User:Chris.urs-o/Sandbox.003

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Satelite based velocity vectors[edit]

New Madrid Seismic Zone[edit]

Fault relative velocity less than:

Wabash Valley Seismic Zone[edit]

Wasatch Fault[edit]

Saint Lawrence rift system[edit]

San Andreas Fault[edit]

Plate tectonics. The Azores are on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. You get usually earthquakes weaker than 8.0 on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, on the East African Rift, and on the Midcontinent Rift System. As I see it. Image:Plates tect2 en.svg. If the Pacific Plate gets a relative movement on one side, it adds strain on the other side. Image: Graph of largest earthquakes 1906-2005.png. Around three quarters of the seismic moment are earthquakes greater than 8.0.

Eruptions and Earthquakes[edit]

  • Yellowstone Caldera, Hebgen lake, Montana (August 1959, M7.5).
  • Vesuvius, the AD 79 eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years beforehand on 5 February, 62.
  • On July 16, 1990, the major 1990 Luzon earthquake of magnitude 7.7 struck central Luzon. This was the largest earthquake recorded in 1990.[1]
  • Eruption period: Apr 2, 1991 - Sep 2, 1991; Jun 12-15, 1991 (eruptive climax), Mount Pinatubo, Philipines, 11,000 ±0.5 tons of tephra, VEI 6
  • On March 9, 1957, Andreanof Islands, Alaska, 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake, 8.6, causing an eruption of long-dormant volcano Mount Vsevidof.
  • On May 22, 1960, Valdivia, Chile, 1960 Valdivia earthquake, 9.5
  • On 24 May, 38 hours after the main shock of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, Cordón Caulle begun a rhyodacitic fissure eruption.
  • Mount Talang has had eight confirmed eruptions between 1833 and 1968. A minor eruption followed in April 2005, over 25,000 inhabitants of the local area being evacuated due to fears of further volcanic eruptions. Geologists say that the eruption in April 2005 is connected to the devastating December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.Johnston, Tim (April 13, 2005). "Indonesian Volcanoes Erupt; Thousands Evacuated". VOA News. Retrieved 2006-04-22.

Overview[edit]


Earthquakes referenced in this chart:

Pacific Ring of Fire Earthquakes[edit]

Greater than 7.7


Date Time Place Lat. Long. Deaths
Magnitude
Comments Sources
 
February 10, 1797 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see1797 Sumatra earthquake 		-1.0 99.0 300 8.4   [2][3][4]
November 25, 1833 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see1833 Sumatra earthquake 		-2.5 100.5 "numerous victims" 8.8-9.2 Mw Huge tsunami flooded all southern part of western Sumatra [2][5][4]
January 23, 1855 21:11 local time Wairarapa, New Zealand
see 1855 Wairarapa earthquake 		-41.4 174.5 4 8.0 (approx) Raised sections of Wellington coastline by 2 metres –
01857-01-09January 9, 1857 16:24 Fort Tejon, California, USA (San Andreas fault from Parkfield to Wrightwood)
see 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake 		1 7.9 M (Grant and Sieh, 1993; Stein and Hanks, 1998) USGS
February 16, 1861 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see1861 Sumatra earthquake 		1.0 97,5 905 8.5 Caused major tsunami. [6][7]
01868-04-03April 3, 1868 02:25 Kau, southeast Hawaii, Hawaii, United States
see1868 Hawaii earthquake 		19.2 -155.5 77 7.9 MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) USGS
01868-04-03August 13, 1868 16:45 local time Arica, Chile
see1868 Arica earthquake 		-18.500 -70.350 25,000 9.0 MI USGS
May 10, 1877 20:30 local time Iquique, Chile -19.600 -70.230 34 8.3 MI USGS
01891-10-27October 27, 1891 21:38 Mino-Owari (Gifu-Aichi Prefectures), Tōkai region, Japan
see Nōbi Earthquake 		35.6 136.6 7,273 8 MS USGS
01896-06-15June 15, 1896 19:32 Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan
see1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake 		39.5 144 22,000+ 8.0-8.1 (approx) Mw USGS
01899-09-04September 4, 1899 00:22 Cape Yakataga, Alaska, USA 60 -142 7.9 MS USGS
01899-09-10September 10, 1899 21:41 Yakutat Bay, Alaska, USA 60 -142 8 MS USGS
01906-01-31January 31, 1906 15:36 Colombia-Ecuador
see 1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake 		1 -81.5 1,000 8.8 Mw USGS
01906-04-18April 18, 1906 13:12 San Francisco, California, USA (San Andreas fault from Cape Mendocino to San Juan Bautista)
see San Francisco earthquake of 1906 		37.75 -122.55 3,000 7.8 Mw (Bakun, 1999) USGS
01906-08-17August 17, 1906 00:40 Valparaíso, Chile -33 -72 20,000 8.2 Mw USGS
01922-03-10November 11, 1922 04:32 UTC Atacama Region, Chile -28.5 -70 100s 8.5 USGS
01923-09-01February 3, 1923 Kamchatka Peninsula 54 161 8.5 Mw USGS
01923-09-01September 1, 1923 02:58 Kantō region, Japan
see 1923 Great Kantō earthquake 		35.4 139.08 143,000 7.9 Mw USGS
01931-02-03February 3, 1931 10:47 local time Napier, New Zealand
see 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake 		-39.3 177.0 258 7.9 Much of city destroyed; 40 km² of seabed raised to become dry land –
01933-03-02March 2, 1933 17:31 Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan
see 1933 Sanriku earthquake 		39.22 144.62 2,990 8.4 Mw USGS
01938-11-10November 10, 1938 20:18 Shumagin Islands, Alaska, USA 55.33 -158.37 8.2 Mw USGS
01939-01-25January 25, 1939 23:32 Local Time Chillán, Chile -27.000 -70.500 30,000 7.8 USGS
01943-04-05April 6, 1943 12:07 Local Time Ovalle, Chile -30.750 -72.000 12 8.2 USGS
01944-12-07December 7, 1944 04:35 Off the east coast of Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture, Kinki region, Japan
known as 東南海地震 (Tōnankai Jishin) 		33.75 136 1,223 8.1 Mw USGS
01946-12-20December 20, 1946 19:19 Off southern Wakayama Prefecture, Kinki-Shikoku regions, Japan
see 1946 Nankaidō earthquake 		32.5 134.5 1,330 8.1 Mw USGS
01949-08-22August 22, 1949 04:01 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada
see 1949 Queen Charlotte earthquake 		53.62 -133.27 8.1 MS (Gutenberg and Richter, 1954) USGS
01952-11-04November 4, 1952 16:58 Kamchatka, Russia
see Kamchatka earthquakes 		52.76 160.06 9 Mw USGS
01957-03-09March 9, 1957 14:22 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA
see 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake 		51.56 -175.39 8.6 Mw USGS
01960-05-22May 22, 1960 19:11 Valdivia, Chile
see 1960 Valdivia earthquake 		-38.24 -73.05 5,700 9.5 Mw USGS
01964-03-28March 28, 1964 03:36 Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA
see 1964 Alaska earthquake 		61.02 -147.65 125 9.2 Mw USGS
01965-02-04February 4, 1965 05:01 Rat Islands, Alaska, USA
see 1965 Rat Islands earthquake 		51.21 -178.5 8.7 Mw USGS
01966-12-28December 28, 1966 09:08 Local Time Taltal, Chile -25.51 -70.74 6 8.1 Mw
01970-05-31May 31, 1970 20:23 Peru
see 1970 Ancash earthquake 		-9.25 -78.84 66,000 7.9 Mw USGS
01970-07-31July 31, 1970 17:08 Colombia -1.49 -72.56 8 MS USGS
01985-03-03March 3, 1985 19:47 Local Time Valparaiso, Chile
see 1985 Santiago earthquake 		-33.24 -71.850 177 7.8 Mw USGS
01986-05-07May 7, 1986 22:47 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA 51.56 -174.81 8 Mw (PDE Monthly Listing) USGS
01987-11-30November 30, 1987 19:23 Gulf of Alaska, USA 58.84 -142.6 7.9 Mw (PDE Monthly Listing) USGS
01988-03-06March 6, 1988 22:35 Gulf of Alaska, USA 57.26 -142.75 7.8 Mw (PDE Monthly Listing) USGS
01990-07-16July 16, 1990 16:26 local time Philippines; see 1990 Luzon earthquake 15.7 121.2 1,621 7.9 Ms –
01995-07-30July 30, 1995 05:11 UTC Near Coast Antofagasta, Chile
see 1995 Antofagasta earthquake 		-23.34 -70.294 3 8.0 Mw USGS
02000-11-16November 16, 2000 04:54 New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
see 2000 New Ireland earthquakes 		-4 152.33 8 USGS
02001-06-23June 23, 2001 20:33 coastal Peru
see 2001 southern Peru earthquake 		-16.3 -73.55 75 8.4 Mw (HRV)
02002-11-03November 3, 2002 22:12 Denali National Park, Alaska, USA
see 2002 Denali earthquake 		63.52 -147.44 7.9 Mw (HRV)
02003-09-25September 25, 2003 19:50 Southeast off Tokachi-Hidaka Subprefectures, Hokkaidō, Japan
see 2003 Hokkaido earthquake
known as 十勝沖地震 (Tokachi-oki jishin) 		41.82 143.91 0 8.3 Mw (HRV) [8]
02003-11-17November 17, 2003 06:43 Rat Islands, Alaska, USA 51.15 178.65 7.8 Mw (HRV) [9]
December 23, 2004 14:59 495 kilometres north of Macquarie Island, SW of New Zealand -50.24 160.13 0 8.1 Mw (HRV) [10][11]
December 26, 2004 00:58 off west coast northern Sumatra, Indonesia
see 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 		3.30 95.87 230,210 9.1 Mw (USGS)
March 28, 2005 16:09 Nias region, Indonesia
see 2005 Sumatra earthquake 		2.08 97.11 1,303 8.6 Mw (HRV)
June 13, 2005 22:44 Tarapacá, Chile -19.896 -69.125 11 7.8 Mw (USGS) [12]
May 3, 2006 15:26 Tonga -20.130 -174.164 0 8.0 Mw (HRV). [13]
November 15, 2006 11:14 Kuril Islands, Russia 46.616 153.224 0 8.3 Mw (HRV). Small tsunamis hit northern Japan and Hawaii [13]
January 13, 2007 04:23 East of the Kuril Islands, Russia 46.288 154.448 0 8.1 Mw (HRV). The second great earthquake to strike this region in three months [14]
April 1, 2007 20:39 Solomon Islands
see 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake 		-8.474 156.950 52 8.1 Mw (HRV). Followed by a magnitude 6.7 aftershock. Tsunami destroyed at least 60 buildings and left at least 2,000 people homeless.
August 15, 2007 23:40 40.2 km (25 miles) northwest of Chincha Alta, Peru
see 2007 Peru earthquake 		-13.322 -76.508 519 8.0 Mw (HRV). 519 people killed with 1,366 injured.
September 12, 2007 11:10 Sumatra, Indonesia
see September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes 		-4.517 101.382 25 8.5 Mw (HRV). Many buildings collapsed on the west coast of Sumatra. At least 25 dead, and over a hundred injured. Tsunami alert issued for the entire Indian Ocean region. Followed by two other earthquakes measuring 7.9 and 7.0.
December 9, 2007 07:28 South of the Fiji Islands -26.156 -177.453 0 7.8 Mw (HRV) [14]
July 15, 2009 09:22 Fiordland, New Zealand
see 2009 Fiordland earthquake 		-45.75 166.58 0 7.8 Mw (USGS)
September 29, 2009 17:48 Samoa Islands
see 2009 Samoa earthquake 		15.509 172.034 189 8.1 Mw (USGS) followed by an after-shock that measured 7.8. Tsunami flattened villages in Samoa and American Samoa which killed 100+ civilians. Displacing over 10,000 people. [15]
October 7, 2009 22:03 Torres Islands, Vanuatu
see 2009 Vanuatu earthquakes 		-13.052 166.187 0 7.6 Mw (HRV, USGS) [16]
22:18 -12.554 166.320 0 7.8 Mw (HRV, USGS) [17]
23:13 -13.145 166.297 0 7.3 Mw (USGS) [18]
February 27, 2010 06:34 Offshore Maule, Chile
see 2010 Chile earthquake 		-35.846 -72.719 796+ 8.8 Mw (USGS) [19]
Key to magnitudes
ML = Local magnitude (Richter)
MS = Surface wave magnitude
Mw = Moment magnitude

Overview[edit]

| February 10, 1797 | | Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see1797 Sumatra earthquake | -1.0 | 99.0 | align="right" | 300 | align="right" | 8.4

| November 25, 1833 | | Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see1833 Sumatra earthquake | -2.5 | 100.5 | align="right" | 8.8-9.2 | Mw Huge tsunami flooded all southern part of western Sumatra

| January 23, 1855 | 21:11 local time | Wairarapa, New Zealand
see 1855 Wairarapa earthquake | -41.4 | 174.5 | align="right" | 8.0 (approx) | Raised sections of Wellington coastline by 2 metres

| 01857-01-09January 9, 1857 | 16:24 | Fort Tejon, California, USA (San Andreas fault from Parkfield to Wrightwood)
see 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake | | | align="right"|7.9

| February 16, 1861 | | Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
see1861 Sumatra earthquake | 1.0 | 97,5 | align="right" | 905 | align="right" | 8.5 | Caused major tsunami.

| 01868-04-03April 3, 1868 | 02:25 | Kau, southeast Hawaii, Hawaii, United States
see1868 Hawaii earthquake | 19.2 | -155.5 | align="right"|7.9

| 01868-04-03August 13, 1868 | 16:45 local time | Arica, Chile
see1868 Arica earthquake | -18.500 | -70.350 | align="right"|9.0

| May 10, 1877 | 20:30 local time | Iquique, Chile | -19.600 | -70.230 | align="right"|8.3

| 01891-10-27October 27, 1891 | 21:38 | Mino-Owari (Gifu-Aichi Prefectures), Tōkai region, Japan
see Nōbi Earthquake | 35.6 | 136.6 | align="right"|8

| 01896-06-15June 15, 1896 | 19:32 | Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan
see1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake | 39.5 | 144 | align="right"|8.0-8.1 (approx)

| 01899-09-04September 4, 1899 | 00:22 | Cape Yakataga, Alaska, USA | 60 | -142 | align="right"|7.9

| 01899-09-10September 10, 1899 | 21:41 | Yakutat Bay, Alaska, USA | 60 | -142 | align="right"|8

| 01906-01-31January 31, 1906 | 15:36 | Colombia-Ecuador
see 1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake | 1 | -81.5 | align="center"|8.8

| 01906-04-18April 18, 1906 | 13:12 | San Francisco, California, USA (San Andreas fault from Cape Mendocino to San Juan Bautista)
see San Francisco earthquake of 1906 | 37.75 | -122.55 | align="center"|7.8

| 01906-08-17August 17, 1906 | 00:40 | Valparaíso, Chile | -33 | -72 | align="center"|8.2

| 01922-03-10November 11, 1922 | 04:32 UTC | Atacama Region, Chile | -28.5 | -70 | align="center"|8.5

| 01923-09-01February 3, 1923 | | Kamchatka Peninsula | 54 | 161 | align="center"|8.5

| 01923-09-01September 1, 1923 | 02:58 | Kantō region, Japan
see 1923 Great Kantō earthquake | 35.4 | 139.08 | align="center"|7.9

| 01931-02-03February 3, 1931 | 10:47 local time | Napier, New Zealand
see 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake | -39.3 | 177.0 | align="center" | 7.9 | Much of city destroyed; 40 km² of seabed raised to become dry land

| 01933-03-02March 2, 1933 | 17:31 | Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan
see 1933 Sanriku earthquake | 39.22 | 144.62 | align="center"|8.4

| 01938-11-10November 10, 1938 | 20:18 | Shumagin Islands, Alaska, USA | 55.33 | -158.37 | align="center"|8.2

| 01939-01-25January 25, 1939 | 23:32 Local Time | Chillán, Chile | -27.000 | -70.500 | align="center"|7.8

| 01943-04-05April 6, 1943 | 12:07 Local Time | Ovalle, Chile | -30.750 | -72.000 | align="center"|8.2

| 01944-12-07December 7, 1944 | 04:35 | Off the east coast of Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture, Kinki region, Japan
known as 東南海地震 (Tōnankai Jishin) | 33.75 | 136 | align="center"|8.1

| 01946-12-20December 20, 1946 | 19:19 | Off southern Wakayama Prefecture, Kinki-Shikoku regions, Japan
see 1946 Nankaidō earthquake | 32.5 | 134.5 | align="center"|8.1

| 01949-08-22August 22, 1949 | 04:01 | Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada
see 1949 Queen Charlotte earthquake | 53.62 | -133.27 | align="center"|8.1

| 01952-11-04November 4, 1952 | 16:58 | Kamchatka, Russia
see Kamchatka earthquakes | 52.76 | 160.06 | align="center"|9

| 01957-03-09March 9, 1957 | 14:22 | Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA
see 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake | 51.56 | -175.39 | align="center"|8.6

| 01960-05-22May 22, 1960 | 19:11 | Valdivia, Chile
see 1960 Valdivia earthquake | -38.24 | -73.05 | align="center"|9.5

| 01964-03-28March 28, 1964 | 03:36 | Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA
see 1964 Alaska earthquake | 61.02 | -147.65 | align="center"|9.2

| 01965-02-04February 4, 1965 | 05:01 | Rat Islands, Alaska, USA
see 1965 Rat Islands earthquake | 51.21 | -178.5 | align="center"|8.7

| 01966-12-28December 28, 1966 | 09:08 Local Time | Taltal, Chile | -25.51 | -70.74 | align="center"|8.1

| 01970-05-31May 31, 1970 | 20:23 | Peru
see 1970 Ancash earthquake | -9.25 | -78.84 | align="center"|7.9

| 01970-07-31July 31, 1970 | 17:08 | Colombia | -1.49 | -72.56 | align="center"|8

| 01985-03-03March 3, 1985 | 19:47 Local Time | Valparaiso, Chile
see 1985 Santiago earthquake | -33.24 | -71.850 | align="center"|7.8

| 01986-05-07May 7, 1986 | 22:47 | Andreanof Islands, Alaska, USA | 51.56 | -174.81 | align="center"|8

| 01987-11-30November 30, 1987 | 19:23 | Gulf of Alaska, USA | 58.84 | -142.6 | align="center"|7.9

| 01988-03-06March 6, 1988 | 22:35 | Gulf of Alaska, USA | 57.26 | -142.75 | align="center"|7.8

| 01990-07-16July 16, 1990 | 16:26 local time | Philippines;
see 1990 Luzon earthquake | 15.7 | 121.2 | align="center" | 7.9

| 01995-07-30July 30, 1995 | 05:11 UTC | Near Coast Antofagasta, Chile
see 1995 Antofagasta earthquake | -23.34 | -70.294 | align="center"|8.0

| 02000-11-16November 16, 2000 | 04:54 | New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
see 2000 New Ireland earthquakes | -4 | 152.33 | align="center"|8

| 02001-06-23June 23, 2001 | 20:33 | coastal Peru
see 2001 southern Peru earthquake | -16.3 | -73.55 | align="right"|8.4

| 02002-11-03November 3, 2002 | 22:12 | Denali National Park, Alaska, USA
see 2002 Denali earthquake | 63.52 | -147.44 | align="right"|7.9

| 02003-09-25September 25, 2003 | 19:50 | Southeast off Tokachi-Hidaka Subprefectures, Hokkaidō, Japan
see 2003 Hokkaido earthquake
known as 十勝沖地震 (Tokachi-oki jishin) | 41.82 | 143.91 | align="right"|8.3

| 02003-11-17November 17, 2003 | 06:43 | Rat Islands, Alaska, USA | 51.15 | 178.65 | align="right"|7.8

| December 23, 2004 | 14:59 | 495 kilometres north of Macquarie Island, SW of New Zealand | -50.24 | 160.13 | align="right"|8.1

| December 26, 2004 | 00:58 | off west coast northern Sumatra, Indonesia
see 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake | 3.30 | 95.87 | align="right"|9.1

| March 28, 2005 | 16:09 | Nias region, Indonesia
see 2005 Sumatra earthquake | 2.08 | 97.11 | align="right"|8.6

| June 13, 2005 | 22:44 | Tarapacá, Chile | -19.896 | -69.125 | align="right"|7.8

| May 3, 2006 | 15:26 | Tonga | -20.130 | -174.164 | align="right"|8.0

| November 15, 2006 | 11:14 | Kuril Islands, Russia | 46.616 | 153.224 | align="right"|8.3

| January 13, 2007 | 04:23 | East of the Kuril Islands, Russia | 46.288 | 154.448 | align="right"|8.1

| April 1, 2007 | 20:39 | Solomon Islands
see 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake | -8.474 | 156.950 | align="right"|8.1

| August 15, 2007 | 23:40 | 40.2 km (25 miles) northwest of Chincha Alta, Peru
see 2007 Peru earthquake | -13.322 | -76.508 | align="right"|8.0

| September 12, 2007 | 11:10 | Sumatra, Indonesia
see September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes | -4.517 | 101.382 | align="right"|8.5

| December 9, 2007 | 07:28 | South of the Fiji Islands | -26.156 | -177.453 | align="right"|7.8

| July 15, 2009 | 09:22 | Fiordland, New Zealand
see 2009 Fiordland earthquake | -45.75 | 166.58 | align="right"|7.8

| September 29, 2009 | 17:48 | Samoa Islands
see 2009 Samoa earthquake | 15.509 | 172.034 | align="right"|8.1

| rowspan="3" | October 7, 2009 | 22:03 | rowspan="3" | Torres Islands, Vanuatu
see 2009 Vanuatu earthquakes | -13.052 | 166.187 | align="right"|7.6

| 22:18 | -12.554 | 166.320 | align="right"|7.8

| 23:13 | -13.145 | 166.297 | align="right"|7.3

| February 27, 2010 | 06:34 | Offshore Maule, Chile
see 2010 Chile earthquake | -35.846 | -72.719 | align="right"|8.8

References[edit]

  1. ^ USGS. "Earthquake Information for 1990". Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  2. ^ a b Destructive historical tsunamis at the western coast of Sumatra, Tsunami Laboratory, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics Siberian Division Russian Academy of Sciences.
  3. ^ Sieh, K. 2006. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 364 no. 1845 1947-1963.
  4. ^ a b George Pararas-Carayannis, The great earthquake and tsunami of 1833 off the coast of Central Sumatra in Indonesia
  5. ^ Zachariasen, J., Sieh, K., Taylor, F.W., Edwards, R.L. & Hantoro, W.S. 1999. Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence from coral microatolls, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, No. B1, Pages 895–919.
  6. ^ Agarwal, P. & Shrikhande, M. 2006. Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd., 600pp.
  7. ^ Research Group on The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean
  8. ^ NED newsletter April 2004
  9. ^ USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2003". {{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help)
  10. ^ USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2004". {{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help)
  11. ^ Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World by Dr. Tokuji Utsu, now maintained by IISEE
  12. ^ USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2005". {{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help)
  13. ^ a b USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2006". {{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2007". {{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help)
  15. ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2009mdbi.php
  16. ^ http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2009mlcf.php
  17. ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2009mlcx.php
  18. ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2009mlcs.php
  19. ^ "Magnitude 7.0 - OFFSHORE MAULE, CHILE". February 27, 2010. Retrieved Freruary 27, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
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