Talk:Pentagram/Archive 2

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Archive 5

Judaism section (moved to talk page)

The pentagram is the key to figuring out a magic square which possesses an odd number of squares, and thus is heavily integrated in Jewish mysticism and numerology. It is because of this that King Solomon's battle shield was purportedly emblazoned with this design. Below is a step-by-step explanation of how the pentagram is the solution key, along with two magic squares exhibiting the proper placement of numbers to form the solution, following the various steps and alternatives.

8	1	6
3	5	7
4	9	2

• As depicted in the diagram at right, the first number should be placed in the center square of the top row.
• The next number is placed diagonally up towards the right, corrolating with the first line drawn in a pentagram. Because this is an invalid option (because the number 1 is in the top row), the alternative is to proceed to the lowest available square one column to the right, corresponding the second drawn line of a pentagram.
• The next nember is, as before, placed diagonally up and towards the right. However, because this is again an invalid option, and the alternative is also invalid (because we are in the right-most column), the secondary alternative is placed in the left-most square one row up, corresponding with the third drawn line of a pentagram.

10	23	1	20	15
22	5	19	14	9
4	18	13	8	21
17	12	7	25	3
11	6	24	2	16

• The next number is, as before, placed diagonally up and towards the right. However, because this spot is taken, the alternative is to place the number in the bottom-most square of the same row, corresponding to the fourth drawn line of a pentagram. Note that this does not follow the invalid rule above, because whereas before there was no square present, this time the diagonally related square exists but is occupied. This corresponds to the fourth drawn line of a pentagram.
• Should this last placement rule not be executable because the lowest square in the column to the right be occupied, the number is to be placed in the bottom-most square of the same column. This corresponds to the fifth and final drawn line of a pentagram.

It should be noted that the pentagram drawn in point-center rotated 20%, in effect producing an inverted pentagram. The initial pentagram was drawn closer to what would be considered today as an inverted pentagram, as can be seen in many of the pictures included on this page, while the modern pentagram was probably flipped for aesthetic reasons.

Because of this symbolism to Jewish mysticism and numerology, the pentagram was the official seal of the city of Jerusalem for a time.

Moving this section to the talk page--it needs some serious work, sources, and (for me at least) some assurance that it's not WP:OR. Justin Eiler 21:56, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

DRosenbach, the information you've added is conspicuously devoid of references, for any of your assertions other than that regarding the seal of the city of Jerusalem. Also, the method of producing a pentagram from the 3x3 square seems highly contrived, with a number of special rules for when you are or aren't allowed to consider a "move" of the lines of a pentagram. Not that your rules produce a pentagram anyway. I got out my pen and paper and followed as closely as I could, and the resulting figure doesn't even remotely suggest a pentagram. Your selection of rules is so complex, you should just about be able to form an image of the Sydney Opera House or Elvis Presley by following such complex rules, but do they actually demonstrate anything about the nature of the magic square? Similar things have been done with the Bible, applying vastly convoluted rules to rearrange the letters of biblical texts and then exercising a bit of free association to read meanings or prophecies into the results. You can find just about whatever you want in any diagram or text if you look hard enough, but that doesn't mean it was actually there before you forced it in through your own ingenious choice of rules.

Another point I might mention is that while you may have managed to form a pentagram two-points-up (though what you did differently I don't know), starting with a different magic square would presumably produce a one-point-up version. The fact that you don't seem to have considered this makes it seem even more like a half-baked idea. And what's the significance of the 5-wide magic square? That produces a quite different pattern, and I can't imagine you finding a pentagram in both.

Look, if you can give a citation of the published author who suggests this connection between the pentagram and the magic square, then we might (if they seem reputable, and not a crank) include some of this section. Otherwise it is clearly original research, and has to go. Fuzzypeg☻ 22:04, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

The secondary fact that enantiomers of my purported magic square number placement pattern also work does not affect the validity of the intial placement pattern, because of the nature of the symmetry of a mathematical grid. This point was considered, but not included, because I felt it would led to confusion, in addition to the fact that this was how I was taught the solution, by first placing the first number in the center of the top row and proceeding as explained.

Secondly, the pentagram is not formed by lines drawn on the magic square itself follwing the consecutive order of numbers when the problem is solved. The lines of the pentagram form the proper course of action each time you proceed to place the next number within the grid (see last paragraph for elucidation). First choice is to proceed diagonally up to the right, second to proceed down (within this new column) to the bottom, and so on. Thus, it is not nearly possible to form sketches of either the Sydney Opera House or Elvis Presley with the process of line-drawing that I was suggesting (again, as a guide to next number placement, not as a line drawn through the consecutive numbers within an entire magic square; but if you happen to have arrived at pictures of these entities via your endeavors, perhaps this deserves some more investigation and perhaps even a section within those respective articles.

Thirdly, this has absolutely nothing to do with the Bible; I believe you are confusing ends and means. The magic square problem was not designed to accompany the pentagram, but rather, I suggest that the pentagram originated as a design because it is, albeit cleaned-up and spit-polished version of, the solution to solving the puzzle. You cannot deny that this method allows for proper placement of numbers to complete any odd-numbered magic square. Additionally, the 5x5 magic square was not included, as you have suggested above, to show an actual pentagram when the numbers have been traced consecutively, but rather to exhibit the proper placement rules without the constraints of a super-small magic square restricting almost every move because of its lack of valid options for following through with first-choice placement directives. (As an aside, my tracing of the 5x5 as you thought I meant t oproceed produced neither the Sydney Opera House nor Elvis Presley, but rather a surprisingly inaccurate map of the NYC F train route.) The fact that the pentagram produced looks a bit hieroglyphic does not invalidate its purpose nor its origin as I suggest. The Roman alphabet letter A is derived from other alphabets, for example. The Greek alpha from which it originated was from the Phoenician aleph, which in turn was from the Hebrew aleph, which in turn was from a little sketch of an ox head. Hence, a cleaned-up and spit-polished version of an ox head for those who want to use an indefinite article but have trouble drawing horns.

In all seriousness, I can understand how you feel about what I sense as your "feeling that this is your article" to some extent, being that I can see you have been involved with this page since at least January of 2006, and someone comes along and puts in things that you think are made up out of thin air. But I assure you that what I wrote has a source, and it shall be included.

In case you would like, I will let you know how to draw the pentagram to fit both the magic square solution moves as well produce an actual pentagram. Draw the circle with clock-face numbers around the periphery, outside of the cirle. Now, within the circle, and making all points on the circumference, make a point at 7 o'clock. Draw a line to connect it to a dot at 12:30. Then draw a line from there to connect it to a point at 4 o'clock. Then draw a line to 9 o'clock. Then draw a line from there to connect to 2 o'clock. If you connect 2 o'clock with the initial 7 o'clock, you will produce a pentagram. Each line drawn corresponds to the step or alternative or secondary alternative, etc. when attempting to place the next consecutive number within a magic square. DRosenbach ^{(Talk | Contribs)} 13:51, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

In all seriousness, I can understand how you feel about what I sense as your "feeling that this is your article" to some extent Okay, that's gone RIGHT past WP:AGF and into an accusation that Fuzzypeg is violating WP:OWN. Stop, please. It's insulting. When you have a reliable source for what it is you are trying to add, then add that material to the article (with the source). But, until then, it's going to be disputed as original research, and removed. Please see WP:RS.--Vidkun 14:26, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

[I]t is important to consider whether a desirable result could be obtained by working with the editor, instead of against him or her - regardless of whether he or she "owns" the article or not. This is from the very same WP:OWN page to which you directed me. How could the say "regardless of whether he or she owns the page"? Because, this page is not referring to someone actualy owning a page, but rather, referring to a common sentiment that may be present among some about others. Thus, it is entirely valid for me to similarly refer to Fuzzypeg "feeling that this is [his] article," because I placed said phrase within quotes, thus referring to a similarly common sentiment, rather than making an existential assertion that this page is, in fact, owned by Fuzzypeg.

Additionally, I was not in violation of WP:AGF, because in tandem with the statements I made in the previous paragraph, I was not insinuating that Fuzzypeg's actions possessed malicious intent when he opposed my additions to the page, but rather that he was merely being, what I sensed was, protective. Why did he write about all the ways he contested my information if the issue was merely that I lacked a source? DRosenbach ^{(Talk | Contribs)} 23:52, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

The tone of this discussion is getting a bit ridiculous, and it's chewing up a lot of talk page, which makes it a pain for anyone who tries to read through it. I'll simplify my position: I feel (for various reasons) highly suspicious of the unreferenced information you added, so I removed it. If you want to add it back to the article, please include citations of appropriate reliable sources. Your lengthy arguments aren't convincing; what you need is a citation. Remember that the threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth. As to your comments about ownership, yes I've taken an interest in this article, I have made significant edits to it, and it is on my watchlist. However I don't feel this is my own article any more than I feel the other 310 pages on my watchlist are "my own". I'm being critical, not territorial, and there is no need to psychoanalyse me when I have clearly explained what my criticisms are in terms of Wikipedia policy. Fuzzypeg☻ 02:14, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

I think we can cut to the chase with a simple question. DRosenbach, was this your work, or another person's work? Justin Eiler 02:18, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

OK...here's the source. This information was given over to me by Joe Slamowitz of the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He was taught this method of magic square formation in a private tutorial by Lionel Ziprin in 1962 or 1963. Is this verified enough? DRosenbach ^{(Talk | Contribs)} 20:21, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

So the information is verified as far as you're concerned, but it's not verifiable by anyone else. An encyclopedia can't really state some famous person as a source for information when there's no known record of them saying it. Can you find the assertions in any of Ziprin's writings?

I've been in this situation before, wanting to publish something shown to me by one of my Qabalah teachers, but having no published sources to cite. I just had to content myself with the fact that there is an inner tradition that will never become exoteric, and will continue to be transmitted in one form or other regardless of the fact that it remains obscure and unpublished. Fuzzypeg☻ 21:10, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Hmm...So a non-published interview is not valid source material? Would this be less of a contentious issue if I placed this magic square info in Ziprin's article with only a link to that page placed on the pentagram page? I mean, not that verifiability is any less required on other pages, but perhaps it being included in Ziprin's article makes it less controversial, as perhaps Ziprin himself exudes a certain ambiguity as to allow for some information only verified in a personal unpublished interview with a student of his to be allowed a place on his own page. DRosenbach ^{(Talk | Contribs)} 14:49, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

I'll quote what it says at the top of the attribution policy page: "This page in a nutshell: All material in Wikipedia must be attributable to a reliable, published source." It doesn't get much clearer than that. Fuzzypeg☻ 00:10, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

That's a joke...every page has unattributed material. DRosenbach ^{(Talk | Contribs)} 13:40, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Then take it up with an admin. If it hasn't been published in a reliable source, it's not usable here. Additionally, what is in other articles not what is being discussed HERE; we are trying to make sure THIS article is properly referenced, so, your point that there are violations of policy in other articles is useless.--Vidkun 17:51, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Let me further quote the attribution policy page: "Although everything in Wikipedia must be attributable, in practice not all material is attributed. Editors should provide attribution for quotations and for any material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, or it may be removed. The burden of evidence lies with the editor wishing to add or retain the material. If an article topic has no reliable sources, Wikipedia should not have an article on it." Bold emphasis is mine.--Vidkun 17:54, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

I had trouble translating a word from the middle english version I have of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (in the section relating to the pentangle), and I feel the translation given here is misleading. "Frankness" implies honesty, whereas the word "fraunchyse" (Everyman edition, Orion: London, 2005, p.194) is translated better as "Nobility of character, magnanimity; liberality, generosity; a noble or generous act"[1]. I'm not comfortable with using the wiki system, so if anyone else feels like making this change, please do. Personally, I feel 'liberality' or even 'nobility' would be a more accurate definition.

I've changed "frankness" to "noble generosity". Thanks for the heads-up! Fuzzypeg☻ 23:06, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Order of the Eastern Star

OK, the example you chose is not a pentagram. There are plenty of other examples that are: [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Will you do the revert for me please? I'm on dial-up at the moment and I really can't be bothered. Fuzzypeg☻ 07:05, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Redundancy

Latin SALVS is a direct Latin translation of Greek υγιεια, so SALVS is actually the same Pythagorean or neo-Pythagorean amulet, and not really a specifically-Christian symbol (see Image:Crotona Pentagram ring.png ). Also, the Virgin Mary is more often represented by a five-pointed star than a pentagram. Traditionally, the Pentagram was actually rather rarely used as a real Christian symbol (as opposed to being used folklorically, occultistically, or speculatively by Christians). AnonMoos 20:24, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

NPOV

Looking back (in addition to this that I'll discuss) to Unfair criticism of Mormon pentagrams, it really seems that people have a difficult time being neutral about Mormonism :)

Now under the Religious Symbolism->Christianity section: "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has traditionally used pentagrams and five-pointed stars in Temple architecture, particularly the Nauvoo Illinois Temple[13] and the Salt Lake Temple. These symbols derived from traditional morning star pentagrams that are no longer commonly used in mainstream Christianity."

This word appended to Christianity, "mainstream", is not neutral, and it isn't neutral over a point that is outside the scope of this article besides. This article has concern with what religions employ what symbolism in the Pentagram - not whether any of those religions may be (supposedly) "mainstream" or (supposedly) not. "Mainstream" being irrelivant to the article besides, if there is a mainstream, there are some in the mainstream and some who are not in the mainstrem; and as this mention of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) is coupled with mention that their used symbolism is apparently not "mainstream", it implies that Mormonism is not in the mainstream of Christianity. Now that may be true, but the arguments for and against that idea are very conflicted (or not neutral), and whatever the case may be with that, as I said, this article has no concern with what religions may be mainstream or not. But while that conflict of ideas has been implied, please allow me to say this. I'm a Mormon. I believe Jesus Christ is my Savior. It is disheartening to me to read and hear all over the place (speaking generally of information in this world) arguments that I (as I am a Mormon) am not Christian. Bogus! First, look at the title of our church: "The Church of Jesus Christ..". Oh, Mormons aren't traditional or mainstream Christians. Actually, that may be true as relating to more widely established Christian traditions or doctrines of our day. Nevertheless, a person of any religion which claims assent to Christ and authority under Him is likely to think that they have it right and no one else does - and as this is naturally the position of my church, well, I'd naturally think that whatever the declared "mainstream" of "Christianity" might think, my concept of Jesus is "right" or what should be the "mainstream". And I have no problem with any other religion declaring exactly what I just did, only for their religion - that is the right of religion, and as I said it's natural any Christian religion might do that. I would however in the interest of respect for the Mormon view ask anyone who argues or has heard the argument that Mormons are not Christians to please read this speech by one of the Mormon leaders on the topic. But as I also said, any of that is beside any point of this article. --Narfnarfsillywilly 00:02, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Recent approval for U.S. military headstones

I'm not sure if it belongs in this article, or possibly elsewhere in Wikipedia (e.g. an article on neo-paganism), but the U.S. military recently (May 2007) approved the pentagram / pentacle as a religious symbol for military headstones.

• Religious Symbols on Headstones: Questions and Answers, ACLU-WA, June 14, 2007
• "Gravestones for Veterans", Civil Liberties (published by American Civil Liberties Union of Washington), volume 39, number 3, p. 7.

-- Jmabel | Talk 05:13, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

"Unfair criticism" of Mormon pentagrams

I've removed a sentence that sounds un-encyclopedic, as it expresses a value judgement (see WP:NPOV):

Because of the more recent obscurity of these symbols, the use of these morning stars has been occasionally and unfairly criticized as use of "satanic" and "occult" symbols, as they are sometime associated in today's pop culture.

I don't see the need for this sentence at all, since it seems to only be addressing the concerns of a small and insignificant minority. There is no rational reason to equate Mormon symbols with Satanism unless you subscribe to the rather rabid idea that anyone who expresses their love of God in a slightly different manner from your own is in fact a baby-sacrificing devil-worshipper. Wikipedia doesn't need to waste its space on such insignificant and extremist views, except in the appropriate articles (Religious persecution etc). The origins of the Mormon pentagram are clearly explained, and Satanism doesn't need to come into it. Fuzzypeg☻ 22:38, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

While your argument would be sound in a sound world, the reality on the ground is not quite as simple. A good chunk of the Bible Belt and the wider fundamentalist mainline Christian world does regard the world's 12 million Mormons in this kind of extreme contemptuous manner, and Mormons can be resultingly very sensitive about defamation. As you are ideally correct that we need not cater to religious persecution, I agree that perhaps it is better for the sentence to be removed. But don't misconstrue such an issue as small and insignificant when it's anything but. - Gilgamesh 03:59, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Maybe I'm kicking a dead horse, as the sentence was removed, but Gilgamesh: If it may be very relevant generally that religious bigotry is foisted on Mormons ;) it is completely irrelevant to this article. --Narfnarfsillywilly 00:02, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

I still don't like the current wording for two reasons 1. It implies that mormons kept the symbol whereas 'mainstream christians' didn't. Currently no symbol is used by the mormon church, cross star or what not. 2. It is too short and doesn't include the mason's use of the star (a religious order that mormons were afiliated with) or the US governments use of it (Also afilliated with masons.) The star was an important symbol for colonial america and atributing it all to mormons seems uninformed.12.206.60.130 (talk) 22:40, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

You seem to be saying two things:

1. that mormons no longer use this symbol in newly-built architecture. That could be conveyed with a very minor wording change.
2. that Freemasonry and the US government both employ the symbol of the pentagram, and that the pentagram was an important symbol for the colonial US. Remember that a pentagram is different from a five-pointed star . This assertion would need some supporting references.

I think the wording at the moment is quite fair to Mormons, and it does point out that the symbol derives from mainstream Christianity (implying that Christians who criticise their use of this symbol are probably just ignorant). What do you think? Fuzzypeg★ 02:33, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Inversion of cross

Hi, I just reverted some good-faith changes by Sephiroth Storm which drew comparisons between the inverted pentagram and the inverted cross. The histories of the two symbols are quite separate, and similarities may now be seen between the two, but exactly what their relationship is needs to be worded a bit more carefully, I think. This was all uncited, and looks like WP:OR to me. If you can find a good source that discusses the connection between these two symbols, and add that in with citation, that would be great! Cheers, Fuzzypeg★ 10:09, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Trauma center

In Trauma center, the Pentagram is the symbol used to activate the Healing Touch. Surely we could mention this in either this article or the series article? 67.171.165.4 (talk) 20:55, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Possibly. What's 'Trauma center'? Is it notable? Do you have some reliable published sources to cite regarding their use of the pentagram? If so, then go for it! Fuzzypeg★ 02:01, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

It's a video game, Fuzzy. [8]--Vidkun (talk) 13:53, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Ahem. In that case, I doubt their use of a pentagram is notable, since pentagrams appear in so many games and works of fiction (we're certainly not going to list them all!). The standard approach, I believe, with such trivia or pop culture information is to only include it if it has substantially shaped popular conceptions of the topic; i.e. if 'Trauma Center' has had a special role in changing people's common conceptions of what a pentagram is and does. A good test of notability is whether any scholarly work has been published on the subject of the pentagram as it appears in 'Trauma Center'. Fuzzypeg★ 21:30, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

I agree, while it is significant in the sense of the game, it is not for this article. I shall raise this issue in the appropriate area. One last question though, can we use pictures as sources? Because that's all I've got. 67.171.165.4 (talk) 04:56, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

To get an understanding of what you can and can't say based on your sources, the No original research policy is a good one to read. I believe (and remember, I haven't seen your image, nor do I know the game) that you could state that it appears in the game, and describe how it fits in, its role in game-play and so on. However you couldn't make any analysis of it or give any explanation of it that is not explicit in the game itself or any other documentation you have. And I would merely reference the game itself, rather than referencing an image, although you may want to use the image for illustration. It's probably better to discuss this at the game's article where you're intending to add this information; they may have their own ideas. Fuzzypeg★ 22:21, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Remarks from Star polygon

Somebody added this to the Star polygon article, but I think it belongs on Pentagram. I have no idea about where/whether it should go, this is not my field. Perhaps someone else can oblige?

"It is the five-pointed star of occult masonry, the star with which Agrippa drew the human figure, the head in the upper point, the four limbs in the others. The flaming star, which, when turned upside down, is the hierolgyphic [sic] sign of the goat of Black Magic, whose head may be drawn in the star, the two horns at the top, the ears to the right and left, the beard at the bottom. It is the sign of antagonism and fatality. It is the goat of lust attacking the heavens with its horns." Levi, Eliphas (1861, translated 2001 by Aleister Crowley). The Key of the Mysteries. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help) Found at http://www.scribd.com/doc/9668236/The-Key-of-the-Mysteries-by-Levi, page 69.

-- Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 09:25, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

pentagrams being inverted

the whole reason they call an inverted pentagram an inverted pentagram is because the non-inverted pentagram used to be a symbol representing the Pagan religion but the catholic church inverted it and said it was a symbol of the devil or Satan , thus causing them to stop using the symbol as there own for fear of being called a Satanist. the reason was an attempt to aliment all other religion but the true religion, (there's), they did it with other things as well like Poseidon's Trident and made it the pitch fork of the devil and Loki's trickery became a thing that the devil seems to use a lot. whether you believe me or not or if you want to add something. I really don't care much but this is what I've been told and heardWilliam.stowers (talk) 02:09, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

The inverted pentagram is from the 'two points up' alignment, being the 7 year orbit of venus reference?Text mdnp (talk) 00:10, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Pythagorean elements: help finding references

The article currently states that the letters ΥΓΙΕΙΑ "Hygieia" were applied to the points of the pentagram by the Pythagoreans, and that they attributed these letters as the initials of ύδωρ, Γαια, ίδέα (or ίερόν), έιλή and άήρ -- water, earth, spirit (literally 'idea' or 'a divine thing'), heat and air: i.e. the four elements plus spirit. This is a persistent rumour, but I strongly suspect it only arose as a theory much later, perhaps even in the 1700s or 1800s. The question of when this came about may be key in determining when the pentagram started being associated with the classical elements. I am trying to track down some better info on this and would appreciate any help anyone can give me. I want to establish:

• Early references to the letters of ΥΓΙΕΙΑ being ranged around the points of the pentagram
• Early references to the letters of ΥΓΙΕΙΑ standing for four elements plus spirit.

The leads I have found are as follows: first, a book by George Johnson Allman, Greek Geometry from Thales to Euclid (1889) p. 26 (cited by the Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edn). Allman states

The triple interwoven triangle or Pentagram--star-shaped regular pentagon--was used as a symbol or sign of recognition by the Pythagoreans, and was called by them Health (ὑγιεία).

He provides a diagram of a pentagram with the letters placed outside the points, starting with υ at the top and continuing around counter-clockwise. In a footnote he gives sources:

Scholiast on Aristophanes, Nub. 609; also Lucian, pro Lapsu in Salut., s. 5, vol. 1., pp. 447, 8; ed. C. Jacobitz. That the Pythagoreans used such symbols we learn from Iamblichus (Vit. Pyth., c. xxxiii., 237 and 238). This figure is referred to Pythagoras himself, and in the Middle Ages was called Pythagorae figura. It is said to have obtained its special name from his having written the letters υ, γ, ι, θ (≈ ει), α, at its prominent vertices. We learn from Kepler (Opera Omnia, ed. Frisch, vol. v., p. 122) that even so late as Paracelsus it was regarded by him as the symbol of health. See Chasles, Histoire de Géométrie, pp. 477, sq.

One website offers further information: "Chasles (1875, p. 478-479) likewise lists these five letters, quoting Alstedius (Encyc. univ., 1620) and Kircher (Arithmologia, 1665)."

Thus we have several references, which I have followed up with the following results:

• Lucian and the other ancients link the pentagram with Hygieia, but they don't break down the letters at all, nor mention 'elements'.
• I've found the Kircher reference (though I struggle with the Latin): While Kircher ranges the letters around the pentagram, he doesn't mention any correspondence to the elements, from what I can make out.
• I have not managed to obtain a copy of Alsted's Encyclopedia.
• Michel Chasles' Historical view of the origin and development of methods in geometry is here, and I am still deciphering the French (a slow job for me). On pp. 478-9 he simply seems to quote what Kircher said. No mention of the elements that I can see.
• The Kepler reference in "Astronomi Opera Omnia" (as far as I can tell with my very limited Latin) makes no mention of the elements.

A pythagorean ring from c. 525 BCE?

Raven Grimassi adds some curious assertions to this: Apparently a number of rings have been discovered at Crotona dating from c. 525 BCE with pentagrams inscribed on the stones (Grimassi, "Wiccan Magick" p. 52). He provides an accompanying illustration from a 1647 book by V. Catari, supposedly of one of these rings, and it shows an enlarged detail of the pentagram with not only ΥΓΙΕΙΑ but the Latin equivalent, SALUS written around it. The presence of Latin letters on a Pythagorean ring seems dubious to me, and I haven't managed to find any other source describing such a find. Elsewhere (http://mysticwicks.com/showthread.php?p=1519499) Grimassi states that Empedocles taught the concept of a fifth element along with the other four, and used a pentagram to depict this. As far as I have been able to find, Empedocles only ever mentioned four elements, and I have not been able to find any hint of a pentagram in connection with him. So I can make neither head nor tail of these claims.

If anyone can help by furnishing some pre-20th-century attestations that the initials ΥΓΙΕΙΑ stand for the elements plus spirit, I would really appreciate it. Best wishes, Fuzzypeg★ 01:50, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

(I don't have an account and want to contribute -- apologies for bad form. -- I believe that while pentagram-points-assigned-to-elements may be ancient, and pentagram-combined-with-ΥΓΙΕΙΑ is ancient, the specific associations between LETTERS and ELEMENTS on this page: http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/PP.html are presented by the author as original work of his own, NOT the results of his research. So: "pentagram=HYGIEIA" => ancient. "pentagram => elements + 1" = probably ancient. "letters of HYGIEIA => initial letters of elements" => NOT ancient. That's a modern magician filling in the blanks, and trying to reconstruct an ancient prototype, a Hellenic alternative, to the Golden Dawn/Wiccan pentacle.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.232.13.247 (talk) 19:14, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Thanks, that was my take on it as well, although I hadn't considered that the author of that page might have invented (discovered?) the link between letters and element names. That he would be the author actually makes a lot of sense, since when he describes historical background and labelling he gives quite solid references; when he gets to ascribing initials to elements the references are conspicuously absent. As much as I like this guy's work I think it's time to remove it from this article... Fuzzypeg★ 01:06, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Update: Several more leads are supplied by this page. Fuzzypeg★ 05:38, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

...and this page gives referenced information on Greek elemental associations. Fuzzypeg★ 06:35, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Recursive references?

Not sure what the point is of using an article for several references which is itself an earlier version of this very Wiki article? (knowledgerush.com) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Infinitysnake (talk • contribs) 06:19, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Gone now -- Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 18:27, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Actually reference 8, [http://merlinravensong2.tripod.com/the-pentagram.html], also appears to be recursive, as it claims to be based on a wikipedia article, presumably an older version of this one. Of course I didn't check when this reference was added so it could be more recent than your deletion last year. --AntonChanning (talk) 15:54, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Flags

I don't see any flags. Missing? My browser? What? IPSOS (talk) 23:51, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

I don't know of any flags with pentagrams, but of course many flags have five-pointed stars. That article has a whole gallery of examples. And the section Pentagram#Classification shows the difference between a pentagram and a five-pointed star. Jaho (talk) 14:07, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

The section cited now mentions (indirectly) the flag of Morocco and the flag of Ethiopia – one more than I was aware of. —Tamfang (talk) 17:47, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Baha'i symbols

I don't really understand why Machine Elf 1735 keeps removing the statement that the five-pointed star is the official symbol of the Baha'i Faith. The text is well sourced, and thus meets [[WP:V|verifiability]. The history of the edit is that the five-pointed star was in the article for a long time, and then an IP changed the text from five to nine (which is incorrect) and then another editor removed it completely from the article because it seemed that a nine-pointed star has nothing to do with the pentagram. But in fact it is the five pointed star is the official symbol of the Baha'i Faith, even if the nine-pointed star is more frequently. From the sources "“Strictly speaking the 5-pointed star is the symbol of our Faith, as used by the Báb and explained by Him. But the Guardian does not feel it is wise or necessary to complicate our explanations of the Temple by adding this.” " Regards, -- Jeff3000 (talk) 12:29, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Right well, considering that you haven't restored the rest of you edit, which had nothing to do with Baha'i, I think you've underestimated you ability to understand. I wouldn't call it “well sourced” by any stretch of the imagination, but you've copied the one statement to be found which even mentions a five-pointed star; frankly, they're about the nine-pointed star. The second web page, a series of email, does not qualify as an WP:RS, however, the first cite to a primary source is acceptable in so far as it self-professes the faith. To that end, I have no problem if the entire quote is given, including the part about this being unwise and unnecessary: “But the Guardian does not feel it is wise or necessary to complicate our explanations of the Temple by adding this.”—Machine Elf ¹⁷³⁵ 15:32, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

They are talking about the Baha'i Temple building in that quote.--Truthseeker9901 (talk) 7:25, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Remove Wu-Xing?

As far as I know, Chinese never use pentagram to represent Wu-Xing before modern ages. The five elements were placed like an equilateral cross in old days, earth in the center, and other four on four directions. Yogomove (talk) 01:35, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

A circumscript pentagram is not a pentacle

Individual persons of various faiths but not so various levels of knowledge and experience often suggest very strange ideas of the supposed "difference" between a pentacle and pentagram. Many years ago, it was common for Wiccans to claim, "Satanists wear pentagrams, we wear pentacles," with the implication being that only the inverse pentagram was really a pentagram, and that an upright pentagram was actually called a pentacle. The idea that a pentacle is a circumscript pentagram was the next most common misconception I encountered, and was rather disappointed to see it endorsed by the OED. Both the "open" pentagram and circumscript pentagram are pentagrams, and a pentacle is a pentagram worn as jewelry or used as an altar tool, especially as a necklace; whether the ritual object / pendant depicts a circumscript or "open" pentagram matters not -- it's still a pentacle. In fact, the word "pentacle" may not even have originally referred to a pentagram/pentangle, but may have begun as a dimunitive of "pendant". The OED is not an occult reference, so in a way it's not surprising that they endorsed a common misconception over the obvious reality, but it doesn't mean Wikipedia has to make the same mistake. A circumscript pentagram is a circumscript pentagram, and a pentacle is a pentagram (circumscript or otherwise) used as a talisman or amulet (such as a pendant or altar tool); that this was not even mentioned alongside the misconception (that a pentacle is a circumscript or inverted pentagram) is a major deficiency that seriously harms the integrity of the article.

Also, any five-pointed star, including those of ancient Egypt and those appearing on the American flag, is a pentagram. --Þorstejnn (talk) 20:42, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Incoherent introduction

The introduction is a little confused and contains incomplete sentences. (Is there any suitable template for this?) ––St. Nerol (talk) 22:29, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

I've removed the single sentence fragment and tried to make it a bit clearer. If would be useful if you could be specific about what confuses you or what you find confused in the wording. — Huntster (t @ c) 23:05, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

note 17

note 17 is confusing because Crowley couldn't have translated anything in 2001, he'd been dead for 54 years. Is this the date of the book's re-publication?

173.180.102.130 (talk) 07:48, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Okay, I think I've fixed the references in that section, based on what I could piece together from Worldcat.org. That book was originally published in French in 1859, translated by Crowley in 1939, and the old citation was referring to a 2002 repub (there doesn't appear to have been a 2001 repub, at least not that I could find). I'll try to fix up the other article references some other time, but let me know if anything else appears off about refs in that section. — Huntster (t @ c) 14:29, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Overemphasizing of occult aspects

This is probably the most common hand drawn symbol to plainty represent a star. Every child draw those. The article clearly places too much weight on neopaganistic & occult uses. I think that the mystical aspects are esoterical stuff that most people would never associate to. --St. Nerol (talk) 22:22, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

See I'd argue the almost opposite. I came here because I was curious about how such a simple symbol (as you say everyone draws simple stars) gained the negative connotations and what exactly those connotations are supposed to be.
Brilliant, I found out all about all the "other" religious and meanings, but I've still not found out what I came for -what the occult association actually is: how it was used or why it was used, what "power", symbolism or association those occult groups relived the symbol had. etc.
If someone has been trying to play down occult associations within the article, it seems like they have gone to far. The negative connotations of the symbol aren't even mentioned in the introduction (I've just added a short mention), and there are obviously the unanswered questions.
Does anyone know any reputable sources these sections could be expanded from?

--Rushton2010 (talk) 23:20, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

I think the negative associations of the symbol have more to do with the negative stereotypes associated with modern paganism and Satanism than the symbol per se. These are covered in the (non-contemporary) witchcraft and Satanic ritual abuse articles. HelenOnline 07:31, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

The main pentagram ritual I am aware of is the lesser banishing ritual of the pentagram. HelenOnline 07:44, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

Pentagram entry in the Watkins Dictionary of Magic by Nevill Drury (2005): "A five-pointed star. The pentagram is an important symbol in western magic and represents the four elements surmounted by the spirit. It is regarded as a symbol of human spiritual aspirations when the point faces upwards; but is a symbol of bestiality and retrograde evolution when facing down. The pentagram is inscribed in the air at the four quarters during the banishing ritual of the Lesser Pentagram, a ceremonial purging of negative influences from the magical temple." HelenOnline 08:46, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

Hyphenation

   I found the next-to-last image in the Three-dimensional figures section labelled "Great dirhombicosidodecahedro" on one line and "n" on the next; i imagine that YMMV depending on what fonts you have configured. I remedied that (for my fonts -- & for whatever else of mine gets factored in) with some "soft (or conditional) hyphens" (implemented with the markup {{shy|...}}), for that caption and a few others that seem long enuf to be relatively likely to cause ugliness for someone. The matter probably deserves attention for other topic areas of relating at least to advanced geometry and biological-science.
--Jerzy•t 07:01, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Image of regular pentagram

I haven't measured the angles in the illustration of a regular pentagram, but it doesn't seem to be exactly regular to me. Isheden (talk) 09:18, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

   2 years later may be too late, but before trying to measure the angles you should have tried measuring the sides: While i haven't done a proof, i'm pretty sure from my not insignificant geometric intuition that you'd be really unlucky to construct a bad digital graphic of the figure that didn't have at least one leg-length wrong as well. In any case, if the lengths are all equal, the angles can't be off without at least one pair of circumferentially adjacent vertices being closer together (distances being a lot more practical to compare for equality than angles).
   In any case, ask the contributor of the graphic how they generated it, bcz IMO most of them are serious enuf about it to use software packages that deliver correct results. ... so that it's more likely that your display or printer is out of adjustment (or just cheap crap -- that may or not have an adjustment you can alter without opening the case in a way that raises the possibility of blinding yourself -- or maybe even bleeding out -- when you shatter your ancient analog video monitor's CRT).
--Jerzy•t 17:45, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

WTF?

"A pentagram is also the most beautiful shape in existance as it contains 5 relations to the number phi 1.618 alos know as the Golden Ratio which is the most beautiful and perfect number in the universe."

Is this real or original research? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.113.81.76 (talk) 00:38, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Definitely original research. I'll remove it.—Tetracube (talk) 22:38, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

   Golden Ratio and Phi are very well established as core in some heavy hitters' theories of beauty, including IIRC Greek architecture. It would be interesting to know how it is found in p'gram, in the absence of Tet clarifying reason for flat rejection.
--Jerzy•t 22:32, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

Grouping Venus discussion sections

We have

The pentagram of Venus is the path that Venus makes as observed from Earth. Successive inferior conjunctions of Venus repeat very near a 13:8 orbital resonance (The Earth orbits 8 times for every 13 orbits of Venus), shifting 144° upon sequential inferior conjunctions. The resonance 13:8 ratio is approximate. 8/13 is approximately 0.615385 while Venus orbits the Sun in 0.615187 years.

Of those three sentences, the last two imply that the pentagram of Venus resembles, and nearly entails, an instance of a geometrical pentagram.
   IMO that will make it valuable to retrofit the first talk section re p of V as a subsection of a (top-level) talk section Talk:Pentagram/Archive 2#Consolidation of talk sections on Pentagram of Venus -- and then move, and subordinate to it, the other p of V sections (prior discussions that it may help to have grouped together), preparatory to discussing the option of moving some of the p of V section of the accompanying article, out to a separate Pentagram of Venus article (replacing the Rdr at that page).
--Jerzy•t 22:07, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

OK, there will be in a minute another copy of the above, at the bottom of the new top level section above. Please comment there, rather than here, on this section.

SECTION CLOSED TO FURTHER COMMENT IN THIS SECTION
--Jerzy•t 22:46, 4 January 2016 (UTC)