User:RealShirty/Social anxiety

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Article Draft[edit]

(some sections come before this, but I haven't found reason to edit them yet)

Child development[edit]

image of shy young girl at market
Shyness is distinct from social anxiety, but shyness in children can develop into anxiety if social-avoidance tendencies are not outgrown.

Some feelings of anxiety in social situations are normal and necessary for effective social functioning and developmental growth. The difficulty with identifying social anxiety disorder in children lies in determining the difference between social anxiety and basic shyness. Typically, children may be diagnosed when their social fears are extreme or cannot be outgrown.[1] Cognitive advances and increased pressures in late childhood and early adolescence result in repeated social anxiety. More and more children are being diagnosed with social anxiety, and this can lead to problems with education if not closely monitored. Part of social anxiety is fear of being criticized by others, and in children, social anxiety causes extreme distress over everyday activities such as playing with other kids, reading in class, or speaking to adults. Some children with social anxiety may act out because of their fear, or they may exhibit nervousness or crying in an event where they feel anxious.[2] Adolescents have identified their most common anxieties as focused on relationships with peers to whom they are attracted, peer rejection, public speaking, blushing, self-consciousness, panic, and past behavior. Most adolescents progress through their fears and meet the developmental demands placed on them.[3]

Attention bias[edit]

Individuals who tend to experience more social anxiety turn their attention away from threatening social information and toward themselves, prohibiting themselves from challenging negative expectations about others and maintaining high levels of social anxiety.[4] For example, a socially anxious individual may perceive rejection from a conversational partner, turn his or her attention away, and never learn that the individual is actually welcoming.[5] Individuals who are high in social anxiety tend to show increased initial attention toward negative social cues, such as threatening faces, followed by attention away from these social cues, indicating a pattern of hypervigilance followed by avoidance.[5][6] Attention in social anxiety has been measured using the dot-probe paradigm, which presents two faces next to one another. One face has an emotional expression and the other has a neutral expression, and when the faces disappear, a probe appears in the location of one of the faces. This creates a congruent condition in which the probe appears in the same location as the emotional face and an incongruent condition. Participants respond to the probe by pressing a button and differences in reaction times reveal attentional biases. This task has produced mixed results, with some studies finding no differences between socially-anxious individuals and controls, some studies finding avoidance of all faces by socially-anxious individuals, and other studies finding vigilance by socially-anxious individuals only toward threat faces.[5] The Face-in-the-crowd task shows that individuals with social anxiety are faster at detecting an angry face in a predominantly neutral or positive crowd or slower at detecting happy faces than a non-anxious person.[5]

Focus on the self has been associated with increased social anxiety and negative affect. However, there are two types of self-focus: public and private. In public self-focus, one shows concern for the impact of one's own actions on others and their impressions. This type of self-focus predicts greater social anxiety.[7] Other more private forms of self-consciousness (e.g., egocentric goals) are associated with other types of negative affect.[7]

Basic science research suggests that cognitive biases can be modified. Attention bias modification training has been shown to temporarily impact social anxiety.[8]

Triggers and behaviors[edit]

Social situations such as parties may be triggers for social anxiety. A safety behavior in response to such a situation may be hiding one's hands.

Triggers are sets of events or actions that can remind someone of a previous trauma or feared consequence. Exposure to a trigger could lead a person to have an emotional or physical reaction. Individuals could also have behavioral changes, such as avoiding public places or situations that might direct excessive focus and attention toward them, such as public speaking or talking to new people.[9] They also may not participate in certain activities for fear of embarrassment, which can lead to isolation. For someone who has social anxiety, this could lead them to have a panic attack. There are many negative side effects that can come from social anxiety if untreated, such as low self-esteem, trouble being assertive, hypersensitivity to criticism, poor social skills, becoming isolated, having difficulties with social relationships, low academic and employment achievements, substance abuse, and suicidal thoughts or attempts.[9] Safety behaviors often involve avoidance of the trigger itself or of perceived threats when exposed to the trigger. For example, once in a feared social situation, a socially-anxious individual may avoid eye contact, speaking to strangers, or eating in front of others.[10] Safety behaviors meant to make an individual feel safer have been found to most often enforce or validate anxious feelings, thus leading to a cycle in which the safety behavior is thought to be needed and the trigger's perceived threat is never challenged.[10]

Measures and treatment[edit]

Trait social anxiety is most commonly measured by self-report.[11] This method possesses limitations, but subjective responses are the most reliable indicator of a subjective state. Other measures of social anxiety include diagnostic interviews, clinician-administered instruments, and behavioral assessments.[12] No single trait social anxiety self-report measure shows all psychometric properties, including different kinds of validity (content validity, criterion validity, construct validity), reliability, and internal consistency.[11] The SIAS along with the SIAS-6A and -6B are rated as the best.[11] These measures include:

  • Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) and Brief form (BFNE)[13]
  • Fear Questionnaire Social Phobic Subscale (FQSP)[14]
  • Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS)[15]
  • Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale--Self Report (LSAS-SR)[16]
  • Older Adult Social-Evaluative Situations (OASES)[17]
  • Social Avoidance and Distress (SAD)[18]
  • Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS)[19]
  • Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS)[20] and brief form (SIAS-6A and -6B)
  • Social Interaction Phobia Scale (SIPS)[20]
  • Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI)[21] and brief form (SPAI-23)
  • Situational Social Avoidance (SSA)[22]

Many types of treatments are available for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). The disorder can more effectively be treated if identified early, such as in the early teenage years when SAD onset usually occurs. Treatment is made more effective by considering individual patients’ backgrounds and needs and often by combining behavioral and pharmacological interventions. The first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with medications recommended only in those who are not interested in therapy. CBT is effective in treating social phobia, whether delivered individually or in a group setting. The cognitive and behavioral components seek to change thought patterns and physical reactions to anxiety-inducing situations. The cognitive part of CBT helps individuals with social anxiety challenge unhelpful thoughts and allow new patterns of positive or realistic thinking. The behavioral component involves taking action to challenge the identified negative thoughts, such as participating in an anxiety-inducing activity that isn't dangerous in reality. Challenging behaviors in this way is part of exposure therapy.[23] The attention given to social anxiety disorder has significantly increased since 1999 with the approval and marketing of drugs for its treatment. Prescribed medications include several classes of antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Other commonly used medications include beta blockers and benzodiazepines.[24] SAD is the most common anxiety disorder, with up to 10% of people being affected at some point in their life. Other treatments that individuals with social anxiety may find helpful include massages, meditation, mindfulness, hypnotherapy, and acupuncture.[25]

Development and evolutionary theories[edit]

Social development in childhood[edit]

Fearful temperament and either underdeveloped social skills or excessive socialization of a child can cause the child to become hyper-aware of inappropriate social situations.[26] Additional factors in upbringing which can increase the likelihood of a child to develop social anxiety include overprotection by parents, lack of an emotionally expressive home environment, and observation of other people's social fears or mistakes.[27]

Sensory processing sensitivity[edit]

Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a temperamental or personality trait involving "an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system and a deeper cognitive processing of physical, social and emotional stimuli". The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive processing strategies for employing coping actions, all of which is driven by heightened emotional reactivity, both positive and negative". Genetic inheritance of a high level of sensory processing sensitivity may increase an individual's awareness of social situations and their potential consequences.[28]

Biological adaptation to living in small groups[edit]

There is a suggestion that people have adapted to live with others in small groups. Living in a group is attractive to humans as there are more people to provide labor and protection, and there is a concentration of potential mates.[29][30] Any perceived threat to group resources should leave an individual on guard, as should any potential position of status that might bring conflict with others.[31] In effect, anxiety is adaptive because it helps people understand what is socially acceptable and what is not. The threat of exclusion from resources could lead to death.

Much of evolutionary theory is concerned with reproduction, so exposure to potential mates within a group is an evolutionary benefit.[31] Finally, at a basic level, being confined to a particular group of people limits exposure to certain diseases.[30] Studies have suggested that social affiliation has an impact on health, and, the more integrated and accepted we are, the healthier we are.[32][29][31] All of these factors are evolutionary primers for humans to be sensitive to social situations and their potential consequences.

Exclusion theory[edit]

At its simplest, social anxiety might come from as a basic human need to 'fit into' a given social group.[29][33] Someone might be excluded due to their inability to contribute to a group, deviance from group standards, or even unattractiveness. Due to the benefits of living in a group, an individual would want to avoid social isolation at any cost. Knowing what is and is not seen as attractive to others allows individuals to anticipate and prevent rejection, criticisms, or exclusion by others.[31] Humans are physiologically sensitive to social cues and therefore detect changes in interactions which may indicate dissatisfaction or unpleasant reactions.[31] Overall, social anxiety may serve as a way for people to avoid certain actions that might bring anticipated social exclusion.[29]

References[edit]

  1. ^ CDC (2023-07-25). "Anxiety and Depression in Children | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
  2. ^ Adalbjarnardottir, Sigrun (December 1995). "How Schoolchildren Propose to Negotiate: The Role of Social Withdrawal, Social Anxiety, and Locus of Control". Child Development. 66 (6): 1739–1751. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00962.x. PMID 8556896.
  3. ^ Albano, Anne Marie; Detweiler, Michael F. (2001). "The Developmental and Clinical Impact of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia in Children and Adolescents". In Hofmann, Stefan G.; DiBartolo, Patricia M. (eds.). From Social Anxiety to Social Phobia: Multiple Perspectives. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-28189-3.
  4. ^ Clark, D.M.; Wells, A (1995). "A cognitive model of social phobia". In R.G. Heimberg; M.R. Leibowitz; D.A. Hope; F.R. Schneier (eds.). Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press. pp. 69–93.
  5. ^ a b c d Staugaard, Søren Risløv (2010-08-01). "Threatening faces and social anxiety: A literature review" (PDF). Clinical Psychology Review. 30 (6): 669–690. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.001. PMID 20554362.
  6. ^ Bögels, Susan M.; Mansell, Warren (2004-11-01). "Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention". Clinical Psychology Review. Social Phobia and Social Anxiety. 24 (7): 827–856. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.005. PMID 15501558.
  7. ^ a b Mor, Nilly; Winquist, Jennifer (2002). "Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 128 (4): 638–662. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.638. PMID 12081086. S2CID 10287790.
  8. ^ Heeren, Alexandre; Mogoașe, Cristina; Philippot, Pierre; McNally, Richard J. (2015-08-01). "Attention bias modification for social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 40: 76–90. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.001. hdl:2078.1/160458. PMID 26080314.
  9. ^ a b "Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  10. ^ a b Lowe, Robyn; Menzies, Ross; Onslow, Mark; Packman, Ann; O'Brian, Sue (2021-01-14). "Speech and Anxiety Management With Persistent Stuttering: Current Status and Essential Research". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 64 (1): 59–74. doi:10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00144. ISSN 1092-4388.
  11. ^ a b c Modini, Matthew; Abbott, Maree J.; Hunt, Caroline (2015-04-21). "A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Trait Social Anxiety Self-Report Measures". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 37 (4): 645–662. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9483-0. ISSN 0882-2689. S2CID 143622606.
  12. ^ Antony, M.M. (1997). "Assessment and treatment of social phobia". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (8): 826–834. doi:10.1177/070674379704200804. PMID 9356770. S2CID 33247969.
  13. ^ Leary, Mark R. (1983-09-01). "A Brief Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 9 (3): 371–375. doi:10.1177/0146167283093007. ISSN 0146-1672. S2CID 144875099.
  14. ^ Marks, I. M.; Mathews, A. M. (1979-01-01). "Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 17 (3): 263–267. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(79)90041-X. PMID 526242.
  15. ^ Leary, Mark R.; Kowalski, Robin M. (1993-08-01). "The Interaction Anxiousness Scale: Construct and Criterion-Related Validity". Journal of Personality Assessment. 61 (1): 136–146. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6101_10. ISSN 0022-3891. PMID 8377098.
  16. ^ Liebowitz, Michael R. (1987). "Social Phobia". Anxiety. Modern Trends in Pharmacopsychiatry. Vol. 22. pp. 141–173. doi:10.1159/000414022. ISBN 978-3-8055-4488-7. PMID 2885745.
  17. ^ Gould, Christine E.; Gerolimatos, Lindsay A.; Ciliberti, Caroline M.; Edelstein, Barry A.; Smith, Merideth D. (2012-12-01). "Initial evaluation of the Older Adult Social-Evaluative Situations Questionnaire: a measure of social anxiety in older adults". International Psychogeriatrics. 24 (12): 2009–2018. doi:10.1017/S1041610212001275. ISSN 1041-6102. PMID 22846411. S2CID 11689050.
  18. ^ Turner, Samuel M.; Beidel, Deborah C.; Dancu, Constance V.; Stanley, Melinda A. (1989). "An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory". Psychological Assessment. 1 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.35.
  19. ^ Scheier, Michael F.; Carver, Charles S. (1985-12-01). "The Self-Consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use with General Populations1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 15 (8): 687–699. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02268.x. ISSN 1559-1816.
  20. ^ a b Mattick, Richard P.; Clarke, J. Christopher (1998-04-01). "Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety1". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 36 (4): 455–470. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6. PMID 9670605.
  21. ^ Turner, Samuel M.; Stanley, Melinda A.; Beidel, Deborah C.; Bond, Lloyd (1989). "The social phobia and anxiety inventory: Construct validity". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 11 (3): 221–234. doi:10.1007/BF00960494. ISSN 0882-2689. S2CID 143941255.
  22. ^ Ishiyama, F. (1999). "Development and validation of a situational social avoidance scale". Psychological Reports. 85 (1): 114–120. doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.114. S2CID 143467833.
  23. ^ Wolgensinger, Laure (2015-09-30). "Cognitive behavioral group therapy for anxiety: recent developments". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 17 (3): 347–351. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/lwolgensinger. ISSN 1958-5969.
  24. ^ Garakani, Amir; Murrough, James W.; Freire, Rafael C.; Thom, Robyn P.; Larkin, Kaitlyn; Buono, Frank D.; Iosifescu, Dan V. (2020-12-23). "Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584. ISSN 1664-0640.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ "Social Anxiety Disorder Guide: Test, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment". Psycom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1996. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  26. ^ Buss, A. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.
  27. ^ Garcia, Katelyn M.; Carlton, Corinne N.; Richey, John A. (2021-04-28). "Parenting Characteristics among Adults With Social Anxiety and their Influence on Social Anxiety Development in Children: A Brief Integrative Review". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.614318. ISSN 1664-0640.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  28. ^ Aron, E. (1999). High sensitivity as one source of fearfulness and shyness. In J. Schulkin & L. A. Schmidt (Eds.), Extreme fear, shyness, and social phobia (pp. 251-272). New York: Oxford University Press.
  29. ^ a b c d Baumeister, R., & Tice, D. (1990). Anxiety and Social Exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2).
  30. ^ a b Buss, D. (1990). The Evolution of Anxiety and Social Exclusion. Journal Of Social And Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 196-201.
  31. ^ a b c d e Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolution and Social Anxiety: The Role of Attraction, Social Competition, and Social Hierarchies. Psychiatric Clinics, 24(4), 723-751.
  32. ^ Wilkinson, R. G. (1999). Health, Hierarchy, and Social Anxiety. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 48-63.
  33. ^ Leary, M. R. & Kowalski, R. M. (1995). Social Anxiety. New York: Guilford.
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