User:Mr. Ibrahem/Cushing's syndrome
| Cushing's syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hypercortisolism, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, hyperadrenocorticism |
 | |
| Person's facial appearance 3 months after treatment with inhaled fluticasone[1] | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Symptoms | High blood pressure, abdominal obesity with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, round red face, fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, acne, fragile skin[2] |
| Usual onset | 20–50 years[3] |
| Causes | Prolonged exposure to cortisol[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Requires a number of steps[4] |
| Treatment | Based on underlying cause[5] |
| Prognosis | Generally good with treatment[6] |
| Frequency | 2–3 per million people per year[7] |
Cushing's syndrome is the collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids such as cortisol.[3] Signs and symptoms may include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, a round face, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles and weak bones.[3] Skin changes include dryness, excess hair growth, reddish face, stretch marks, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly.[8] Women may have irregular menstruation.[2] Occasionally there may be changes in mood, headaches, and a chronic feeling of tiredness.[2]
Cushing's syndrome is caused by either excessive cortisol-like medication such as prednisone or a tumor that either produces or results in the production of excessive cortisol by the adrenal glands.[9] Cases due to a pituitary adenoma are known as Cushing's disease, which is the second most common cause of Cushing's syndrome after medication.[3] A number of other tumors may also cause Cushing's.[3][10] Some of these are associated with inherited disorders such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Carney complex.[7] Diagnosis requires a number of steps.[4] The first step is to check the medications a person takes.[4] The second step is to measure levels of cortisol in the urine, saliva or in the blood after taking dexamethasone.[4] If this test is abnormal, the cortisol may be measured late at night.[4] If the cortisol remains high, a blood test for ACTH may be done.[4]
Most cases can be treated and cured.[6] If due to medications, these can often be slowly decreased if still required or slowly stopped.[5][11] If caused by a tumor, it may be treated by a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.[5] If the pituitary was affected, other medications may be required to replace its lost function.[5] With treatment, life expectancy is usually normal.[6] Some, in whom surgery is unable to remove the entire tumor, have an increased risk of death.[12]
About two to three people per million are affected each year.[7] It most commonly affects people who are 20 to 50 years of age.[3] Women are affected three times more often than men.[7] A mild degree of overproduction of cortisol without obvious symptoms, however, is more common.[13] Cushing's syndrome was first described by American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing in 1932.[14] Cushing's syndrome may also occur in other animals including cats, dogs, and horses.[15][16]
References[edit]
- ^ Celik O, Niyazoglu M, Soylu H, Kadioglu P (August 2012). "Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome with inhaled steroid plus antidepressant drugs". Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine. 7 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-7-26. PMC 3436715. PMID 22958272.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c "What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Cushing's Syndrome". National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS). July 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "How do health care providers diagnose Cushing's syndrome?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d "What are the treatments for Cushing's syndrome?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ a b c "Is there a cure for Cushing's syndrome?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d "How many people are affected by or at risk for Cushing's syndrome?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "24. Endocrine diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 496–497. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6.
- ^ "What causes Cushing's syndrome?". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Nieman, LK; Ilias, I (December 2005). "Evaluation and treatment of Cushing's syndrome". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 (12): 1340–6. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.059. PMID 16378774. Archived from the original on 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
- ^ "Cushing syndrome - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ Graversen D, Vestergaard P, Stochholm K, Gravholt CH, Jørgensen JO (April 2012). "Mortality in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 23 (3): 278–82. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.10.013. PMID 22385888.
- ^ Steffensen C, Bak AM, Rubeck KZ, Jørgensen JO (2010). "Epidemiology of Cushing's syndrome". Neuroendocrinology. 92 Suppl 1: 1–5. doi:10.1159/000314297. PMID 20829610.
- ^ "Cushing Syndrome: Condition Information". 2012-11-30. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Etienne Cote (2014). Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats (3 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 502. ISBN 9780323240741. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
- ^ McCue PM (December 2002). "Equine Cushing's disease". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice. 18 (3): 533–43, viii. doi:10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00038-x. PMID 12516933.