User:Gaèlic/Oghuz languages

This is an information page.

It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines; rather, its purpose is to explain certain aspects of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect differing levels of consensus and vetting.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Oghuz Turkic substratum of North Azerbaijani, South Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkish and Turkmen pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See the respective coverage of phonology of North Azerbaijani, South Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkish and Turkmen for more thorough discussion of the sounds of these languages.


IPA	Orthography					English approximation

	irt	azj	gag	tr	tk
b	b					about
c^[1]^[2]	k		k		N/A	cute
ç^[3]	k		N/A		k	hue
d	d					ado
d͡z	c	N/A				adze
d͡ʒ	c				j	jump
ð	N/A				z	then
f	f					food
ɸ	f	N/A			f	like food, but done by curling lips over teeth and expelling air while keeping the jaw tense
ɡ^[1]	g	q	g			ago
ɟ^[1]	g		g			/ɡj/ sequence in argue
h	h				h^[4]	home
j	j	y		y, ğ^[5]	ý	yet
k^[1]	k					coal
l	l					late
ɫ^[1]	l	N/A		l	l ^[6]	peel ("dark L")
m	m					much
n	n					not
ŋ ^[7]	ŋ	N/A			ň	wing
p	p					pan
q^[1]	q	N/A			k	k in the throat
ɾ	r					AmE pretty or Scottish r
ɣ	ǧ	ğ	N/A			Spanish amigo
ʁ^[1]	ǧ	N/A			g	French r
s	s					send
ʃ	š	ş				shoe
t	t					table
t͡s	č	N/A	ţ	N/A	ts^[8]	bits
t͡ʃ	č	ç				change
θ	N/A				s	think
v^[9]	v				N/A	vase
β	N/A				w	like vase, but with both lips
x	x		N/A		h^[4]	Scottish loch
z	z				N/A	zone
ʒ	ž	j			ž	leisure

Vowels
IPA	Orthography					English approximation

	irt	azj	gag	tr	tk
ɑ	a					father
æ	ä	ə	ä	e	ä	cat
e	e					bed
ə	N/A		ê	N/A		language
i	i					creek
o	o					Leo
ø	ö					somewhat like RP bird; French eu or German ö
u	u					super
ɯ	y	ı			y	somewhat like roses, Chinese shi, or Japanese unchi
y	ü					somewhat like cue; French u or German ü

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Examples
ˈ	torbalı /torbɑˈɫɯ/ 'with bag' Torbalı /ˈtorbɑɫɯ/ (a place name)^[10]
ː	â, î, û^[11], ğ^[5]	âlem /ɑːlem/ 'world'

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [c]~[k] (Turkish/Azeri) / [k]~[q] (Turkmen), [ɟ]~[ɡ] (Turkish) / [ɡ]~[ʁ] (Turkmen)^{[citation needed]}^{[[contradictory]]}, [l]~[ɫ] only contrast in loan words before <â, û> vs. <a, u>; in native words, [c/k, ɟ/ɡ, l] occur before the front vowels (/e/, /i/, /ø/, /y/), while [k/q, g/ʁ, ɫ] occur before the back vowels (/a/, /o/, /u/, /ɯ/).
^ In many eastern Turkish/Azeri dialects, [c] at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant may become [ç], as in huge.
^ In Azeri, k at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant may become [ç], as in huge.
^ ^a ^b In Turkmen, [h] occurs before front vowels (/e/, /i/, /ø/ and /y/) while [x] occurs before back vowels (/a/, /o/, /u/, /ɯ/).
^ ^a ^b In Turkish, the letter ğ (yumuşak g, "soft g") sometimes gives the [j] sound between front vowels but it mostly lengthens the preceding vowel.
^ In Schöning, Claus. "Turkmen". The Turkic Languages. Lars Johanson and Éva Á. Csató, eds. London: Routledge, 1998. pg. 262
^ In Turkish and Azeri, /ŋ/ appears as an allophone of /n/ before the consonants /g/, /k/, /ɟ/ and /c/.
^ Only found in Russian loanwords. In Schöning, Claus. "Turkmen". The Turkic Languages. Lars Johanson and Éva Á. Csató, eds. London: Routledge, 1998. pg. 261
^ [w] is the allophone of the /v/ sound after or between vowels in Turkish and Azeri.
^ In Turkish proper, proper nouns are typically stressed on the 2nd or 3rd last syllable (see Sezer stress), and other words (excepting certain unstressed suffixes and stressed verb tenses) are stressed on the last syllable.
^ Şapka (Turkish for "hat") [^] is a sign which indicates both the vowel length and indicates if the letter k should read as /c/ and the letter l should read as [l] before the dark vowels /ɑ/ and /u/.
Yet the şapka is primarily used for indicating palatalization instead of length. For example, the word katil means "murder" when pronounced as /kɑtil/, yet it means "killer" when pronounced as /kɑːtil/. The letter a is left unmarked even if it is long, because the sound /k/ doesn't become /c/ in this case.
î is an exception, for it only indicates the vowel length.

Turkish

[velar-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [c]~[k] (Turkish/Azeri) / [k]~[q] (Turkmen), [ɟ]~[ɡ] (Turkish) / [ɡ]~[ʁ] (Turkmen)^{[citation needed]}^{[[contradictory]]}, [l]~[ɫ] only contrast in loan words before <â, û> vs. <a, u>; in native words, [c/k, ɟ/ɡ, l] occur before the front vowels (/e/, /i/, /ø/, /y/), while [k/q, g/ʁ, ɫ] occur before the back vowels (/a/, /o/, /u/, /ɯ/).

[velarfricative_c-2] In many eastern Turkish/Azeri dialects, [c] at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant may become [ç], as in huge.

[velarfricative_k-3] In Azeri, k at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant may become [ç], as in huge.

[h-4] In Turkmen, [h] occurs before front vowels (/e/, /i/, /ø/ and /y/) while [x] occurs before back vowels (/a/, /o/, /u/, /ɯ/).

[soft_g-5] In Turkish, the letter ğ (yumuşak g, "soft g") sometimes gives the [j] sound between front vowels but it mostly lengthens the preceding vowel.

[l-6] In Schöning, Claus. "Turkmen". The Turkic Languages. Lars Johanson and Éva Á. Csató, eds. London: Routledge, 1998. pg. 262

[ng-7] In Turkish and Azeri, /ŋ/ appears as an allophone of /n/ before the consonants /g/, /k/, /ɟ/ and /c/.

[ts-8] Only found in Russian loanwords. In Schöning, Claus. "Turkmen". The Turkic Languages. Lars Johanson and Éva Á. Csató, eds. London: Routledge, 1998. pg. 261

[v-9] [w] is the allophone of the /v/ sound after or between vowels in Turkish and Azeri.

[10] In Turkish proper, proper nouns are typically stressed on the 2nd or 3rd last syllable (see Sezer stress), and other words (excepting certain unstressed suffixes and stressed verb tenses) are stressed on the last syllable.

[sapka-11] Şapka (Turkish for "hat") [^] is a sign which indicates both the vowel length and indicates if the letter k should read as /c/ and the letter l should read as [l] before the dark vowels /ɑ/ and /u/.
Yet the şapka is primarily used for indicating palatalization instead of length. For example, the word katil means "murder" when pronounced as /kɑtil/, yet it means "killer" when pronounced as /kɑːtil/. The letter a is left unmarked even if it is long, because the sound /k/ doesn't become /c/ in this case.
î is an exception, for it only indicates the vowel length.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet keys
Adyghe Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Modern Standard Egyptian Hejazi Lebanese Tunisian Armenian Assamese Asturian Australian languages Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Breton Bulgarian Burmese Catalan / Valencian Standard Insular Chinese Mandarin Cantonese Hokkien Jin Wu Xiang Corsican Czech Danish Dari Dutch English Old English Emilian-Romagnol Esperanto Estonian Extremaduran Fijian Finnish Franco-Provençal French Galician Georgian German Standard Alemannic Colognian Greek Greenlandic Gujarati Haitian Creole Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hmong Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Inuktitut Inupiaq Irish Isan Italian Central Japanese Kazakh Khmer Korean Kurdish Kyrgyz Lakota Lao Latin Latvian Ligurian Lithuanian Lombard Luxembourgish Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Manx Māori Marathi Marshallese Mauritian Creole Mayan Mongolian Mirandese Nahuatl Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Northern Thai Norwegian Occitan Odia Pashto Persian Piedmontese Polish Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Romanian Romansh Russian Sanskrit Sardinian Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Shan Sicilian Slovak Slovene Sorbian Spanish Swahili Swazi Swedish Sylheti Tagalog Tai Lue Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Tlingit Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Venetian Vietnamese Walloon Welsh West Frisian Xhosa Yiddish Yoruba Zhuang Zulu
Comparisons	IPA conventions for English English dialects Wikipedia pronunciation respelling Other English pronunciation respellings
Introductory guides	Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation