Tverberg's theorem

A Tverberg partition of the vertices of a regular heptagon into three subsets with intersecting convex hulls.

In discrete geometry, Tverberg's theorem, first stated by Helge Tverberg in 1966, is the result that sufficiently many points in d-dimensional Euclidean space can be partitioned into subsets with intersecting convex hulls. Specifically, for any positive integers d, r and any set of

$(d+1)(r-1)+1\$

points there exists a partition of the given points into r subsets whose convex hulls all have a common point; in other words, there exists a point x (not necessarily one of the given points) such that x belongs to the convex hull of all of the subsets. The partition resulting from this theorem is known as a Tverberg partition.

The special case r = 2 was proved earlier by Radon, and it is known as Radon's theorem.

Examples

The case d = 1 states that any 2r−1 points on the real line can be partitioned into r subsets with intersecting convex hulls. Indeed, if the points are x₁ < x₂ < ... < x_2r < x_2r-1, then the partition into A_i = {x_i, x_2r-i} for i in 1,...,r satisfies this condition (and it is unique).

For r = 2, Tverberg's theorem states that any d + 2 points may be partitioned into two subsets with intersecting convex hulls. This is known as Radon's theorem. In this case, for points in general position, the partition is unique.

The case r = 3 and d = 2 states that any seven points in the plane may be partitioned into three subsets with intersecting convex hulls. The illustration shows an example in which the seven points are the vertices of a regular heptagon. As the example shows, there may be many different Tverberg partitions of the same set of points; these seven points may be partitioned in seven different ways that differ by rotations of each other.

Topological Tverberg Theorem

An equivalent formulation of Tverberg's theorem is:

Let d, r be positive integers, and let N := (d+1)(r-1). If ƒ is any affine function from an N-dimensional simplex Δ^N to R^d, then there are r pairwise-disjoint faces of Δ^N whose images under ƒ intersect. That is: there exist faces F₁,...,F_r of Δ^N such that $\forall i,j\in [r]:F_{i}\cap F_{j}=\emptyset$ and $f(F_{1})\cap \cdots \cap f(F_{r})\neq \emptyset$.

They are equivalent because any affine function on a simplex is uniquely determined by the images of its vertices. Formally, let ƒ be an affine function from Δ^N to R^d. Let $v_{1},v_{2},\dots ,v_{N+1}$ be the vertices of Δ^N, and let $x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{N+1}$ be their images under ƒ. By the original formulation, the $x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{N+1}$ can be partitioned into r disjoint subsets, e.g. ((x_i)_{i in Aj})_{j in [r]} with overlapping convex hull. Because f is affine, the convex hull of (x_i)_{i in Aj} is the image of the face spanned by the vertices (v_i)_{i in Aj} for all j in [r]. These faces are pairwise-disjoint, and their images under f intersect - as claimed by the new formulation. The topological Tverberg theorem generalizes this formluation. It allows f to be any continuous function - not necessarily affine. But, currently it is proved only for the case where r is a prime power:

Let d be a positive integer, and let r be a power of a prime number. Let N := (d+1)(r-1). If ƒ is any continuous function from an N-dimensional simplex Δ^N to R^d, then there are r pairwise-disjoint faces of Δ^N whose images under ƒ intersect. That is: there exist faces F₁,...,F_r of Δ^N such that $\forall i,j\in [r]:F_{i}\cap F_{j}=\emptyset$ and $f(F_{1})\cap \cdots \cap f(F_{r})\neq \emptyset$.

Proofs

The topological Tverberg theorem was proved for prime $r$ by Barany, Shlosman and Szucs. Matousek presents a proof using deleted joins.

The theorem was proved for $r$ a prime-power by Ozaydin, and later by Volovikov and Sarkaria.

See also

• Rota's basis conjecture

Further reading

• Hell, Stephan (2006), Tverberg-type theorems and the Fractional Helly property (Ph.D. thesis), Technical University of Berlin, doi:10.14279/depositonce-1464