User:Ltwin/Sandbox Monarchy

History of monarchy in the United Kingdom

Extended content

Tentative outline English monarchy House of York (1461-1485) Edward IV Richard III Tudors (1485–1603) Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Mary Elizabeth I Scottish monarchy Irish monarchy Personal union under Stuarts (1603–1707) James VI and I Charles I Interregnum Charles II and Restoration James VII and II and Glorious Revolution William and Mary Anne and the Acts of Union Hanoverians (1714–1901) George I (if possible, we can lump the Georges under one section called "Georgian era") George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Windsors (1901–present) Edward VII George V Edward VIII and abdication crisis George VI Elizabeth II

House of Normandy (1066–1154)

William the Conqueror

The White Tower, built by William the Conqueror, is a symbol of royal power.

Main article: William the Conqueror

Not in article:
After securing his new kingdom, William returned to Normandy in March 1067. He took with him the remaining English leaders—Archbishop Stigand of Canterbury, Edgar the Æthling, Edwin, Morkere, and Waltheof, the earl of Northumbria. He left England in the care of his half-brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux, and William fitzOsbern. 

It took nearly five years of fighting before the Norman Conquest of England was secure. Across England, the Normans built castles for defence as well as intimidation of the locals. In London, William ordered construction of the White Tower, the central keep of the Tower of London. Once finished, the White Tower "was the most imposing emblem of monarchy that the country had ever seen, dwarfing all other buildings for miles around."

At times, there was tension between the monarch and his Norman vassals, who were used to French models of government in which royal power was much weaker than in England. The 1075 Revolt of the Earls was defeated by the king, but the monarchy continued to resist forces of feudal fragmentation.

The church was critical to William's conquest of England. In 1066, it owned between 25 and 33 per cent of all land, and appointment to bishoprics and abbacies were important sources of royal patronage. Pope Alexander II supported the Norman invasion because he wanted William to oversee church reform and to remove unfit bishops. William forbade ecclesiastical cases (those involving marriage, wills, and legitimacy) from being heard in secular courts; jurisdiction was handed over to church courts. But William also tightened royal control over the church. Bishops were banned from traveling to Rome, and royal permission was needed to enact new canon law or to excommunicate a noble.

Plantagenets (1154–1399)

John

King John stayed in England more than any other due to the loss of the Angevin territories. He expanded the number of royal residences, spending £4,000 (equal to £6,747,917 today) on them over his reign.

Henry III

See discussion of Westminster Palace in Prestwich (I think page 46 or above it)

Henry III inherited 58 castles. This number had fallen to 47 by Edward I's accession. Many royal castles were poorly maintained. A few, however, were used as displays of royal power and wealth. This included the Tower of London, which was extended and modernized by Henry III. Edward I continued work on the Tower. He built St Thomas Tower, which was more of a residence than a castle.

St. Thomas's Tower and Traitors' Gate built by Edward I

Edward I

• Feast of the Swans
• The Vows of the Heron

See Prestwich pages circa 52 for court life under Edward I

Richard II

Lancaster had been the most powerful noblemen in England with thirty castles and a private army of four thousand men.

House of Lancaster (1399–1461)

Henry V

In June 1421, Henry was forced to return to France after his brother and deputy Thomas, duke of Clarence, died in battle. While in France, the King became ill and died on 31 August 1422. 

Henry V had 3 brothers: ; John, duke of Bedford; and

Henry VI (r 1 September 1422 – 4 March 1461; restored 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471)

The great hall at Eltham Palace, a favorite royal residence during the 15th century

the young king was left in the care of his great-uncle Thomas Beaufort, duke of Exeter.

References

Bibliography

• Ashley, Mike (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-096-9.
• Bartlett, Robert (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225. New Oxford History of England. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780199251018.
• Borman, Tracy (2021). Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy, from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth II. Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9780802159113.
• Butt, Ronald (1989). A History of Parliament: The Middle Ages. London: Constable. ISBN 0094562202.
• Cannon, John; Griffiths, Ralph (1988). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822786-8.
• Cheetham, Anthony (1998). "The House of Lancaster". In Fraser, Antonia (ed.). The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England (revised and updated ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 113–138. ISBN 9781841880273.
• Fraser, Antonia, ed. (1975). The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76911-1.
• Gillingham, John (1998). "The Normans". In Fraser, Antonia (ed.). The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England (revised and updated ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 17–39. ISBN 9781841880273.
• Huscroft, Richard (2016). Ruling England, 1042-1217 (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1138786554.
• Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961). The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485 (4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.
• Jones, Dan (2012). The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England (revised ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-60628-5.
• Jones, Dan (2014). The Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagenets and the Rise of the Tudors. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780698170322.
• Loyn, H. R. (1984). The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087. Governance of England. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804712170.
• Lyon, Ann (2016). Constitutional History of the UK (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781317203988.
• Maddicott, J. R. (2010). The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199585502.
• Powell, J. Enoch; Wallis, Keith (1968). The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297761056.
• Starkey, David (2010). Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780007307715.

• Fraser, Antonia, ed. (1998). The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England (revised and updated ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 9781841880273.

• Jones, Clyve, ed. (2009). A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland. The Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843837176.

Possible but not used yet

• Green, Judith A. (2017). Forging the Kingdom: Power in English Society, 973–1189. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521193597.
• Loades, David (1997). Power in Tudor England. British Studies Series. Macmillan Education. ISBN 9781349250486.

Templates

• {{reign | 1042 | 1066