User:Tamfang/Stuart

List of legitimate descendants of King James VI & I who were born before the death of Queen Anne and died after the flight of James II; arranged in the normal order of succession. Derived mostly from A. C. Addington, The Royal House of Stuart (London: Charles Skilton Ltd), 1969-1976.

Where a parent and child are both listed, the child is sub-indented. Styles by marriage are omitted.

• James II (1633–1701)
  • James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender (1688–1766)

    Last living descendant: Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal York (1725–1807)

  • Mary II (1662–1694)
  • Anne (1665–1714)
    • William, duke of Gloucester (1689–1700)
    • George (1692–1692)
    • Mary (1690–1690)
  • Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (1692–1712)
• William III (1650–1702)
• Marie Louise, mlle d'Orléans (1662–1689)
• Anne Marie, mlle de Valois (1669–1728)
  • Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont (1699–1715)
  • Carlo Emmanuele, duke of Aosta, future king Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1701–1773)

    Current representative: Franz, Duke of Bavaria (born 1933)

  • Emmanuele Philiberto of Savoy (1705–1705)
  • Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (1685–1712)
    • Louis, duc de Bretagne (1704–1705)
    • Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)
    • Louis, duc d'Anjou, dauphin, future king Louis XV of France (1710–1774)

      Current representative: Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria (born 1968)

  • Maria Anna of Savoy (1687–1690)
  • Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy (1688–1714)
    • Luis Felipe, prince of Asturias, future king Louis I of Spain (1707–1724)
    • Felipe Luis of Spain (1709–1709)
    • Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (1712–1719)
    • Ferdinando, future king Ferdinand VI of Spain (1713–1759)
• Karl Eduard von der Pfalz (1668–1690)
• Karl Moritz von der Pfalz (1671–1702)
• Karl August von der Pfalz (1672–1691)
• Karl Kasimir von der Pfalz (1675–1691)
• Charles Louis von der Pfalz (1681–?)
• Elisabeth Charlotte of the Rhine (1652–1722)
  • Philippe II, duc d'Orléans (1674–1723)
    • Louis, duc de Chartres, futur duc d'Orleans (1703–1752)

      Current representative: Lorenz of Austria-Este (born 1955)

    • Marie Isabelle d'Orléans, mlle de Valois (1693–1694)
    • Marie Louise Élisabeth, mlle d'Orléans (1695–1719)
      • Charles de Berry, duc d'Alençon (1713–1713)
      • (f) (1711–1711)
      • Marie Louise Elisabeth de Berry (1714–1714)
    • Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans, mlle de Chartres, mlle d'Orléans (1698–1743)
    • Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, mlle de Valois (1700–1761)

      Current representative: Franz, Duke of Bavaria (born 1933)

    • Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, mlle de Montpensier (1709–1742)
    • Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (1714–1734)
  • Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans, mlle de Chartres (1676–1744)
    • Leopold of Lorraine (1699–1700)
    • Louis, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine (1704–1711)
    • Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine (1707–1723)
    • François Étienne of Lorraine, future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (1708–1765)

      Current representative: Henry Victor William Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell (born 1967)

    • Charles Alexander of Lorraine (1712–1780)
    • Elizabeth Charlotte of Lorraine (1700–1711)
    • Louise Christine of Lorraine (1701–1701)
    • Marie Gabrièle Charlotte of Lorraine (1702–1711)
    • Joséphine Gabrièle of Lorraine (1705–1708)
    • Gabrièle Louise of Lorraine (1706–1710)
    • Eleonore of Lorraine (1710–1710)
    • Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (1711–1741)

      Last living descendant: Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais (1741-1808)

    • Anne Charlotte of Lorraine (1714–1773)
• Karoline von der Pfalz (1659–1696)
  • Charles Schomberg, Marquess of Harwich (1683–1713)
  • Lady Caroline Schomberg (1686–1710)
  • Frederica, 3d Countess of Mértola (1687–1751)
  • Lady Mary Schomberg (1692–1762)
• Louise von der Pfalz (25 January 1661 – 6 February 1733)
• Amalie Elisabeth von der Pfalz (1 April 1663 – 13 July 1709)
• Ludwig Otto, fürst zu Salm (1674–1738)
  • Dorothea Franziska Agnes zu Salm (1702–1751)

    Current representative: Karl-Philipp of Salm-Salm (born 1933)

  • Elisabeth Alexandrine Felicite Charlotte Gotfriede zu Salm (1704–1739)

    Current representative: Carlo Alessandro, 3rd Duke of Castel Duino (born 1952)

  • Christine Anna Luise Oswaldine zu Salm (1707–1775)

    Descendants? through Maria Ludovika of Hesse-Rotenburg (1729–1800), duchess of Hoogstraeten

• Luise zu Salm (1672–1707)
• Eleonore Christine Elisabeth zu Salm (1678–1757)

  Current representative: 10th Duke of Ursel

• Anna Henrietta Julia of Bavaria (1648–1723)
  • Louis III, duc de Bourbon, prince de Condé (1668–1710)
    • Louis Henri Joseph, duc de Bourbon et d'Enghien, prince de Condé (1692–1740)

      Last living descendant: Louis Henri Joseph, duc de Bourbon, prince de Condé (1756–1830)

    • Charles de Bourbon, comte de Charolais (1700–1760)
    • Louis de Bourbon, comte de Clermont (1709–1771)
    • Marie Anne Gabrielle Éléonore de Bourbon, mlle de Bourbon, future Abbess of Saint-Antoine-des-Champs (1690–1760)
    • Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon, mlle de Charolais, duchesse d'Étampes (1693–1775)

      Current representative: Lorenz of Austria-Este (born 1955)

    • Louise Anne de Bourbon, mlle de Sens et de Charolais (1695–1758)
    • Marie Anne de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Clermont (1697–1741)
    • Henriette Louise Marie Françoise Gabrielle de Bourbon, mlle de Vermandois, future abbess of Beaumont-lès-Tours (1703–1772)
    • Élisabeth Thérèse Alexandrine de Bourbon, mlle de Gex et de Sens (1705–1765)
  • Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, mlle de Bourbon (1666–1732)
    • (m) de Bourbon-Conti, prince de la Roche-sur-Yon (1694–1698)
    • Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti (1695–1727)

      Current representative: Lorenz of Austria-Este (born 1955)

    • Louis François de Bourbon, comte d'Alais (1703–1704)
    • Marie Anne de Bourbon, mlle de Conti (1689–1720)
    • Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon, mlle de la Roche-sur-Yon (1696–1750)
    • (f), mlle d'Alais (1697–1699)
  • Anne Marie de Bourbon, mlle d'Enghien (1675–1700)
  • Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, mlle d'Enghien et de Charolais (1676–1753)
    • Louis Constantin de Bourbon, prince de Dombes (1695–1698)
    • Louis Auguste de Bourbon, prince de Dombes (1700–1755)
    • Louis Charles de Bourbon, comte d'Eu (1701–1775)
    • Charles, duc d'Aumale (1704–1708)
    • (f) de Bourbon, mlle de Dombes (1694–1694)
    • (f) de Bourbon, mlle d'Aumale (1697–1699)
    • Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine (1707–1743)
  • Marie Anne de Bourbon, mlle de Montmorency, duchesse d'Étampes (1678–1718)
• Benedikta Henriette of Simmern (1652–1730)
  • Charlotte Felicitas von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1671–1710)
    • Francesco Maria d'Este, future Francesco III, Duke of Modena (1698–1780)

      Current representative: Franz, Duke of Bavaria (born 1933)

    • Giovanni Federigo of Modena (1700–1727)
    • Clemente d'Este (1708–1708)
    • Benedicta Ernestina d'Este (1697–1777)
    • Anna Amalia Josepha d'Este (1699–1778)
    • Enrichetta d'Este (1702–1777)
    • (f) d'Este (1710–1710)
  • Henriette Maria of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1672–1737)
  • Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1673–1742)
    • Leopold Joseph of Austria (1700–1701)
    • Maria Josefa Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine of Austria (1699–1757)

      Current representative: Alexander of Saxe-Gessaphe (born 1954)

    • Maria Amalia Josefa Anna of Austria (1701–1756)

      Current representative: Alexander of Saxe-Gessaphe (born 1954)

• Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate (1622–1709)
• Sophia of the Palatinate (1630–1714) — died 54 days before Queen Anne
  • George I Ludwig, duke of Calenberg, duke of Lüneburg-Celle, elector of Hanover, future king George I of Great Britain (1660–1727)
    • Georg August of Hanover, duke of Cambridge, future king George II of Great Britain (1683–1760)
      • Friedrich Ludwig of Hanover, future prince of Wales (1707–1751)

        Current representative: Charles III of Great Britain (born 1926)

      • Anne of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1709–1759)

        Current representative: Beatrix, queen of the Netherlands (born 1938)

      • Amelia Sophia Eleonore of Hanover (1711–1786)
      • Caroline Elizabeth of Hanover (1713–1757)
    • Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (1687–1757)
      • Friedrich Ludwig of Prussia (1707–1708)
      • Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia (1710–1711)
      • Friedrich, future king Frederick II of Prussia (1712–1786)
      • [ August Wilhelm of Prussia (1722–1758) ]

        Current representative: Hubertus von der Osten (born 1964)

      • Friederike Sophie Wilhelmine of Prussia (1709–1758)

        Last living descendant: Elisabeth Friederike Sophie of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1732–1780)

      • Charlotte Albertine of Prussia (1713–1714)
  • Friedrich August of Hanover (1661–1691)
  • Maximilian William of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1666–1726)
  • Carl Philipp of Hanover (1669–1690)
  • Christian of Hanover (1671–1703)
  • Ernest Augustus of Hanover, future duke of York & Albany, future prince-bishop of Osnabrück (1674–1728)
  • Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (1668–1705)
    • Friedrich Wilhelm I, king in Prussia (1688–1740) — married Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, supra

      Current representative: Hubertus von der Osten (born 1964)

Selected successions

Profoundly trivial original research without reliable sources.

from James II (1633–1701)

• James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766)
  • Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Severino Maria Stuart (1720–1788)
  • Henry Benedict Thomas Edward Maria Clement Francis Xavier Stuart (1725–1807)

from Anne Marie d'Orléans (1669–1728), mademoiselle de Valois

• Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1701–1773)
  • Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1726–1796)
    • Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1751–1819)
    • Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1759–1824)
      • Maria Beatrice of Savoy (1792–1840)
        • Francis V, Duke of Modena (1819–1875)
        • Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este (1821–1849)
          • Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)
            • Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria (1869–1955)
              • Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria (1905–1996)
                • Franz, Duke of Bavaria (1933– )
                • Max, Duke in Bavaria (1937– )
                  • Sophie in Bavaria (1967– )
                    • Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein (1995– )
                    • Georg Antonius Constantin Maria of Liechtenstein (1999– )
                    • Nikolaus Sebastian Alexander Maria of Liechtenstein (2000– )
                    • Marie-Caroline Elisabeth Immaculata of Liechtenstein (1996– )

from Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (1685–1712)

• Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712) — survived his mother by 25 days
• Louis XV of France (1710–1774)
  • Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)
    • Louis XVI of France (1754–1793)
      • Louis XVII of France (1785–1795)
      • Marie Thérèse of France (1778–1851)
    • Charles X of France (1757–1836)
      • Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (1778–1820)
        • Henri, Count of Chambord (1820–1883)
        • Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois (1819–1864)
          • Robert I, Duke of Parma (1848–1907)
            • Henry, Duke of Parma (1873–1939)
            • Joseph, Duke of Parma (1875–1950)
            • Elias, Duke of Parma (1880–1959)
              • Robert II, Duke of Parma (1909–1974)
              • Elisabetta of Parma (1904–1983)
              • Maria Francesca of Parma (1906–1994)
              • Alicia of Bourbon-Parma (1917–2017)
                • Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (1938–2015)
                  • Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria (born 1968)
                    • Jaime, Duke of Noto (born 1993)
                    • Juan de Borbón-dos Sicilias y Landaluce (born 2003)
                    • Pablo de Borbón-dos Sicilias y Landaluce (born 2004)
                    • Pedro de Borbon-dos Sicilias y Landaluce (born 2005)
                    • Sofia de Borbon-dos Sicilias y Landaluce (born 2008)
                    • Blanca de Borbon-dos Sicilias y Landaluce (born 2011)
                    • María of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (born 2015)

from Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (1652–1722)

• Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1674–1723)
  • Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)
    • Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (1725–1785)
      • Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1747–1793)
        • Louis Philippe I (1773–1850), King of the French
          • Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1810–1842)
            • Philippe, Count of Paris (1838–1894)
              • Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926)
              • Amélie of Orléans (1865–1951)
              • Hélène of Orléans (1871–1951); died 277 days before her elder sister
                • Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (1898–1942)
                  • Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (1930–2022)
                    • Lorenz of Austria-Este (1955– )
                      • Amedeo of Belgium and Austria-Este (1986– )
                        • Maximilian (2019– )
                        • Anna Astrid (2016– )

from Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (1700–1761)

• Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena (1727–1803)
  • Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa (1750–1829)
    • Francis IV, Duke of Modena (1779–1846)
      • Francis V, Duke of Modena (1819–1875)
      • Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este (1821-1849), q.v. supra

from Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (1676–1744)

• Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (1708–1765)
  • Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741–1790)
  • Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1747–1792)
    • Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (1768–1835)
      • Ferdinand I of Austria (1793–1875)
      • Franz Karl of Austria (1802–1878)
        • Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830–1916)
          • Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria (1858–1889)
            • Elisabeth Marie of Austria (1883–1963)
              • Franz Joseph of Windisch-Grätz (1904–1981)
                • Stéphanie Windisch-Graetz (1939–2019)
                  • Henry Victor William Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell (1967– )

from Frederica, 3d Countess of Mértola (1687–1751)

• Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, 4th Count of Mértola (1718–1778)
  • Amelia Darcy, 12th Baroness Darcy de Knayth, 9th Baroness Conyers, 5th Countess of Mértola (1754–1784)
    • George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds, 6th Count of Mértola (1775–1838)
      • Francis D'Arcy-Osborne, 7th Duke of Leeds, 7th Count of Mértola (1798–1859)
      • Lady Charlotte Mary Anne Georgiana Osborne (1806?–1836)
        • Sackville Lane-Fox, 12th Baron Conyers, 8th Count of Mértola (1827–1888)
          • Marcia Amelia Mary Lane-Fox, 9th Countess of Mértola, 13th Baroness Conyers, 7th Baroness Fauconberg (1863–1926)
            • Sackville Pelham, 5th Earl of Yarborough, 10th Count of Mértola (1888–1948)
              • Diana Pelham, 11th Countess of Mértola, 15th Baroness Conyers, 9th Baroness Fauconberg (1920–2013)
                • Anthea Theresa Lycett, 12th Countess of Mértola (1954– )
                • Beatrix Diana Miller (1955– )
                  • Guy Armstrong (1996– )
                  • Matthew Armstrong (1998– )

from Ludwig Otto, fürst zu Salm (1674–1738)

• Dorothea Franziska Agnes zu Salm (1702–1751)
  • Ludwig zu Salm-Salm (1721–1778)
  • Maximilian Friedrich Ernst, Wild- und Rheingraf (1732–1773)
    • Konstantin zu Salm-Salm (1762–1828)
      • Florentin zu Salm-Salm (1786–1846)
        • Alfred zu Salm-Salm (1814–1886)
          • Nikolaus, 6.Fürst zu Salm-Salm (1838–1908)
          • Karl (1845–1923)
          • Alfred zu Salm-Salm (1846–1923)
            • Emanuel zu Salm-Salm (1871–1916)
              • Nikolaus Leopold zu Salm-Salm (1906–1988)
                • Carl Philipp zu Salm-Salm (1933– )
                  • Emanuel, Erbprinz zu Salm-Salm (1961– )
                  • Philipp (1963– )
                    • Wilhelm (2005– )

from Elisabeth Alexandrine Felicite Charlotte Gotfriede zu Salm (1704–1739)

• Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne (1735–1814)
  • Charles Antoine Joseph Emanuel de Ligne (1759–1792)
    • Sidonie Françoise Charlotte de Ligne (1786–1828)
  • Louis Eugene Marie Lamoral de Ligne (1766–1813)
    • Eugène, 8th Prince of Ligne (1804–1880)
      • Henri Maximilien Joseph Charles Louis Lamoral de Ligne (1824–1871)
        • Louis, prince de Ligne (1854–1918)
          • Marie Suzanne Marguerite Louise de Ligne (1885–1971)
            • Raimundo, 2nd Duke of Castel Duino (1907–1986)
              • Carlo Alessandro, 3rd Duke of Castel Duino (1952– )
                • Dimitri della Torre e Tasso (1977– )
                  • Alexandre della Torre e Tasso (2017– )
                  • Louis della Torre e Tasso (2019– )

from Anne Henriette of Bavaria (1648–1723)

• Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710)
  • Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon (1692–1740)
    • Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (1736–1818)
      • Louis Henri, Prince of Condé (1756–1830)
  • Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon (1693–1775)
    • Louise Henriette de Bourbon (1726–1759)
      • Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1747–1793)
        • Louis Philippe I (1773–1850), King of the French, q.v. supra

from Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (1666–1732)

• Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti (1695–1727)
  • Louis François, Prince of Conti (1717–1776)
    • Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti (1734–1814)
  • Louise Henriette de Bourbon (1726–1759)
    • Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1747–1793)
      • Louis Philippe I (1773–1850), King of the French, q.v. supra

from Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate (1652–1730)

• Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1671–1710)
  • Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena (1698–1780)
    • Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena (1727–1803), q.v. supra

from Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1673–1742)

• Maria Josepha of Austria (1699–1757)
  • Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (1722–1763)
    • Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (1750–1827)
      • Maria Augusta of Saxony (1782–1863)
    • Maximilian, Crown Prince of Saxony (1759–1838)
      • Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (1797–1854)
      • John of Saxony (1801–1873)
        • Albert of Saxony (1828–1902)
        • George, King of Saxony (1832–1904)
          • Frederick Augustus III of Saxony (1865–1932)
            • Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony (1893–1943)
            • Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen (1893–1968)
              • Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen (1926–2012)
              • Albert, Margrave of Meissen (1934–2012) — survived his brother by 75 days
              • Maria Josepha of Saxony (1928–2018)
              • Anna of Saxony (1929–2012)
                • Alexander of Saxe-Gessaphe (1954– )
                  • Georg Philipp of Saxe-Gessaphe (1988– )

from Maria Amalia of Austria (1701–1756)

• Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (1727–1777)
  • Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1724–1780)
    • Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (1750–1827), q.v. supra

from Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714)

• George I of Great Britain (1660–1727)
  • George II of Great Britain (1683–1760)
    • Frederick, Prince of Wales (1707–1751)
      • George III of the United Kingdom (1738–1820)
        • George IV of the United Kingdom (1762–1830)
        • William IV of the United Kingdom (1765–1837)
        • Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820)
          • Queen Victoria (1819–1901)
            • Edward VII (1841–1910)
              • George V (1865–1936)
                • Edward VIII (1894–1972)
                • George VI (1895–1952)
                  • Elizabeth II (1926–2022)
                    • Charles III (1948– )
                      • William, Prince of Wales (1982– )
                        • George of Wales (2013– )
                        • Louis of Wales (2018– )
                        • Charlotte of Wales (2015– )

from Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (1709–1759)

• William V, Prince of Orange (1748–1806)
  • William I of the Netherlands (1772–1843)
    • William II of the Netherlands (1792–1849)
      • William III of the Netherlands (1817–1890)
        • Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (1880–1962)
          • Juliana of the Netherlands (1909–2004)
            • Beatrix of the Netherlands (1938– )
              • Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (1967– )
                • Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange (2003– )
                • Alexia of the Netherlands (2005– )
                • Ariane of the Netherlands (2007– )

from Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (1687–1757)

• Frederick the Great (1712–1786)
• Prince Augustus William of Prussia (1722–1758)
  • Frederick William II of Prussia (1744–1797)
    • Frederick William III of Prussia (1770–1840)
      • Frederick William IV of Prussia (1795–1861)
      • William I, German Emperor (1797–1888)
        • Frederick III, German Emperor (1831–1888) — survived his father by 99 days
          • Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1859–1941)
            • William, German Crown Prince (1882–1951)
              • Wilhelm of Prussia (1906–1940)
                • Felicitas of Prussia (1934–2009)
                  • Hubertus Christoph Joachim Friedrich von der Osten (1964– )
                  • Friederike Thyra Marion Wilhelmine Dorothea von der Osten (1959– )
                    • Felicitas Catharini Malina Johanna von Reiche (1986– )

from Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (1668–1705)

• Frederick William I of Prussia (1688–1740) — married Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, supra

See also

• Jacobite succession
• Jacobite line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones in 1714

External links

• Jacobite succession 1714
• Stuart genealogy compiled by Miroslav Marek