Shady Dolomite

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Shady Dolomite
Stratigraphic range: Cambrian Series 2521–509 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsAustinville, Patterson, and Ivanhoe Members
UnderliesRome Formation, Elbrook Formation
OverliesWeisner Quartzite, Chilhowee Group
Lithology
PrimaryDolomite
OtherLimestone and Shale
Location
RegionAppalachia and Southeastern United States
Type section
Named forShady Valley, Tennessee, USA
Named byArthur Keith - 1903
Country United States

The Shady Dolomite is a geologic formation composed of marine sedimentary rocks of early Cambrian age (Cambrian Series 2: 521-509 million years ago). It outcrops along the eastern margin of the Blue Ridge province in the southeastern United States and can be found in outcrops in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. It can also be found in the subsurface of Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. The Shady is predominantly composed of dolomite and limestone with lesser amounts of mudrock. It contains fossils of trilobites, archaeocyathids, algae, brachiopods, and echinoderms, along with the enigmatic fossil Salterella.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The Shady Dolomite was first described by Arthur Keith in 1903[7] and was named for exposures in the Shady Valley of Johnson County in the state of Tennessee. Near Austinville, Virginia, the Shady hosts ore deposits that have been mined extensively for lead and zinc ore.[8]

Depositional Environment[edit]

The Shady Dolomite was deposited on the margin of the paleocontinent of Laurentia. The rocks that make up the Shady represent sediment deposition on and around an ancient carbonate platform.[9][10][11]

The initial carbonate sedimentation of the Shady began on the southern shelf of Laurentia and formed on top of the siliciclastic sequence that now make up the rocks of the Chilhowee Group.[12] These carbonate sediments formed a carbonate ramp that over time developed into a rimmed carbonate shelf.[10][11]

Economic Importance[edit]

Austinville-Ivanhoe District[edit]

The Jackson Ferry Shot Tower on the New River in Wythe County, Virginia. Lead ore from the Shady Dolomite was used to make shot here in starting in the early 1800s.

Lead and zinc ore bodies of the Austinville-Ivanhoe District occur in the Shady Dolomite in the vicinity of Austinville, Virginia. They are classified as Mississippi Valley Type deposits. The main ore minerals include sphalerite, galena, and hemimorphite. Formation of the ore deposits likely occurred when warm and saline groundwater moved through the Shady in the Late Paleozoic during the Alleghanian orogeny.[13][14]

Mining of the deposit began in 1756 both on the surface and underground.[15] Over 21,000 tons of lead were mined from the district through the 1860s.[15] During the American Civil War, lead from these mines was used to make ammunition for the Confederate States of America.[16] Following the war, the Bertha Mineral Company took over the mining operations mined zinc from oxidized ores of hemimorphite.[8] The New Jersey Zinc Company acquired the site in 1902 and mined both lead and zinc through 1981.[8][15] Since the 1980s, dolostone been quarried and taken from existing tailings piles on the site for agricultural use.[8][15]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ McMenamin, Mark A.S.; Debrenne, Françoise; Zhuravlev, Andrey Yu. (2000). "Early Cambrian Appalachian Archaeocyaths: Further age constraints from the fauna of New Jersey and Virginia, U.S.A." Geobios. 33 (6): 693–708. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80123-0.
  2. ^ Fritz, W. H.; Yochelson, Ellis L. (1988-03-01). "The status of Salterella as a Lower Cambrian index fossil". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 25 (3): 403–416. Bibcode:1988CaJES..25..403F. doi:10.1139/e88-042. ISSN 0008-4077.
  3. ^ Kobluk, David R. (1985). "Biota Preserved within Cavities in Cambrian Epiphyton Mounds, Upper Shady Dolomite, Southwestern Virginia". Journal of Paleontology. 59 (5): 1158–1172. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305009.
  4. ^ J. F. Read, R. W. Pfeil (2) (1983). "Fabrics of Allochthonous Reefal Blocks, Shady Dolomite (Lower to Middle Cambrian), Virginia Appalachians". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 53. doi:10.1306/212F82B5-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D. ISSN 1527-1404.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Byrd, W J; Weinberg, E L; Yochelson, Ellis L (1973). "Salterella in the Lower Cambrian Shady Dolomite of southwestern Virginia" (PDF). American Journal of Science. 273A: 252–260.
  6. ^ Willoughby, Ralph (1977). Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Shady Formation near Austinville. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks- burg, Virginia. p. 189. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Keith, Arthur, (1903) Description of the Cranberry quadrangle [North Carolina-Tennessee]: U. S. Geological Survey Geology Atlas, Folio 90.
  8. ^ a b c d "Division of Geology and Mineral Resources - The New Jersey Zinc Company". dmme.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  9. ^ Cook, Harry E.; Enos, Paul, eds. (1977). Deep-water Carbonate Environments. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). doi:10.2110/pec.77.25.0083. ISBN 978-1-56576-155-1.
  10. ^ a b Barnaby, Roger J.; Read, J. Fred (1990-03-01). "Carbonate ramp to rimmed shelf evolution: Lower to Middle Cambrian continental margin, Virginia Appalachians". GSA Bulletin. 102 (3): 391–404. Bibcode:1990GSAB..102..391B. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0391:CRTRSE>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  11. ^ a b R. W. Pfeil (2), J. F. Read (1980). "Cambrian Carbonate Platform Margin Facies, Shady Dolomite, Southwestern Virginia, U.S.A." SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 50. doi:10.1306/212F7978-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D. ISSN 1527-1404.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Read, J Fred; Repetski, John E (2012). Derby, James Richard; Fritz, R D; Longacre, Susan Ann; Morgan, W A; Sternbach, C A (eds.). "Cambrian–Lower Middle Ordovician Passive Carbonate Margin, Southern Appalachians". AAPG Memoir. 98: 357–382. doi:10.1306/13331499M980271. ISBN 978-1-6298-1020-1.
  13. ^ Foley, Nora K.; Sinha, A. Krishna; Craig, James R. (1981-11-01). "Isotopic composition of lead in the Austinville-Ivanhoe Pb-Zn district, Virginia". Economic Geology. 76 (7): 2012–2017. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.76.7.2012. ISSN 1554-0774.
  14. ^ Roger J. Barnaby (2), J. Fred Read (1992). "Dolomitization of a Carbonate Platform During Late Burial: Lower to Middle Cambrian Shady Dolomite, Virginia Appalachians". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 62. doi:10.1306/D4267A3C-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D. ISSN 1527-1404.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b c d Foley, Nora (2002). "A Geoenvironmental Lifecycle Model: The Austinville Platform Carbonate Deposit, Virginia" (PDF). United States Geological Survey Open-File Report. 02–195: 101–107.
  16. ^ Whisonant, Robert C (1996). "Geology and the Civil War in southwestern Virginia: the Wythe County Lead Mines: Virginia Minerals" (PDF). Virginia Minerals. 42: 13–19.
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