Talk:Carabayo language

Collapse with Yuri (Amazon)

Oppose in lieu of better evidence. Campbell lists Yuri and Carabayo separately, although Carabayo does not have a full entry, but has the note "Migliazzi lists this". Carabayo is not included in Campbell's maps and Yuri just barely crosses the border of Colombia from Brazil. Ethnologue does not include Yuri, but includes Carabayo, which it places fully in Colombia. The maps in Atlas of the World's Languages show the region of Yuri encompassing the Carabayo region in Ethnologue and the Yuri region in Campbell, but the maps in that atlas are notoriously questionable when it comes to the languages of Native America. So the evidence to collapse these two languages is ambiguous at best. --Taivo (talk) 02:24, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Given what I've found below, It would appear that: Words from a language named "Yuri" were collected in the 19th century. There is an uncontacted people called "Carabayo" in the approximate area of the Yuri today. It's often assumed they are the same, and the Columbian govt. speaks of the Yuri (Carabayo) or the pueblo Yuri, Aroje o Carabayo. We can cover that two articles. — kwami (talk) 08:00, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Citations

• Moseley, 2007. Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages

Carabayo (Yuri). Colombia, Dept. Amazonas, right bank Caqueta' and on San Bernardo River. Unclassified. 200 ethnic.

(only entry for either name)

• 16 other GBook examples (in Spanish mostly) of Yuri (Carabayo) or Carabayo (Yuri) in books on the peoples of Colombia and SAmerica, such as here.[1]
• Camacho, 1997. La Constitución de 1991 y la perspectiva del multiculturalismo en Colombia.[2] Lists Carabayo (Yuri) w 200 people as an indigenous people.
  • Other similar papers on GScholar. One such is by the Guiana Shield Initiative (GSI) of the Netherlands Committee for IUCN, and has an intro by Manuel Rodríguez-Becerra, Professor Environmental Policy Andes University, Bogotá; Member of the GSI Steering Committee for Colombia; Colombian First Minister for the Environment, 1994; Last President of the former National Institute for Natural Resources and the Environment, 1990-1993.[3]
  • Similarly, Yuri – Aroje o Caraballo in the Congreso Mundial de Conservación de la IUCN 2008 pub La situación de los territorios indígenas superpuestos por áreas protegidas en Colombia.[4]
  • The Colombian govt. goes with Yuri (Carabayo). That's the only ethn. with either name. The map on p 2 of PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS DE COLOMBIA (Cartografía de la Diversidad, Dirección de Poblaciones, Ministerio de Cultura, 2010)[5] approx. agrees w Ethnologue. As in the US, ethnicities are counted long after a language goes extinct. Similarly here.[6]
• Alain Fabre, 2005. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: YURI, updated 2011.[7] :

El gentilicio yuri no debe ser confundido con el de yari (v. éste). La lengua de los yuri, probablemente aislada, está al parecer extinta.

UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA: Colombia: Depto. Amazonas, munic. La Chorrera, en los afluentes de la orilla derecha del Caquetá y río San Bernardo (dentro del Predio Putumayo) (Arango & Sánchez 1998);

NOMBRE(S): Yuri, carabayo; (denominaciones más antiguas: juri, xurúpixuna, tucano-tapuya)

AUTODENOMINACIÓN:

NÚMERO DE HABLANTES: Un total de 200 personas pertenecerían a este grupo étnico (Arango & Sánchez 1998); 150 carabayo (Ethnologue 1996);

La ubicación actual de los yuri mencionada en Arango & Sánchez (1998), no corresponde a la tradicional: según Ortiz (1965: 232-244), ésta correspondería al curso alto del río Puré (o Agua Blanca), situado entre los ríos Caquetá y Putumayo, hacia la frontera brasileña. Este último autor señala a los yuri en la región de Tarapacá (río Putumayo, frontera con Brasil) y La Pedrera. Ortiz (op. cit.) incluye un vocabulario yuri, sacado de las obras de Wallace (1853) y Martius (1867: 268-272).

Tanto Tovar & Larrucea de Tovar (1984), como Loukotka (1968), y Chamberlain (1913) consideran la lengua yuri como aislada. Otras fuentes la sitúan ya entre las lenguas arawak (Brinton 1891) y entre las de grupo caribe (Loukotka 1935 así como las clasificaciones muy poco confiables de Igualada & Castellví, 1940 y Castellví & Pérez, 1958), pero estas opiniones se basan en observaciones muy superficiales del vocabulario. Lo mismo ocurre con Greenberg (1987), que pone al yuri, que formaría, junto con el ticuna, un subgrupo con afinidades más estrechas, dentro de su “Equatorial-Tucanoan”.

[So Fabre is counting Ethn's 150 Carabayo among the 200 Yuri. There also appears to be a change in location. Note that while Greenberg made Ticuna-Yuri a branch of MTucanoan, Ruhlen listed Carabayo as an unclassified language. Greenberg therefore either omitted Carabayo—an odd oversight, considering that it's an old name—or considered in a synonym, which Ruhlen did not recognize.]

• LINGUAMÓN - Casa de les Llengües > Carabayo[8]

This link is off. I can't see it directly, but I can get a copy thru GTranslate (Catalán→English). Here's how it reads, a little cleaned up:

Carabayo

Other names: Amazon macusa, Jurí, Yuri, Yurí

Spoken in ... Colombia: in the department of Amazonas, midway between the San Bernardo and Pure rivers.

Number of speakers: No data available. The ethnic group has around 150 members.

Legal status: Official language in the Territory in which it has traditionally been spoken.

Colombia's official language is Espanol, along with the tongues of the ethnic groups and dialects in their territories, but this is merely symbolic recognition.

Source(s)

CAMPBELL, L. (1997) American Indian Languages. The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press, chapter 6.

FABRE, A. (2005) Dictionary ethnolinguistic and bibliographical guide to indigenous villages sudamericanos (online edition).

LECLERC, J. (2007) L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde. Quebec TLFQ, Université Laval.

Produced by the Endangered Language Study Group (Study Group on Endangered Languages ​​gold GELA) of the General Linguistics Department of the University of Barcelona.

Comments

It is unlikely that year of the ethnic group now speak Carabayo the tongue, but no clear data is available in that respect. Similarly, there is considerable confusion over the group's exact geographical location.

Linguists have made a number of different proposals with regard to the classification of the language and have linked it to Tucuna, the Arawakan family and the Carib family. No conclusive studies have been carried out, however.

Macusa: The term means 'Savage' and thus is derogatory.

Family: Unclassified

Countries: Colombia

Ah, I can access the orig. now. Site was blocked. G translation looks fine.

• Columbian law links the two. As in LEY X DE 2010,[9]

PROYECTO DE LEY ESTATUTARIA ELABORADO POR EL GRUPO DE CONSULTA PREVIA DEL MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR Y DE JUSTICIA

Por la cual se reglamenta la Consulta Previa para Grupos Étnicos y se dictan otras disposiciones.

EL CONGRESO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA

DECRETA

...

CAPITULO XVII

PUEBLOS NO CONTACTADOS O EN AISLAMIENTO VOLUNTARIO

ARTÍCULO 51°: Sobre los proyectos cuya área de influencia incluya todo o parte del territorio del Pueblo Yuri, Aroje o Carabayo u otro grupo étnico no contactado o en aislamiento voluntario: De conformidad con el principio de no contacto, en cual debe ser garantizado por el Estado Colombiano, en relación con el aislamiento voluntario del pueblo Yuri, Aroje o Carabayo, asentado en el Parque Nacional Natural Río Puré – Departamento de Amazonas, es improcedente la Consulta Previa, toda vez que en respeto al mencionado principio, esta no podría darse nunca de manera participativa, tal como lo ordena la ley.

The italics show that Yuri, Aroje, & Carabayo are considered synonyms.

• Beatriz Huertas Castillo, 2010. Análisis de Situación de los pueblos en Aislamiento. Contacto Reciente y contacto Inicial de la Región Andina. Organismo Andino de Salud – Convenio Hipólito Unanue. Lima.[10]

Colombia

En aislamiento

Yuri

Son denominados “Aroje” por los miembros del pueblo indígena Bora. También se les conoce como “Carabayo”. Su idioma aun no ha sido clasificado en ninguna familia lingüística. Contarían con una población de más de 200 personas. Habitan al suroeste del departamento de Amazonas, en las cabeceras del río Puré, territorio sobre el cual en el año 2002, el gobierno colombiano creó el Parque Nacional Natural Río Puré.

En términos históricos, para mediados del siglo XVIII, los traficantes de esclavos y esclavistas portugueses, iniciaron un proceso de traslados forzosos de la población indígena hacia el río Negro y el Araracuara, hecho que disminuyó el número de las poblaciones y afectó la estructura social. En 1820, los Yuri aparecen mencionados en la literatura referida al río Negro, en Putumayo.[12]

[12] ACNUR, 2008. Los pueblos indígenas de Colombia en el umbral del nuevo milenio

— kwami (talk) 07:51, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

first linguistic paper I've seen that addresses this

• Harald Hammarström, 2010, 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In Language Documentation & Conservation, v 4, p 183[11]

2.1.4. Yurí [cby? ]. The first mention of an ethnic group Yuri between the Putumayo and the Marañon Rivers is probably the conversation record of two Yuri in Ruiz de Quijano et al. (1765:228). The first report with linguistic data is Wallace 1853:510, which locates the Yuri at the Solimões River between the Iça (Putumayo) and Japurá (Caquetá) Rivers.

The vocabularies bear no significant resemblance to any other language in the region (Ortiz 1965; Loukotka 1968), and the possibility that Yurí and Ticuna are related (Nimuendajú 1977:62) still awaits explicit comparisons.

The only certain Yurí vocabularies are those collected by Wallace (1853:fold-out appendix) and Martius (1867:268–272), reproduced in Ortiz 1965:232–244. An additional wordlist which may or may not be Yurí (see below) is mentioned in Vidal y Pinell 1970:108, of which three words are reproduced there.

The language has not been sighted since the nineteenth century and therefore was suspected to be extinct (cf. Ortiz 1965). However, there are uncontacted peoples at the Rio Puré in Colombia, touching the historical territory of the Yurí. Lewis 2009 has the name Carabayo [cby] for an uncontacted group at the Rio Puré. Given the geographical proximity, the Rio Puré uncontacted groups (or one the groups, if there are several), are often suspected to be the descendants of the century-old Yurí (Trupp 1974; Patiño Rosselli 2000; Fabre 2005; Landaburu 2000:30). Vidal y Pinell (1970) makes the strongest version of this case and is the only author in a position to adduce linguistic evidence. In 1969, a brief episode of contact allowed the collection of a wordlist[4] (which presumably contains a fair number of misunderstandings) of an uncontacted Rio Puré group (Font 1969). Vidal y Pinell (1970:108), finds 21% cognation between the 1969 Rio Puré list and Yurí of Wallace (1853:fold-out appendix), as opposed to 0–8% to various surrounding Tucano and Arawak languages. This is taken to be decisive evidence (“parece acertada”) that the 1969 Rio Puré list is Yurí. However, the three example comparisons given contain semantic and formal discrepancies, and even if the 21% figure is correct, it seems too large a divergence from the Yurí of a century and a half earlier. If the 1969 Rio Puré language nevertheless is Yurí, or a different language forming a small family with Yurí, then the Yurí (family) is still alive. Otherwise, the 1969 Rio Puré language is a non-extinct language attested in only a wordlist with no known relatives (and the Yurí language of Wallace 1853 may be presumed extinct).

If the entry for Carabayo [cby] of the Rio Puré turns out to be Yurí, then the number of speakers is estimated, from aerial observations, at 150 (Lewis 2009).

[4] Not seen by the present author since the publication in which it appears is very difficult to access—the relevant issue is missing from archives both in Leticia and Bogotá (p.c. Frank Seifart 2010).

— kwami (talk) 07:39, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

This is certainly intriguing. I'm out of town for the next day, so I'll check it out on Sunday when I get back. The Hammarstrom conclusion leaves the door open for a small family rather than simply synonyms. --Taivo (talk) 07:42, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

I removed the merge tags, but noted that they may be synonyms. — kwami (talk) 05:51, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Probably the best approach for now. --Taivo (talk) 19:16, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

new paper: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094814

Abstract: "This paper provides evidence for the identification of the language of the uncontacted indigenous group called Carabayo, who live in voluntary isolation in the Colombian Amazon region. The only linguistic data available from this group is a set of about 50 words, most of them without reliable translations, that were collected in 1969 during a brief encounter with one Carabayo family. We compare this material with various languages (once) spoken in the region, showing that four attested Carabayo forms (a first person singular prefix and words for ‘warm’, ‘father’, and ‘boy’) display striking similarities with Yurí and at least 13 Carabayo forms display clear correspondences with contemporary Tikuna. Tikuna and Yurí are the only two known members of the Tikuna-Yurí linguistic family. Yurí was documented in the 19th century but has been thought to have become extinct since. We conclude that the Carabayo – directly or indirectly – descend from the Yurí people whose language and customs were described by explorers in the 19th century, before they took up voluntary isolation, escaping atrocities during the rubber boom in the early 20th century."

– ishwar  (speak) 01:55, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Thanks for that! Though half the Yuri correspondences are rather dubious. "Warm me" and "boy/son" are the only good ones, but that's enough, given how poor the data is. — kwami (talk) 20:37, 19 April 2014 (UTC)