User:Bazinga2018/sandbox
Week 11-Illustrate an Article[edit]
Michelle:[edit]
My plan is to add a picture of the cervical vertebrae and count them so I can add this picture to the Columbidae page. I am taking a picture of the sternum and measuring it to show that it is nearly equal in width and height (for flying birds). We are still in the process of dissecting, so the cervical vertebrae be photographed sometime next week and I am almost done cleaning up the sternum.
Becca:[edit]
The photo shown on the left shows the neck region of the pigeon opened to show the out-pouching of the esophagus known as the crop. The crop stores food that has been ingested prior to it being digested and entering the proventriculus. The image also shows, the types of food eaten by pigeons, mainly seeds and other grains.
This will be added to this section on the bird anatomy page.
Many birds possess a muscular pouch along the esophagus called a crop. The crop functions to both soften food and regulate its flow through the system by storing it temporarily. The size and shape of the crop is quite variable among the birds. Members of the family Columbidae, such as pigeons, produce a nutritious crop milk which is fed to their young by regurgitation.[1]
Olivia[edit]
Actually, the vertebral column of a pigeon is divided into five regions. Cervical, Dorsal, Synsacrum, Caudal, and Pygostyle.
Since I do not have pictures of my dissected pigeon's vertebral column, I took a picture of the pigeon model from lab and marked regions of the vertebral column with annotated inks. The Pygostyle from the lab model is missing but this region was annotated with a green ink. In lab next week, I also hope to take lateral pictures of the vertebral column of the pigeon.
Week 10- Draft #2[edit]
Olivia:[edit]
I will edit the bird anatomy page and make the vertebral column a section. I will talk about the divisions of the vertebral column and explain each of them.
Draft for Bird anatomy page The vertebral column of a pigeon is divided into four sections just like that of a bird. They are the Cervical, Thoracic, Synsacrum and pygostyle vertebrae. The cervical vertebral contains 14 vertebrae. It supports the neck region of the pigeon as well as support the head of the pigeon. This allows for efficient movement of the neck. The Thoracic vertebral consists of up to five vertebrae. The synsacrum consists of a compact skeletal mass that provides rigidity. the vertebrae that make up the synsacrum includes the posterior thoracic, lumbar, sacral and anterior caudal. The pygostyle is a compressed skeletal structure composed of the fusion of the last four vertebrae.
Michelle:[edit]
I have decided that I still want to edit/cleanup the Bird anatomy section about neck vertebrae as it is still lacking sources and I will add more on head bobbing and vertebrae importance. This section will include a description of head bobbing, why they do it and what exactly is happening anatomically while they do it. Also I will add pictures of neck vertebrae and possibly the furcula or keel once we finish dissecting.
Draft for Bird anatomy Page:
The neck of a bird is composed of 13-25 cervical vertebrae enabling birds to have increased flexibility. [2] A flexible neck allows many birds with immobile eyes to move their head more productively and center their sight on objects that are close or far in distance.[3] Most birds have about three times as many neck vertebrae than humans which allows for increased stability during fast movements such as flying, landing, and taking-off.[4] The neck plays a role in head-bobbing which is present in at least 8 out of 27 orders of birds, including Columbiformes, Galliformes, and Gruiformes.[5] Head-bobbing is an optokinetic response which stabilizes a birds surroundings as they alternate between a thrust phase and a hold phase.[6] Head-bobbing is synchronous with the feet as the head moves in accordance with the rest of the body.[6] Data from various studies suggest that the main reason for head-bobbing in some birds is for stabilization of their surroundings, although it is uncertain why some but not all bird orders show patterns of head-bobbing.[7]
Birds are the only vertebrates to have fused collarbones and a keeled breastbone.[2] The keeled sternum serves as a site for muscle attachment used for flight or swimming.[2] Flightless birds, such as ostriches, lack a keeled sternum and have more dense and heavier bones compared to birds that fly.[8] Swimming birds have a wide sternum, walking birds have a long sternum, and flying birds have a sternum that is nearly equal in width and height.[9]
Becca:[edit]
Page to be added to:
The crop can be used to store food before it enters the Proventriculus followed by the gizzard. The crop in the pigeon also produces a milk that can be used to feed their young.[10]
I am also going to add pictures of the crop that we took as well as an example of the food that is stored there.
Week 9- Feedback Responses[edit]
One suggestion for how to improve my neck vertebrae draft was to add more information about head-bobbing used for head stabilization. I am planning to add more about head-bobbing and also linking to other wiki pages, if applicable. I am sticking to my original plan which was to add to the Bird anatomy page and linking this page into the pigeon page. I am also going to look at pages regarding bird anatomy/neck vertebrae to do some "cleaning-up" in particular sections.
Comments from Dr. Schutz:
- You were all supposed to enter your responses to review in your common sandbox and not in your separate sandboxes (where you are fine to draft). I have found them and I am leaving individual responses for all of you. However, the individual responses make it hard to see how you are integrating your work.
-What will you add about head bobbing? Do you think that requires specialized muscles or vertebrae? - Things to think about: What is unique about bird vertebrae versus other vertebrates?
- As you work through your drafts, be sure to use the rubric I provided
- I like the idea of planning your contribution and what pages.
Week 6- Draft 1 of Article[edit]
Michelle:[edit]
Neck Vertebrae[edit]
My game plan update: I still want to talk about neck anatomy (vertebrae), but I am in the process of adding the neck section in the "Skeletal system" section of Bird anatomy and link this section in the Feral pigeon or Columbidae Wikipedia page (TBD). The neck anatomy section is very wordy so I will fix edit that and also add sources because the paragraph is copied and pasted from a source that isn't cited properly. I will add pictures of neck vertebrae from our dissection of the pigeon or bird skeleton in lab. Continue to research on flexibility of the neck and add sources. (Still adding to draft)
Draft 1:
The neck of a bird is composed of 13-25 vertebrae which allows birds to have increased flexibility for reaching difficult areas on its body. [2] Many birds have immobile eyes, so a flexible neck allows birds to move their head more productively and center their sight on objects that are close or far in distance.[3] The neck plays a role in head-bobbing which is present in at least 8 out of 27 orders of birds; head-bobbing allows for birds to stabilize their surroundings. [7]
Becca[edit]
**I have posted on the Feral Pigeon Talk page suggesting the addition of a section on flight to the page.**
Muscles Used in Flight[edit]
Pectoralis - used in the downstroke
Depressor Caudae - used for steering
-Levator Caudae - used for steering
Types of Feathers Used in Flight[edit]
Primaries - used for forward thurst
Secondaries - used for lift
Under wing coverts - smooth airflow under the wing
up tail and under tail coverts- smooth air flow under tail
tail - acts as a rudder for steering
I am also looking to add images from dissection to show these in detail
Week 5- Game plan: Adding to Feral pigeon[edit]
Michelle: Neck Muscles
I want to add information on the muscles that are involved with pigeons flight/walking/head bobbing and possibly the purpose of head bobbing. We could add a new section to the Wikipedia Page that talks about the muscular/anatomical structures of the pigeon. I am hoping to take pictures of neck muscles that contribute to flight/walking/head bobbing.[11][12][7][2][3]
Becca: Wing Muscles
I would like to add information about the functions of the muscles that control the wings to the Wikipedia article. I would like to take photos of the different muscles that control the motion of the wing to add to the article[13][14]
Olivia: Vertebral Column
I am working on gathering information relating to the vertebral column of a pigeon and the bones/bone features that it is composed of. I am working on gathering information relating to the vertebral column of a pigeon and the bones/bone features that it is composed of.[15][16][17]
Comments from Dr. Schutz:[edit]
- Good start. You have identified some good places to make contributions and found some potentially great references to use.
Begin your work for next week by considering the following next steps:
- How will you integrate each others edits? This may not be clear now and not always possible, but it should be attempted.
- What kinds of images/illustrations will be useful for you to find (see info on appropriate use of images)/produce and contribute?
- As you detail in your plan many images can come directly from the dissections you will do, so think about how you want to approach that. Also, look ahead to week 11. The description for that assignment has numerous links to useful information for the appropriate use of images etc.
- I urge you to start drafting some content as you prepare for next week.
- Consider that you may be editing more than one page and linking back and forth.
- Ask me in lab for your study animal so that you can make a plan.
- Great job on all team members completing all training.
- When asking for help (which is great) you will have better outcomes if you ask for specific feedback. Some of your posts are perfect in this regard.
- I noticed that there is pretty much even contribution from all of you. AGAIN: I will remind you to each draft your sections in your sandboxed and THEN copy them to this sandbox. Right now, the official record only shows work by one person.
Osquaesitor (talk) 23:25, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
References[edit]
- ^ Zaher, Mostafa; El Ghareeb, Abd el wahab; Hamdi, Hamida; AbuAmod, Fathia (2012-01-01). "Anatomical, histological and histochemical adaptations of the avian alimentary canal to their food habits: I-Coturnix coturnix". Life Science Journal. 9: 253–275.
- ^ a b c d e "Skeleton". fsc.fernbank.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
- ^ a b c Telecommunications, Interactive Media - Nebraska Educational. "Project Beak: Adaptations: Skeletal System: Neck Vertebrae". projectbeak.org. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
- ^ Hogenboom, Melissa. "How birds see straight". Retrieved 2018-04-14.
- ^ "Why do pigeons bob their heads when they walk? Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-14.
- ^ a b Troje, Nikolaus; Frost, Barrie (February 2000). "Head-Bobbing in pigeons: How stable is the hold phase?" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 5): 935–940. doi:10.1242/jeb.203.5.935. PMID 10667977.
- ^ a b c Frost, B.J (1978). "The optokinetic basis of head-bobbing in the pigeon". Journal of Experimental Biology. 74: 187–195. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.556.8783. doi:10.1242/jeb.74.1.187.
- ^ www.coloredbean.com, Colored Bean Productions, LLC -. "Flightless Birds". SKELETONS: Museum of Osteology (Oklahoma City). Retrieved 2018-04-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). 2013-11-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2018-04-14.
- ^ Ornithology, The Cornell Lab of. "All About Bird Anatomy from Bird Academy". academy.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2018-04-14.
- ^ Dickman, David; Lim, Insook (August 2004). "Posture, Head Stability, and Orientation Recovery During Vestibular Regeneration in Pigeons". Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : Jaro. 5 (3): 323–336. doi:10.1007/s10162-004-4047-0. PMC 2504555. PMID 15492889.
- ^ Davies, Mark; Green, Patrick (1988). "Head-bobbing during walking, running and flying: relative motion perception in the pigeon" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 138: 71–91. doi:10.1242/jeb.138.1.71. S2CID 5673859.
- ^ Thompson, Mya. "All About Bird Anatomy".
- ^ Dial, J.P (1988). "A functional analysis of the primary upstroke and downstroke muscles in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) during flight". Journal of Experimental Biology. 134: 1–16. doi:10.1242/jeb.134.1.1.
- ^ Huber, John (1936). "Nerve roots and nuclear groups in the spinal cord of the pigeon". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 65: 43–91. doi:10.1002/cne.900650109. hdl:2027.42/49911. S2CID 7923087.
- ^ Schepelmann, Karsten (1990). "Erythropoietic bone marrow in the pigeon: Development of its distribution and volume during growth and pneumatization of bones". Journal of Morphology. 203 (1): 21–34. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052030104. PMID 2304081. S2CID 24615158.
- ^ Wang, Yan; Lenke, Lawrence (October 2011). "Vertebral column decancellation for the management of sharp angular spinal deformity". European Spine Journal. 20 (10): 1703–1710. doi:10.1007/s00586-011-1771-0. PMC 3175886. PMID 21424339.
Week 4: Dissection Preferences[edit]
1. Stingray: I am interested in the stingray because on my SA to San Salvador we encountered many stingray from a non-terrifying distance but we were not able to study their internal anatomy although we did briefly discuss their spine.
2. Amphiuma: I am interested in the amphiuma because I want to investigate the anatomy of this organism as I did not know of its existence before this class and I want to learn why it isn't classified as a snake or eel especially since that it is what I thought it was when I first saw pictures of amphiuma.
3. Pigeon (Columbidae) : I am interested in the pigeon mainly because I feel like myself and the majority of society has a bad perception of pigeons as being terrifying birds but I know they will offer me a very good learning experience.
Week 3: Re-using citation/rephrasing sentence in "Endostyle" article[edit]
The second sentence in the article does not have a source cited so I am going to add a reliable source in addition to rephrasing the sentence because it is very repetitive. Possible changes: "This pharyngeal organ secretes mucus which utilizes cilia to coat itself." (?)
Update: The source is in the references portion but it's just not next to the sentence so I will add the source next to it and rephrase the sentence.
Week 2: Article Evaluation[edit]
The article was not biased and most everything mentioned was relevant, although the first sentence is misleading as it makes the endostyle seem like it is only found in lower-chordates. The page could be improved if it went more deeply into discussing the thyroid and the connections between the two. Also the word "lower" could be changed to derived or something less demeaning. The cited sources led me to reliable sources, such as .edu or .org with information pertaining to the subject. A couple of reviews on the 'talk' page mentioned that this article contained pieces that were considered plagiarism, so those were edited. There was an issue on proper citations but that was edited. One user also mentioned that there may have been a fact misunderstanding but that it just bothered them. This article was rated as a stub-class and of low-importance. Overall the article could have more added to it, as it was extremely short and adding visuals might be a good addition.