User:Mr. Ibrahem/Sialolithiasis
| Sialolithiasis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Salivary calculi, salivary stones, sialoliths |
 | |
| Salivary gland stones removed from the sublingual gland | |
| Specialty | ENT surgery |
| Symptoms | Pain and swelling of the affected gland with meals[1] |
| Complications | Infection of the gland, abscess formation[2][1] |
| Usual onset | 30–60 yrs old[1] |
| Causes | Unclear[1] |
| Risk factors | Dehydration, decreased food intake, anticholinergics, diuretics, gout[3][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Examination, medical imaging[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Cancer, dental abscess, cellulitis[1] |
| Treatment | Massage of the gland, NSAIDs, substances to increase saliva production, endoscopic removal[1][3] |
| Prognosis | Good[1] |
| Frequency | 1 in 20,000 a year[1] |
Sialolithiasis, also known as salivary stones, is the formation of a stone within the duct of a salivary gland.[1][3] This includes the submandibular gland (85%), parotid gland (15%), and sublingual gland.[1] Symptoms commonly include pain and swelling of the affected gland with meals, which resolves over a few hours.[1][4] Complications may include infection of the gland or abscess formation.[1][2]
Most cases are of unclear cause.[1] Risk factors may include dehydration, decreased food intake, use of anticholinergic or diuretic medication, and gout.[3][4] Sjögren's syndrome is not related.[4] Diagnosis may be based on examination or medical imaging.[1]
Initial management is generally with massage of the gland, NSAIDs, and substances to increase saliva production (such as lemon).[1][3] If signs of infection are present, antibiotics are recommended.[1] A number of other techniques including endoscopic removal and external shockwave lithotripsy may be used if this is not effective.[1] Surgical removal of the gland is a last resort.[1]
About 1 in 20,000 are affected a year.[1] It occurs most commonly at the age of 30–60.[1] Males are more commonly affected than females.[1] It is the most common cause of swelling of a salivary gland.[1] Early description of the condition are attributed to Hippocrates around 400 BC.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Hammett, JT; Walker, C (January 2021). "Sialolithiasis". PMID 31751035.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Capaccio, P; Torretta, S; Ottavian, F; Sambataro, G; Pignataro, L (August 2007). "Modern management of obstructive salivary diseases". Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 27 (4): 161–72. PMC 2640028. PMID 17957846.
- ^ a b c d e "Salivary Stones - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Kraaij, S.; Karagozoglu, K. H.; Forouzanfar, T.; Veerman, E. C. I.; Brand, H. S. (December 2014). "Salivary stones: symptoms, aetiology, biochemical composition and treatment". British Dental Journal. 217 (11): E23–E23. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.1054.
- ^ Rankow, Robin M.; Polayes, Irving M. (1976). Diseases of the Salivary Glands. Saunders. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7216-7453-7.