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A magnetic trap uses a magnetic gradient to trap neutral particles with a magnetic moment. Although such traps have been employed for many purposes in physics research, they are best known as the last stage in cooling atoms to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation. The magnetic trap (as a way of trapping very cold atoms) was first proposed by David Pritchard.
Operating principle[edit]
Many atoms have a magnetic moment; their energy shifts in a magnetic field according to the formula
- .
According to the principles of quantum mechanics the magnetic moment of an atom will be quantized; that is, it will take on one of certain discrete values. If the atom is placed in a strong magnetic field, its magnetic moment will be aligned with the field. If a number of atoms are placed in the same field, they will be distributed over the various allowed values of magnetic quantum number for that atom.
If a magnetic field gradient is superimposed on the uniform field, those atoms whose magnetic moments are aligned with the field will have lower energies in a higher field. Like a ball rolling down a hill, these atoms will tend to occupy locations with higher fields and are known as "high-field-seeking" atoms. Conversely, those atoms with magnetic moments aligned opposite the field will have higher energies in a higher field, tend to occupy locations with lower fields, and are called "low-field-seeking" atoms.
It is impossible to produce a local maximum of the magnetic-field magnitude in free space; however, a local minimum may be produced. This minimum can trap atoms which are low-field-seeking if they do not have enough kinetic energy to escape the minimum. Typically, magnetic traps have relatively shallow field minima and are only able to trap atoms whose kinetic energies correspond to temperatures of a fraction of a kelvin. The field minima required for magnetic trapping can be produced in a variety of ways. These include permanent magnet traps, Ioffe configuration traps, QUIC traps and others.
Different Types of Magnetic traps[edit]
Antihelmholtz Configuration 'Quadrupole Trap'
The simplest form magnetic trap is the antihelmholtz configuration. Having Helmholtz coils carrying opposing currents produces a quasi-spherical linear trap. This trap provides strong confinement gradients whose extension is only limited by the coil dimensions. The trap bottom is at zero due to the symmetric nature of this trap around the center of the 2 coils. Thus, cooling an atomic ensemble into degeneracy, Bose-Einstein Condensate is not possible. This is due to the fact that when atoms reach the zero-field, they forget their spin and may end up in the other spin state which is high-field seeking. As atoms get colder and colder, the over all atomnumber will decrease dramatically due to the spin flips induced by the zero point, Majorana loses.
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Time-orbiting-potential
To obtain a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a quadrupole trap, one has to plug or close the zero magnetic field point. This can be done by moving the quadrupole trap fast enough such that the atoms do not feel the new position of the zero-point minimum. This effectively averages the magnetic potential landscape of the trap.
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Ioffe-Pritchard Trap
Instead of rotating the quadrupole, it is also possible to lift the trap bottom of the quadrupole trap. This extra bias magnetic field can be obtained from 2 wire pairs with counter propagating currents.
taken from http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan25/articles28.htm
Quadrupole-Ioffe Trap
Another way to add a bias field is through an additional coil as shown on the figure. SHOW PICTURE
Permanent Magnet Traps
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Magnetic Microtraps
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Microchip atom trap[edit]
The minimum magnitude of the magnetic field can be realized with the "atom microchip".[1] One of the first microchip atomic traps is shown on the right. The Z-shaped conductor (actually the golden Z-shaped strip painted on the Si surface) is placed into the uniform magnetic field (the field's source is not shown in the figure). Only atoms with positive spin-field energy were trapped. To prevent the mixing of spin states, the external magnetic field was inclined in the plane of the chip, providing the adiabatic rotation of the spin at the movement of the atom. In the first approximation, magnitude (but not orientation) of the magnetic field is responsible for effective energy of the trapped atom. The chip shown is 2 cm x 2 cm; this size was chosen for ease in manufacture. In principle, the size of such microchip traps can be drastically reduced. An array of such traps can be manufactured with conventional lithographic methods; such an array is considered a prototype of a q-bit memory cell for the quantum computer. Ways of transferring atoms and/or q-bits between traps are under development; the adiabatic optical (with off-resonant frequencies) and/or the electrical control (with additional electrodes) is assumed.
Applications in Bose-Einstein condensation[edit]
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) requires conditions of very high density and very low temperature in a gas of atoms. Laser cooling in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) is typically used to cool atoms down to the microkelvin range. However, laser cooling is limited by the momentum recoils an atom receives from single photons. Achieving BEC requires cooling the atoms beyond the limits of laser cooling, which means the lasers used in the MOT must be turned off and a new method of trapping devised. Magnetic traps have been used to hold very cold atoms, while evaporative cooling has reduced the temperature of the atoms enough to reach BEC.
References[edit]
- ^ Horikoshi, M.; Nakagawa, K. (2006). "Atom chip based fast production of Bose–Einstein condensate". Applied Physics B. 82 (3): 363–366. doi:10.1007/s00340-005-2083-z.
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Sources[edit]
- Pritchard, David (1983). "Cooling Neutral Atoms in a Magnetic Trap for Precision Spectroscopy". Physical Review Letters. 51 (15): 1336–1339. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.1336.
- Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, C. E.; Cornell, E. A. (1995). "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. PMID 17789847.