Talk:Biological theories of dyslexia

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PMID research review papers[edit]

[Role of the cerebellum in cognitive and behavioural control: scientific basis and investigation models] Bugalho P, Correa B, Viana-Baptista M. Acta Med Port. 2006 May-Jun;19(3):257-67. Epub 2006 Sep 7. Review. Portuguese.

  • PMID 17234089

Converging evidence for triple word form theory in children with dyslexia. Richards TL, Aylward EH, Field KM, Grimme AC, Raskind W, Richards AL, Nagy W, Eckert M, Leonard C, Abbott RD, Berninger VW. Dev Neuropsychol. 2006;30(1):547-89. Review.

Cerebellar disorders in childhood: cognitive problems. Steinlin M. Cerebellum. 2008;7(4):607-10. Epub 2008 Dec 5. Review.

Dyslexia and the anchoring-deficit hypothesis. Ahissar M. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Nov;11(11):458-65. Epub 2007 Nov 5. Review.

On the use of metacontrast to assess magnocellular function in dyslexic readers. Skottun BC. Percept Psychophys. 2001 Oct;63(7):1271-4. Review.

Cerebellum and reading. Vlachos F, Papathanasiou I, Andreou G. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2007;59(4):177-83. Review.

Developmental dyslexia, learning and the cerebellum. Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2005;(69):19-36. Review.

Developmental dyslexia: the cerebellar deficit hypothesis. Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ, Dean P. Trends Neurosci. 2001 Sep;24(9):508-11. Review.

A few remarks on relating reaction time to magnocellular activity. Skottun BC, Skoyles JR. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007 Nov;29(8):860-6. Epub 2007 Feb 14. Review.

On the prevalence of magnocellular deficits in the visual system of non-dyslexic individuals. Skoyles J, Skottun BC. Brain Lang. 2004 Jan;88(1):79-82. Review.

The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Stein J. Dyslexia. 2001 Jan-Mar;7(1):12-36. Review.

Coherent motion, magnocellular sensitivity and the causation of dyslexia. Skottun BC, Skoyles JR. Int J Neurosci. 2008 Jan;118(1):185-90. Review.

The cerebellum and language: the story so far. De Smet HJ, Baillieux H, De Deyn PP, Mariën P, Paquier P. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2007;59(4):165-70. Review.

Cerebellar neurocognition: insights into the bottom of the brain. Baillieux H, De Smet HJ, Paquier PF, De Deyn PP, Mariën P. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008 Sep;110(8):763-73. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Review.

There are more review papers included in my collection, "Dyslexia and Cognitive Nuerology, Neurobiology" from NCBI. And in the future will add more collections on User:Dolfrog later. dolfrog (talk) 20:12, 26 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]

new citation system:- citations required[edit]

found some of the missing citations

no 67 wittion et al Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers. PMID 9663387

no 49 eden et al 1996 The visual deficit theory of developmental dyslexia. PMID 9345535

no 11 Geschwind and Galaburda, 1985 Biological Mechanisms, Associations, and Pathology: I. A Hypothesis and a Program for Research Arch Neurol. 1985;42(5):428-459. Norman Geschwind, MD; Albert M. Galaburda, MD

no 12 Paulesu et al., 1996 Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from PET scanning. Eraldo Paulesu1,5, Uta Frith2,3,, Margaret Snowling4, Alison Gallagher2, John Morton2,3, Richard S. J. Frackowiak1 and Christopher D. Frith1,3 Oxford Journals Medicine Brain Volume 119, Number 1 Pp. 143-157 http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/1/143?ijkey=28df67689c4e0cb71f9f618c1aa3eba4d38c7d90&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

no 13 Paulesu et al., 2001 Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological unity. Science 16 March 2001: Vol. 291. no. 5511, pp. 2165 - 2167 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057179

no 14 Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, Mencl WE, Constable RT, Naftolin F, Palter SF, Marchione KE, Katz L, Shankweiler DP, Fletcher JM, Lacadie C, Keltz M, Gore JC. JAMA. 1999 Apr 7;281(13):1197-202. PMID 10199429

no 19 Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, Mencl WE, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, et al. Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jul 15;52(2):101-10. PMID 12114001


dolfrog (talk) 10:40, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks. I fixed 19, 49 and 67 the way you commented. 12, 13 and 14 were already fixed. For 11, why should it be part 1? parts 2 & 3 were also in the same year. See PMID 3994562, PMID 3994562 and PMID 3874617.  —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 11:14, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

no 18 Neuroreport. 2001 Feb 12;12(2):299-307. Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study. Temple E, Poldrack RA, Salidis J, Deutsch GK, Tallal P, Merzenich MM, Gabrieli JD. PMID 11209939

no 24 Brain Lang. 1980 Mar;9(2):182-98. Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Tallal P. PMID 7363063

no 30 Auditory perceptual processing in people with reading and oral language impairments: current issues and recommendations. McArthur GM, Bishop DV. Dyslexia. 2001 Jul-Sep;7(3):150-70. Review. PMID 11765982

no 55 Lancet. 1998 Jun 20;351(9119):1849-52. Metabolic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia detected by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rae C, Lee MA, Dixon RM, Blamire AM, Thompson CH, Styles P, Talcott J, Richardson AJ, Stein JF. PMID 9652669 dolfrog (talk) 11:38, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

thanks. fixed 18, 24, 30 and 55 from the PMIDs in your comment.  —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 12:36, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

WP:MEDRS[edit]

Just a reminder - and this has been previously raised with Dolfrog - the Wikipedia:Reliable sources (medicine-related articles) guideline stresses the use of secondary sources:

Ideal sources for biomedical material include general or systematic reviews in reliable, third-party, published sources, such as reputable medical journals, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or medical guidelines and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies.

The article, however, appears to be sourced largely from isolated primary papers. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 13:19, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

yes, but a larger concern right now is verification. there are a lot of citations i've tagged with {{vs}} until i can find complete bibliographic information. feel free to tag the sources you don't feel are reliable with {{rs}}.  —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 14:01, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]
I don't see it as a larger concern. It's not that the sources are unreliable; it's that they're primary data points, and we've no idea if the overall picture is supported by anything secondary. The sourcing of the article is completely uncompliant with WP:MEDRS, and this piling-in of primary sources needs to stop in favour of finding secondary ones. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 22:33, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]
well, yesterday i wouldn't have been able to say whether half the sources met medrs or not because all that was there was stuff like "Temple et al. 2001" without any further bibliographic info or links or anything. now that i've found the bibliographic info for most of the sources we can start deciding which ones aren't any good.  —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 23:43, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]
and actually, it seems like the sources you don't think meet medrs should be tagged with {{MEDRS}} instead of {{rs}}.  —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 23:57, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

These research papers included are cited as references by as part of my the main references papers for this article. Obviously GordonofCartoon has no idea how research papers authors cite other research papers. And he continually fails to recognise the leading dyslexia researchers. I am not sure I really knows what he is talking about , but is only carrying out a personal vendetta against me. If he were to bothered to read the 300 or more research paper in my Online PubMed Research paper collections 26 regarding dyslexia on my user:dolfrog or provide some alternative research. He appears to have his own private agenda dolfrog (talk) 01:39, 25 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Sources still to be verified[edit]

I've found complete bibliographic info for most of the sources, but there are still three that I need help with:

  1. "Geschwind and Galaburda, 1985" could be one of three journal articles (or maybe all three?):
  2. "Farmer and Klein, 1995" could be one of two articles:
  3. "Lovegrove et al., 1980" could be one of two articles:
    • Lovegrove WJ, Heddle M, Slaghuis W (1980). "Reading disability: spatial frequency specific deficits in visual information store". Neuropsychologia. 18 (1): 111–5. PMID 7366819.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    • Lovegrove WJ, Bowling A, Badcock D, Blackwood M (1980). "Specific reading disability: differences in contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency". Science. 210 (4468): 439–40. doi:10.1126/science.7433985. PMID 7433985. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Less likely possibilities are:
    • Lovegrove W, Evans P (1980). "Color-selective adaptation in contrast thresholds for detecting the form but not the motion in moving gratings". Perception & Psychophysics. 27 (6): 585–7. PMID 7393710. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    • Lovegrove W, Heddle M (1980). "Visual persistence as a function of spatial frequency and age". Perception. 9 (5): 529–32. PMID 7443390.

There should be some good reasons for deciding which ones are correct.  —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 21:35, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]


a complete list of references from one one the main sources regarding the various theories of dyslexia

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Amitay S, Ben-Yehudah G, Banai K, Ahissar M. Disabled readers suffer from visual and auditory impairments but not from a specific magnocellular deficit. Brain 2002; 125: 2272–85.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Baker RJ, Rosen S. Evaluation of maximum-likelihood threshold estimation with tone-in-noise masking. Br J Audiol 2001; 35: 43–52.[Web of Science][Medline]

Bishop DV, Bishop SJ, Bright P, James C, Delaney T, Tallal P. Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1999; 42: 155–68.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Bradley L, Bryant PE. Difficulties in auditory organisation as a possible cause of reading backwardness. Nature 1978; 271: 746–7.[CrossRef][Medline]

Brady SA, Shankweiler DP. Phonological processes in literacy. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1991.

Brady S, Shankweiler D, Mann V. Speech perception and memory coding in relation to reading ability. J Exp Child Psychol 1983; 35: 345–67.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Brainard DH. The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spat Vis 1997; 10: 433–6.[Web of Science][Medline]

Brown TE. Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation, 1996.

Brown WE, Eliez S, Menon V, Rumsey JM, White CD, Reiss AL. Preliminary evidence of widespread morphological variations of the brain in dyslexia. Neurology 2001; 56: 781–3.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Brunswick N, McCrory E, Price CJ, Frith CD, Frith U. Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: a search for Wernicke’s Wortschatz? Brain 1999; 122: 1901–17.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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Cornelissen PL, Hansen PC, Gilchrist I, Cormack F, Essex J, Frankish C. Coherent motion detection and letter position encoding. Vision Res 1998; 38: 2181–91.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Demb JB, Boynton GM, Best M, Heeger DJ. Psychophysical evidence for a magnocellular pathway deficit in dyslexia. Vision Res 1998; 38: 1555–9.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Denckla MB, Rudel RG, Chapman C, Krieger J. Motor proficiency in dyslexic children with and without attentional disorders. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 228–31.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Dow RS, Moruzzi G. The physiology and pathology of the cerebellum. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1958.

Eden GF, Stein JF, Wood HM, Wood FB. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vision Res 1994; 34: 1345–58.[Web of Science][Medline]

Eden GF, VanMeter JW, Rumsey JM, Maisog JM, Woods RP, Zeffiro TA. Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging. Nature 1996; 382: 66–9.[CrossRef][Medline]

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Farmer ME, Klein RM. The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review. Psychonom Bull Rev 1995; 2: 460–93.

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Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI. Dyslexia: the role of the cerebellum. In: Fawcett AJ, editor. Dyslexia: theory and good practice. London: Whurr; 2001. p. 89–105.

Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI, Dean P. Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks. Ann Dyslex 1996; 46: 259–83.[CrossRef]

Frederickson N, Frith U, Reason R. Phonological Assessment Battery. Windsor (UK): NFER-Nelson; 1997.

Friston KJ, Büchel C. Attentional modulation of effective connectivity from V2 to V5/MT in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 7591–6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Galaburda AM, Sherman GF, Rosen GD, Aboitiz F, Geschwind N. Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 222–33.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

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Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. The Children’s Test of Nonword Repetition. London: Psychological Corporation; 1996.

Geschwind N, Galaburda AM. Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 428–59.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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Hill NI, Bailey PJ, Griffiths YM, Snowling MJ. Frequency acuity and binaural masking release in dyslexic listeners. J Acoust Soc Am 1999; 106: L53–8.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

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Manis FR, Mcbride-Chang C, Seidenberg MS, Keating P, Doi LM, Munson B, et al. Are speech perception deficits associated with developmental dyslexia? J Exp Child Psychol 1997; 66: 211–35.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

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Paulesu E, Démonet J-F, Fazio F, McCrory E, Chanoine V, Brunswick N, et al. Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological unity. Science 2001; 291: 2165–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

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Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, Fulbright RK, Constable RT, Mencl WE, et al. Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 2636–41.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, Mencl WE, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, et al. Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52: 101–10.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Skottun BC. The magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia: the evidence from contrast sensitivity. [Review]. Vision Res 2000; 40: 111–27.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Slaghuis WL, Ryan JF. Spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity, coherent motion, and visible persistence in developmental dyslexia. Vision Res 1999; 39: 651–68.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

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Stein J, Walsh V. To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20: 147–52.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Stein J, Talcott J, Witton C. The sensorimotor basis of developmental dyslexia. In: Fawcett AJ, editor. Dyslexia: theory and good practice. London: Whurr; 2001. p. 65–88.

Stoodley CJ, Talcott JB, Carter EL, Witton C, Stein JF. Selective deficits of vibrotactile sensitivity in dyslexic readers. Neurosci Lett 2000; 295: 13–6.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Stringer R, Stanovich KE. On the possibility of cerebellar involvement in reading disability. In: 4th conference of the Society for Scientific Studies of Reading. San Diego; 1998.

Stuart GW, McAnally KI, Castles A. Can contrast sensitivity functions in dyslexia be explained by inattention rather than a magnocellular deficit? [Review]. Vision Res 2001; 41: 3205–11.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Talcott JB, Witton C, McLean MF, Hansen PC, Rees A, Green GG, et al. Dynamic sensory sensitivity and children’s word decoding skills. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 2952–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tallal P. Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Brain Lang 1980; 9: 182–98.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Tallal P, Miller S, Fitch RH. Neurobiological basis of speech: a case for the preeminence of temporal processing. [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 682: 27–47.[Web of Science][Medline]

Temple E, Poldrack RA, Protopapas A, Nagarajan S, Salz T, Tallal P, et al. Disruption of the neural response to rapid acoustic stimuli in dyslexia: evidence from functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 13907–12.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Temple E, Poldrack RA, Salidis J, Deutsch GK, Tallal P, Merzenich MM, et al. Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 299–307.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

van Daal V, van der Leij A. Developmental dyslexia: Related to specific or general deficits? Ann Dyslex 1999; 49: 71–104.

van der Lely HK. Specifically language impaired and normally developing children: Verbal passive vs. adjectival passive sentence interpretation. Lingua 1996a; 98: 243–72.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

van der Lely HKJ. The Test of Active and Passive Sentences (TAPS). Available from the author at the Centre for Developmental Language Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience. London: University College London; 1996b and http://www.ucl.ac.uk/DLDCN/tests.html.

van der Lely HKJ. Advanced-Syntactic test of Pronominal reference (A-STOP). Available from the author at the Centre for Developmental Language Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience. London: University College London; UK, 1997 and http://www.ucl.ac.uk/DLDCN/tests.html.

van der Lely HKJ, Stollwerck L. Binding theory and grammatical specific language impairment in children. Cognition 1997; 62: 245–90.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

van Ingelghem M, van Wieringen A, Wouters J, Vandenbussche E, Onghena P, Ghesquière P. Psychophysical evidence for a general temporal processing deficit in children with dyslexia. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 3603–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Vellutino FR. Dyslexia: research and theory. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1979.

Victor JD, Conte MM, Burton L, Nass RD. Visual evoked potentials in dyslexics and normals: failure to find a difference in transient or steady-state responses. Vis Neurosci 1993; 10: 939–46.[Web of Science][Medline]

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Wechsler D. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. 3rd ed. London: Psychological Corporation; 1998.

Wilkins AJ. Visual stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995.

Wilkinson GS. Wide Range Achievement Test 3. Wilmington (DE): Wide Range; 1993.

Wimmer H, Mayringer H, Landerl K. Poor reading: a deficit in skill-automatization or a phonological deficit? Sci Stud Read 1998; 2: 321–40.[CrossRef]

Wimmer H, Mayringer H, Raberger T. Reading and dual-task balancing: evidence against the automatization deficit explanation of developmental dyslexia. J Learn Disabil 1999; 32: 473–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Witton C, Talcott JB, Hansen PC, Richardson AJ, Griffiths TD, Rees A, et al. Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers. Curr Biol 1998; 8: 791–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Wolff PH. Impaired temporal resolution in developmental dyslexia. [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 682: 87–103.[Web of Science][Medline]

Wolff PH, Michel GF, Ovrut M, Drake C. Rate and timing precision of motor coordination in developmental dyslexia. Dev Psychol 1990; 26: 349–59.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

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All of which can be found in the reference section of Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults or Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults.

I hope this helps there are other papers if you need them dolfrog (talk) 01:59, 25 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

copyright violation[edit]

pretty much this entire article is a copy-paste from a major journal article

Copyright problem: Theories of dyslexia[edit]

pretty much this entire article is a copy-paste.

oops. actually, it looks like I should have reverted it. Neuromusic (talk) 15:32, 15 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]

I take that back. I don't think it can be reverted, as the early revisions are simply summarized (but still verbatim copying) from Ramus et al, 2003. Neuromusic (talk) 15:38, 15 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]

I have followed the temporary article link, and created a copyright free version of this article. This article was part of a massive re-organisation by Wikipedia dyslexia project last year, when the main dyslexia article was summerised and many sub articles were created to provide more in depth information with regard to some of the more specialised areas. Unfortunately at the same time dyslexia research moved on and the old theories of dyslexia, although important became less significant. Sorry that we did not get back to copy edit this article earlier. dolfrog (talk) 21:35, 15 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]
Thank you for the rewrite. Content should never be pasted onto Wikipedia, even if temporarily, unless it comes from a source that is Wikipedia:Public domain or compatibly licensed. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 20:34, 23 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]

Copyright problem removed[edit]

One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). The material was copied from: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/4/841.full. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 20:34, 23 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]

University of Rennes photoreceptor study[edit]

I just posted a paragraph on the University of Rennes study that was published last year. While it is does involve visual impairment, I'm not 100% that this is exactly what is meant by the "visual theory" subheader. Would someone more familiar with the culture of dyslexia and dyslexia theory please confirm that I put this information in the right place? Darkfrog24 (talk) 13:49, 21 February 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Vertigo and dyslexia[edit]

I moved this here. This is all primary sources (and some spam) and is a bunch of WP:SYN.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo[edit]

Physician Tapani Rahko has tested some 10 000 patients aged 3,5 years to 94 during over 10 years with his positional vertigo tests. The reading speed of patients was measured before and after positional treatments in some 3500 cases to obtain information on the effect. The reading speed of dyslexic patients was increased by an average of 40% after the treatment. The research identified benign paroxysmal positional vertigo causing dyslexia through increasing the amount of involuntary rapid eye movement, making it difficult for patients to focus on a word prior to treatment. Treating the vertigo reduced the involuntary eye movement, easing reading. Multiple Finnish schools are in process of testing vertigo treatment in helping dyslexic children to great effect.[1][2][3]

An independently validated study by Frank and Levinson in 1973 indicated that 97% of 115 dyslexics evidenced neurological and electronystagmographic signs of a dysfunction within the inner-ear and its supercomputer—the cerebellum.[4] Dyslexia was postulated to occur when impaired ocular-motor fixation and sequential tracking due to a subclinical nystagmus of inner-ear and cerebellar origin scrambled the letter and word signals during reading and thus secondarily interfered with their cerebral cortical and related brain processing. A follow-up study of 4,000 learning disabled and dyslexics in 1988 further validated the hypotheses.[5] Utilizing an optokinetic instrument, dyslexics were shown to have significantly reduced ocular-motor fixation, sequential tracking and visual span capacities as well as abnormal signal scrambling vs controls.[6][7] Inner-ear-enhancing anti-motion sickness medications were clinically recognized to improve most all reading and non-reading dyslexic symptoms and mechanisms.[8][9][10][11] Later research suggested that a majority of those with fears, phobias and related anxiety disorders have cerebellar-vestibular determinants and deficits as well as related abnormal optokinetic tracking, visual span and signal capacities vs controls.[7][12][13]

References

  1. ^ Tapani Rahko (2003). "Alleviating dyslexia by treating benign positional vertigo and eye movement disturbances, saccades". Finnish Medical Journal. 39: 3883–3886.
  2. ^ http://www.readingoci.org/en/lukihairio.htm
  3. ^ http://www.readingoci.org/en/index.html
  4. ^ Frank, J.; Levinson, H. (1973). "Dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia: Hypothesis and study". Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 12: 690–701. doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61276-0.
  5. ^ Levinson, H. N. (1988). "The cerebellar-vestibular basis of learning disabilities in children, adolescents and adults: Hypothesis and study". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 67: 983–1006. doi:10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.983.
  6. ^ Levinson, H. N. (1975–76). "Dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia: Synopsis of a continuing research project". Academic Therapy Publications. 11 (2): 133–143. doi:10.1177/105345127501100201.
  7. ^ a b Levinson, H. N. (1989). "Abnormal optokinetic and perceptual span parameters in cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction and learning disabilities of dyslexia". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 68: 471–84. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.35.
  8. ^ Frank, J.; Levinson, H. N. (1976–1977). "Seasickness Mechanisms and Medications in Dysmetric Dyslexia and Dyspraxia". Academi Therapy Publications. 12 (2): 133–152. doi:10.1177/105345127601200201.
  9. ^ Frank, J.; Levinson, H. N. (1977). "Anti-motion Sickness Medications in Dysmetric Dyslexia and Dyspraxia". Academi Therapy Publications. 12 (4): 411–425. doi:10.1177/105345127701200403.
  10. ^ Levinson, J. V.; Stricker, G.; Levinson, H. N. (2003). "The Effect of Treatment of Dyslexic Children on Self-Esteem and Behavior". The Gordon F. Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies. Adelphi University.
  11. ^ Lauter, J. L.; Lynch, O.; Wood, S. B.; Schoeffler, L. (1999). "Physiological and Behavioral Effects of an Antivertigo Antihistamine in Adults". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 88: 707–32. doi:10.2466/pms.1999.88.3.707.
  12. ^ Levinson, H. N. (1989). "The Cerebellar-Vestibular Predisposition to Anxiety Disorders". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 68: 323–38. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.323.
  13. ^ Levinson, H. N. (1989). "A Cerebellar-Vestibular Explanation for Fears/Phobias: Hypothesis and Study". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 68: 67–84. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.67.

I did a pubmed search for "vertigo and dyslexia" and there are one review PMID 16007238, which is a 2005 review on uses for Piracetam, so this is not appropriate for WP. Jytdog (talk) 03:30, 21 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]

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