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Yemeni Republic الجُمهورية اليَمَنية [al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized transliteration standard: din-31635 (help) | |
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| Motto: | |
| Anthem: | |
.svg) | |
| Capital | Sana'a |
| Official languages | Arabic |
| Demonym(s) | Yemeni, Yemenite |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
| Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi | |
| Mohammed Basindawa | |
| Legislature | House of Representatives |
| Establishment | |
• North Yemen independence from the Ottoman Empirea | 1 November 1918 |
• South Yemen independenceb | 30 November 1967 |
| 22 May 1990 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 527,829 km2 (203,796 sq mi) (50th) |
• Water (%) | negligible |
| Population | |
• 2011 estimate | 23,833,000[1] (96th) |
• 2004 census | 19,685,000[1] |
• Density | 44.7/km2 (115.8/sq mi) (160th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2012 estimate |
• Total | $58.202 billion[2] |
• Per capita | $2,249[2] |
| GDP (nominal) | 2012 estimate |
• Total | $36.700 billion[2] |
• Per capita | $1,418[2] |
| HDI (2011) |  0.462[3]low (160th) |
| Currency | Yemeni rial (YER) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 |
| Driving side | right[4] |
| Calling code | +967 |
| ISO 3166 code | YE |
| Internet TLD | .ye, اليمن. |
| |
Yemen /ˈjɛmən/ ⓘ (Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman), officially known as the Yemeni Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah), is an Arab country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. Yemen is the second largest country in the Arabian peninsula occupying 527,970 km2. It is boarded to the north by Saudi Arabia and to the east by Oman. The coastline stretches for about 2,000 km[5]
Yemen is one of the oldest centers of civilization in the Near East.[6] Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes more than 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 354 km (220 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government.[7] Yemen was the first country in the Arabian peninsula to grant women the right to vote.[8] Yemeni unification took place on 22 May 1990, when North Yemen was united with South Yemen, forming the Republic of Yemen.
The majority of Yemen's population is divided into tribal groups, especially in the northern areas of the country where 85% of local residents belong to various tribes[9] There are also small groups of peoples of Turkish/Ottoman origin in urban areas.[10] Yemen is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Ali Abdullah Saleh was the first elected president of the reunified Yemen. Throughout its modern history, the country has undergone a long period of conflicts and civil wars, the last being the 2011 Yemeni uprising. Since the 1990s, the Houthis (an armed Zaydi Shia group) have launched an armed rebellion against the government coinciding with an Al-Qaeda insurgency and another separatist campaign in the south.[11]
Etymology[edit]
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia. Yemen was mentioned in Old South Arabian script as Yamnat particularly after the unification of the four dynasties of ancient Yemen by the Himyarite kings and it literally means "the south-land".[12]
History[edit]
Yemen has long existed at the crossroads of cultures. It linked some of the oldest centres of civilization in the Near East by virtue of its location in the Arabian peninsula. Large settlements existed in the mountain of northern Yemen As early as 5000 BC[13] Little is known about ancient Yemen and how exactly the transtion from bronze age civilization to the ancient caravan kingdoms. This may be largely due to the official disgorgement of research into pre-islamic civilizations in Arabia[14]
The Sabaean Kingdom came to existence from at least the eleventh century BC [15] There were four major kingdoms in South Arabia, Saba,Hadramout,Qataban and Ma'in. Saba is believed to be biblical Sheba[16] and on the other hand an uncertain number of smaller states. The Sabean rulers adopted the title Mukarrib generally thought to mean “unifier”[17] Or a "priest-king"[18] The role of the Mukarrib was to bring the various tribes under the kingdom and preside over them all[19] The Sabaens built the Great Dam of Marib around 940 BC [20] The dam was built to withstand the seasonal flash floods surging down the valley.
Between 700 - 680 BC, Mukarrib Karib'il Watar I changed his ruling title to king [21] Saba enlarged its territory to include much of South Arabia[22] Lack of water in the Arabian peninsula prevented the Sabaeans from unifying the entire peninsula; instead, they established various colonies to control trade routes.[23] Evidence of Sabaean influence are found in Northern Ethiopia, where the South Arabian system of writing, religion and pantheon, and the South Arabian style of art and architecture was introduced [24][25][26] The Sabaean chief deity was El-Muqqah.
- ^ a b "Statistical Yearbook 2011". Central Statistical Organisation. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Yemen". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2011" (PDF). The United Nations. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ "Yemen". International News Safety Institute. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
- ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p.3
- ^ Arabian Peninsula, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D. | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- ^ "Yemen – Facts and History: Yemeni Government". About.com. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ "Women Suffrage". Ipu.org. 23 May 1997. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ McDermott, Roger. "Tribal Resistance and al-Qaeda: Suspected U.S. Airstrike Ignites Tribes in Yemen's Ma'rib Governorate". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ Lehmann, Hermann (1954). "Distribution of the sickle cell trait" (PDF). Eugenics Review. 46 (2): 101–121. PMC 2973326. PMID 21260667. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Fast Facts about Yemen. CNN. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
- ^ Jawad Ali. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام (in Arabic). Vol. 1. p. 171.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p.4
- ^ David Hatcher Childress Lost Cities & Ancient Mysteries of Africa & Arabia p.223 Adventures Unlimited Press, 1989 ISBN 0932813062
- ^ Kenneth Anderson Kitchen On the Reliability of the Old Testament p.594 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0802849601
- ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Volume 4 p.254 ISBN 0802837840
- ^ Nicholas Clapp Sheba: Through the Desert in Search of the Legendary Queen p.204 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002 ISBN 0618219269
- ^ P. M. Holt, Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis The Cambridge History of Islam p.7 Cambridge University Press, Apr 21, 1977
- ^ Daniel McLaughlin Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide p.5 2007
- ^ Jerry R. Rogers, Glenn Owen Brown, Jürgen Garbrecht Water Resources and Environmental History p.36 ASCE Publications, Jan 1, 2004 ISBN 0784475504
- ^ Werner Daum Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix p.73 Pinguin-Verlag, 1987 ISBN 3701622922
- ^ The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia
- ^ Jawad Ali. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام (in Arabic). Vol. 2. p. 19.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ George Hatke Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa p.19 NYU Press, 2013 SBN 0814762832
- ^ Teshale Tibebu The making of modern Ethiopia : 1896-1974 p.xvii Lawrenceville, NJ : Red Sea Press, 1995 ISBN 1569020019
- ^ Peter R. Schmidt Historical Archaeology in Africa: Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions p.281 Rowman Altamira, 2006 ISBN 0759114153