c d e Monter, E. William (2003-11-13). Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52259-5.
  56. ^ Mutinelli, Fabio (1855). Storia arcana ed aneddotica d'Italia, raccontata dai veneti ambasciatori annotata ed ed. da F. Mutinelli (in Italian).
  57. ^ Marcocci, Giuseppe (2010). "Matrimoni omosessuali nella Roma del tardo Cinquecento". Quaderni storici. XLV: 107–138.
  58. ^ a b Crawford, Katherine (2007-01-18). European Sexualities, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83958-7.
  59. ^ Inventione di Giulio Pallavicino di scriver tutte le cose accadute alli tempi suoi [1583-1589] (in Italian). Genoa: Sagep. 1975.
  60. ^ "https://uzb.swisscovery.slsp.ch/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=41SLSP_UZB:UZB&docid=alma990055154750205508&lang=en&context=L". uzb.swisscovery.slsp.ch. Retrieved 2023-07-28. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  61. ^ Natale, Alberto (2002). La festa del mondo rovesciato. Giulio Cesare Croce e il carnevalesco (in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino.
  62. ^ Zuccarello, Ugo (2000). "La sodomia al tribunale bolognese del Torrone tra XVI e XVII secolo". Società e Storia (87).
  63. ^ Schmidt, Franz (2015-02-03). A Hangman's Diary: The Journal of Master Franz Schmidt, Public Executioner of Nuremberg, 1573?1617. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-62914-976-9.
  64. ^ Rappaz, Sonia Vernhes (2009-03-01). "La noyade judiciaire dans la République de Genève (1558-1619)". Crime, Histoire & Sociétés / Crime, History & Societies (in French). 13 (1): 5–23. doi:10.4000/chs.686. ISSN 1422-0857.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tortorici, Zeb (2018-06-07). Sins against Nature: Sex and Archives in Colonial New Spain. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7162-5.
  66. ^ Perry, Mary Elizabeth (1980). Crime and Society in Early Modern Seville. University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-177-2.
  67. ^ Questier, Michael C. (1996-07-13). Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580-1625. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44214-5.
  68. ^ Lake, Distinguished University Professor of Early Modern English History Peter; Lake, Peter; Questier, Michael C. (2002-01-01). The Anti-Christ's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08884-7.
  69. ^ a b Kalak, Matteo; Lucchi, Marta (2009). Oltre il patibolo. I fratelli della Morte di Modena tra giustizia e perdono (in Italian). Rome: Bulzoni.
  70. ^ Bulifon, Antonio (1932). Giornali di Napoli dal 1547 al 1706 (a cura di N. Cortese) (in Italian). Società napoletana di storia patria. pp. Naples.
  71. ^ Knowles, Jon (2019-06-28). How Sex Got Screwed Up: The Ghosts that Haunt Our Sexual Pleasure - Book One: From the Stone Age to the Enlightenment. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-62273-583-9.
  72. ^ Rondoni, Giuseppe (1902). "Ancora "I giustiziati"". Archivio storico italiano. XXX: 386.
  73. ^ "Polscy homoseksualiści spaleni na stosie?". CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl (in Polish). 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  74. ^ a b Busro (2019-06-29). Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020). Fakultas Ushuluddin UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
  75. ^ a b Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1973). Social and Religious History of the Jews - Late Middle Ages and Era of European Expansion, 1200-1650: Resettlement and Exploration. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08852-7.
  76. ^ Prosperi, Adriano (2007). "L'abiura dell'eretico e la conversione del criminale. Prime linee di ricerca". Quaderni storici. 3.
  77. ^ a b Zuvich, Andrea (2020-09-19). Sex and Sexuality in Stuart Britain. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-5308-3.
  78. ^ "Testi di storia gay - Gabriele Verri e la sodomia a Milano nel Settecento". www.giovannidallorto.com. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  79. ^ a b Gigliola, Maria; Villata, Renzo (2007). "Storie d'ordinaria e straordinaria delinquenza nella Lombardia settecentesca" (PDF). Acta Histriae. XV: 521–564.
  80. ^ a b Zanon, Guido. "Condanne capitali".
  81. ^ Epprecht, Marc (2004). Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2751-5.
  82. ^ Alle de copyen van indagingen, als mede alle de gedichten op de tegenwoordige tyd toepasselyk (in Dutch). 1730.
  83. ^ Schouw-tooneel soo der geëxecuteerde als ingedaagde over de verfoeilyke misdaad van sodomie (in Dutch). uitgever niet gekend. 1730.
  84. ^ "Home". Archivio di Stato di Torino (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  85. ^ Groppi, Angela (2005). "Forche e fuochi d'artificio in piazza di Ponte S. Angelo". Corriere della Sera.
  86. ^ a b web.archive.org https://web.archive.org/web/20090106112709/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/surrey.html. Retrieved 2023-07-29. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  87. ^ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Execution of Hunt and Collins". web.archive.org. 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  88. ^ Merrick, Jeffrey (2020-10-27). Sodomy in Eighteenth-Century France. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-6137-3.
  89. ^ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Bristol Gaol Delivery Fiats". web.archive.org. 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  90. ^ "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1752". web.archive.org. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  91. ^ "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1753". web.archive.org. 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  92. ^ "Map". OutStories Bristol. 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  93. ^ "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1755–1760". web.archive.org. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  94. ^ Cage, E. Claire (2015-07-01). Unnatural Frenchmen: The Politics of Priestly Celibacy and Marriage, 1720-1815. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3713-7.
  95. ^ McManners, John (1999). Church and Society in Eighteenth-century France: The clerical establishment and its social ramifications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827003-4.
  96. ^ web.archive.org https://web.archive.org/web/20150602090103/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hants.html. Retrieved 2023-07-29. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  97. ^ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Newspaper Reports, 1776". web.archive.org. 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  98. ^ web.archive.org https://web.archive.org/web/20150602090539/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/bristol.html. Retrieved 2023-07-29. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  99. ^ "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1780". web.archive.org. 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  100. ^ Mills, Steve (2018-07-12). "Not so long ago in Bristol you could be hanged for love". The Bristol Cable. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  101. ^ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Newspaper Reports, 1786". web.archive.org. 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  102. ^ web.archive.org https://web.archive.org/web/20150320022224/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/devon.html. Retrieved 2023-07-29. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  103. ^ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Newspaper Reports, 1787". web.archive.org. 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  104. ^ a b web.archive.org https://web.archive.org/web/20090106154929/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/suffolk.html. Retrieved 2023-07-30. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  105. ^ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Newspaper Reports, 1790". web.archive.org. 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  106. ^ Layton, Monique (2017-01-28). Life at Sea: From Caravels to Cruise Ships. FriesenPress. ISBN 978-1-5255-0094-7.
  107. ^ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Newspaper Reports, 1797". web.archive.org. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  108. ^ Durston, Gregory J. (2016-12-09). Fields, Fens and Felonies: Crime and Justice in Eighteenth-Century East Anglia. Waterside Press. ISBN 978-1-909976-11-5.
  109. ^ "Schiedam herdenkt geëxecuteerde sodomist". www.rijnmond.nl (in Dutch). 2015-03-07. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  110. ^ "ExecutedToday.com » 1803: Jillis Bruggeman, the last executed for sodomy in the Netherlands". Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  111. ^ "Report of Giles Rooke on Joseph Bird, convicted at the 'last' Warwickshire Assizes for... | The National Archives". web.archive.org. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  112. ^ "Methuselah Spalding | The Digital Panopticon". web.archive.org. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  113. ^ "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1804". web.archive.org. 2009-07-25. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  114. ^ Clifford, Naomi (2017-11-30). Women and the Gallows, 1797–1837: Unfortunate Wretches. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-6336-1.
  115. ^ "The trial of David Robertson ... for an unnatural crime with George Foulston : tried before Sir Robert Graham ... on Saturday, May 24, 1806, at Justice-Hall, in the Old Bailey : with his remarkable address to the court, praying arrest of judgment : embellished with a striking likeness of the prisoner". web.archive.org. 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  116. ^ a b c "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1806". web.archive.org. 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  117. ^ "Search :: Capital Convictions at the Old Bailey". web.archive.org. 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  118. ^ a b "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: A Sodomite Club in Warrington, 1806". web.archive.org. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  119. ^ "The "Remarkable Trials" at Lancaster 1806, in Song - History Past and Present". web.archive.org. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  120. ^ "Remarkable Trials at the Lancashire Assizes, Held August 1806, at Lancaster ... - Valentine JACKSON - Google Books". web.archive.org. 2023-06-22. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  121. ^ Baggoley, Martin (2010-04-30). Hanged in Lancashire. Grub Street Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78159-878-8.
  122. ^ Cocks, H. G. (2006-02-01). "Safeguarding Civility: Sodomy, Class and Moral Reform in Early Nineteenth-Century England*". Past & Present. 190 (1): 121–146. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtj004. ISSN 1477-464X.
  123. ^ "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1808". web.archive.org. 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  124. ^ "Canterbury". Kentish Gazette. 1 April 1808.
  125. ^ "Homosexuality in 18th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1809". web.archive.org. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  126. ^ Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (2020-10-07). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-15888-5.
  127. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1810". web.archive.org. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  128. ^ The London Chronicle. J. Wilkie. 1810.
  129. ^ Davenport, Guy (2003). The Death of Picasso. Washington, D.C.: Shoemaker & Hoard.
  130. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Case of David Thompson Myers, 1812". web.archive.org. 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  131. ^ "DT Myers - Peterborough Execution (1812) - PETERBOROUGH IMAGES ARCHIVE". web.archive.org. 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  132. ^ "Peterborough Sessions". Statesman (London). 14 April 1812.
  133. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1813". web.archive.org. 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  134. ^ "Kent Assizes". Kentish Chronicle. 23 March 1813.
  135. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1814". web.archive.org. 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  136. ^ "N/A". Saunder's News-Letter. 26 August 1814.
  137. ^ "Abraham Adams | The Digital Panopticon". web.archive.org. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  138. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1815". web.archive.org. 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  139. ^ "Search :: Capital Convictions at the Old Bailey". web.archive.org. 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  140. ^ Chitty, Christopher (2020-07-24). Sexual Hegemony: Statecraft, Sodomy, and Capital in the Rise of the World System. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-4780-1223-8.
  141. ^ Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition: English Sea Rovers in the Seventeenth Century Caribbean. NYU Press. March 1995. ISBN 978-0-8147-1236-8.
  142. ^ Rendell, Mike (2020-12-14). Sex and Sexuality in Georgian Britain. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-5563-6.
  143. ^ Beeson, Trevor (2013-09-30). Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-04657-8.
  144. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1817". web.archive.org. 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  145. ^ Sykes, John (1866). Local records; or, Historical register of remarkable events, which have occurred in Northumberland and Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Berwick-upon-Tweed. Repr.
  146. ^ "The last dying words of Joseph Charlton ; of North-Shields, watch-maker who was executed at Morpeth, on the 14th of April 1819, for an unnatural offense". English Crime and Execution Broadsides - CURIOSity Digital Collections. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  147. ^ a b "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1819". web.archive.org. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  148. ^ "Browse - Central Criminal Court". web.archive.org. 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  149. ^ "ExecutedToday.com » 1819: John Markham, abominable offence". web.archive.org. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  150. ^ "Search :: Capital Convictions at the Old Bailey". web.archive.org. 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
  151. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1820". web.archive.org. 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  152. ^ "N/A". Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal. 11 January 1820.
  153. ^ "N/A". Kentish Weekly Post or Canterbury Journal. 17 March 1820.
  154. ^ Old Bailey Proceedings. 11th September 1822. London. September 1822.
  155. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1822". web.archive.org. 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  156. ^ "British Library". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  157. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1823". web.archive.org. 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  158. ^ "British Library". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  159. ^ "The Execution of Benjamin Candler, Valet to the Duke of Newcastle, 1823. - History Past and Present". web.archive.org. 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  160. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1824". web.archive.org. 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  161. ^ "Newspaper Abstracts". web.archive.org. 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  162. ^ "Before 1837 – Dying for love : pleasures, perils and punishments » OutStories Bristol". web.archive.org. 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  163. ^ "Trial & execution of Capt. Henry Nichols ; Trial and execution of Capt. Henry Nichols ; Trial and execution of Captain Henry Nichols ; who suffered this morning at Horse Monger Lane, Prison, Boro". English Crime and Execution Broadsides - CURIOSity Digital Collections. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  164. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Newspaper Reports, 1833". web.archive.org. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  165. ^ "The trials and behaviour of George Cropper, and William Allen ; who were executed this morning, December 26, 1833, in front of the New Sessions House, Maidstone, Kent - English Crime and Execution Broadsides - CURIOSity Digital Collections". web.archive.org. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  166. ^ "Homosexuality in 19th-cent. England: Execution of John Spershott, 1835". web.archive.org. 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  167. ^ "Full particulars of the trials and execution of Richard Sheppard and John Sparshott, who were executed at Horsham, on Saturday, Aug. 22nd, 1835 - English Crime and Execution Broadsides - CURIOSity Digital Collections". web.archive.org. 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  168. ^ "'˜Unnatural' act of being gay saw teen lad hanged | West Sussex County Times". web.archive.org. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2023-08-09.

References[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ted_Shackelford/sandbox&oldid=1175044472"