User:Mr. Ibrahem/Kidney stone disease

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Kidney stone disease
Other namesUrolithiasis, kidney stone, renal calculus, nephrolith, kidney stone disease,[1]
A color photograph of a kidney stone, 8 millimetres in length.
A kidney stone, 8 millimeters (0.3 in) in diameter
SpecialtyUrology, nephrology
SymptomsSevere pain in the lower back or abdomen, blood in the urine, vomiting, nausea[2]
CausesGenetic and environmental factors[2]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, urine testing, medical imaging[2]
Differential diagnosisAbdominal aortic aneurysm, diverticulitis, appendicitis, pyelonephritis[3]
PreventionDrinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day[4]
TreatmentPain medication, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy[2]
Frequency22.1 million (2015)[5]
Deaths16,100 (2015)[6]

Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract.[2] Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream.[2] A small stone may pass without causing symptoms.[2] If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 in), it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in severe pain in the lower back or abdomen.[2][7] A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination.[2] About half of people who have had a kidney stone will have another within ten years.[8]

Most stones form due to a combination of genetics and environmental factors.[2] Risk factors include high urine calcium levels; obesity; certain foods; some medications; calcium supplements; hyperparathyroidism; gout and not drinking enough fluids.[2][8] Stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration.[2] The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, urine testing, and medical imaging.[2] Blood tests may also be useful.[2] Stones are typically classified by their location: nephrolithiasis (in the kidney), ureterolithiasis (in the ureter), cystolithiasis (in the bladder), or by what they are made of (calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine).[2]

In those who have had stones, prevention is by drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day.[4] If this is not effective enough, thiazide diuretic, citrate, or allopurinol may be taken.[4] It is recommended that soft drinks containing phosphoric acid (typically colas) be avoided.[4] When a stone causes no symptoms, no treatment is needed.[2] Otherwise pain control is usually the first measure, using medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids.[7][9] Larger stones may be helped to pass with the medication tamsulosin[10] or may require procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy.[2]

Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point in their lives.[8] In 2015, 22.1 million cases occurred,[5] resulting in about 16,100 deaths.[6] They have become more common in the Western world since the 1970s.[8] Generally, more men are affected than women.[2] Kidney stones have affected humans throughout history with descriptions of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 BC.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Schulsinger, David A. (2014). Kidney Stone Disease: Say NO to Stones!. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 9783319121055. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Kidney Stones in Adults". February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  3. ^ Knoll, Thomas; Pearle, Margaret S. (2012). Clinical Management of Urolithiasis. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 21. ISBN 9783642287329. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, Starkey M, Denberg TD (November 2014). "Dietary and pharmacologic management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 161 (9): 659–67. doi:10.7326/M13-2908. PMID 25364887. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  6. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  7. ^ a b Miller NL, Lingeman JE (March 2007). "Management of kidney stones" (PDF). BMJ. 334 (7591): 468–72. doi:10.1136/bmj.39113.480185.80. PMC 1808123. PMID 17332586. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d Morgan MS, Pearle MS (March 2016). "Medical management of renal stones". BMJ. 352: i52. doi:10.1136/bmj.i52. PMID 26977089.
  9. ^ Afshar K, Jafari S, Marks AJ, Eftekhari A, MacNeily AE (June 2015). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non-opioids for acute renal colic". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD006027. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006027.pub2. PMID 26120804.
  10. ^ Wang RC, Smith-Bindman R, Whitaker E, Neilson J, Allen IE, Stoller ML, Fahimi J (March 2017). "Effect of Tamsulosin on Stone Passage for Ureteral Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 69 (3): 353–361.e3. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.06.044. PMID 27616037.
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