User:Mr. Ibrahem/Ulcerative colitis
| Ulcerative colitis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Endoscopic image of a colon affected by ulcerative colitis. The internal surface of the colon is blotchy and broken in places. Mild-moderate disease. | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | Abdominal pain, diarrhea mixed with blood, weight loss, fever, anemia[1] |
| Complications | Megacolon, inflammation of the eye, joints, or liver, colon cancer[1][2] |
| Usual onset | 15–30 years or > 60 years[1] |
| Duration | Long term[1] |
| Causes | Unknown[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Colonoscopy with tissue biopsies[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Dysentery, Crohn's disease, ischemic colitis[3] |
| Treatment | Dietary changes, medication, surgery[1] |
| Medication | Sulfasalazine, mesalazine, steroids, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, biological therapy[1] |
| Frequency | Up to 5 per 1000 people[4] |
| Deaths | 47,400 together with Crohn's (2015)[5] |
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term condition that results in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum.[1][6] The primary symptoms of active disease are abdominal pain and diarrhea mixed with blood.[1] Weight loss, fever, and anemia may also occur.[1] Often, symptoms come on slowly and can range from mild to severe.[1] Symptoms typically occur intermittently with periods of no symptoms between flares.[1] Complications may include megacolon, inflammation of the eye, joints, or liver, and colon cancer.[1][2]
The cause of UC is unknown.[1] Theories involve immune system dysfunction, genetics, changes in the normal gut bacteria, and environmental factors.[1][7] Rates tend to be higher in the developed world with some proposing this to be the result of less exposure to intestinal infections, or to a Western diet and lifestyle.[6][8] The removal of the appendix at an early age may be protective.[8] Diagnosis is typically by colonoscopy with tissue biopsies.[1] It is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) along with Crohn's disease and microscopic colitis.[1]
Dietary changes, such as maintaining a high-calorie diet or lactose-free diet, may improve symptoms.[1] Several medications are used to treat symptoms and bring about and maintain remission, including aminosalicylates such as mesalazine or sulfasalazine, steroids, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, and biologic therapy.[1] Removal of the colon by surgery may be necessary if the disease is severe, does not respond to treatment, or if complications such as colon cancer develop.[1] Removal of the colon and rectum generally cures the condition.[1][8]
Together with Crohn's disease, about 11.2 million people were affected as of 2015[update].[9] Each year it newly occurs in 1 to 20 per 100,000 people, and 5 to 500 per 100,000 individuals are affected.[6][8] The disease is more common in North America and Europe than other regions.[8] Often it begins in people aged 15 to 30 years, or among those over 60.[1] Males and females appear to be affected in equal proportions.[6] It has also become more common since the 1950s.[6][8] Together, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease affect about a million people in the United States.[10] With appropriate treatment the risk of death appears the same as that of the general population.[2] The first description of ulcerative colitis occurred around the 1850s.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Ulcerative Colitis". NIDDK. September 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
- ^ a b c Wanderås MH, Moum BA, Høivik ML, Hovde Ø (May 2016). "Predictive factors for a severe clinical course in ulcerative colitis: Results from population-based studies". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 7 (2): 235–41. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.235. PMC 4848246. PMID 27158539.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Runge, Marschall S.; Greganti, M. Andrew (2008). Netter's Internal Medicine E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 428. ISBN 9781437727722. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG (January 2012). "Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review". Gastroenterology. 142 (1): 46–54.e42, quiz e30. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001. PMID 22001864.
- ^ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ^ a b c d e Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Hanauer SB (February 2013). "Ulcerative colitis". BMJ. 346: f432. doi:10.1136/bmj.f432. PMID 23386404. S2CID 14778938.
- ^ Akiho H, Yokoyama A, Abe S, Nakazono Y, Murakami M, Otsuka Y, Fukawa K, Esaki M, Niina Y, Ogino H (November 2015). "Promising biological therapies for ulcerative colitis: A review of the literature". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology. 6 (4): 219–27. doi:10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.219. PMC 4644886. PMID 26600980.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Danese S, Fiocchi C (November 2011). "Ulcerative colitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (18): 1713–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1102942. PMID 22047562.
- ^ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ^ Adams, James G. (2012). Emergency Medicine E-Book: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 304. ISBN 978-1455733941. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.