Roman army in Dacia
In Roman Dacia, an estimated 50,000 troops were stationed at its height.[1][2]
At the close of Trajan’s first campaign in Dacia in 102, he stationed one legion at Sarmizegetusa Regia.[2] With the conclusion of Trajan’s conquest of Dacia, he stationed at least two legions in the new province – the Legio IV Flavia Felix positioned at Berzobis, and the Legio XIII Gemina stationed at Apulum.[2] It has been conjectured that there was a third legion stationed in Dacia at the same time, the Legio I Adiutrix. However, there is no evidence to indicate when or where it was stationed. Debate continues[timeframe?] over whether the legion was fully present, or whether it was only the vexillationes who were stationed in the province.[2]
Hadrian, the subsequent emperor, shifted the fourth legion (Legio IV Flavia Felix) from Berzobis to Singidunum in Moesia Superior, suggesting that Hadrian believed the presence of one legion in Dacia would be sufficient to ensure the security of the province.[2] The Marcomannic Wars that erupted north of the Danube forced Marcus Aurelius to reverse this policy, permanently transferring the Legio V Macedonica from Troesmis (modern Iglița in Romania)[3] in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia.[2]
Epigraphic evidence attests to large numbers of auxiliary units stationed throughout the Dacian provinces during the Roman period; this has given the impression that Roman Dacia was a strongly militarized province.[2] Yet it seems to have been no more highly militarized than any of the other frontier provinces, like the Moesias, the Pannonias, and Syria, and the number of legions stationed in Moesia and Pannonia were not diminished after the creation of Dacia.[4][5] However, once Dacia was incorporated into the empire and the frontier was extended northward, the central portion of the Danube frontier between Novae and Durostorum was able to release much-needed troops to bolster Dacia’s defences.[6] Military documents report at least 58 auxiliary units, most transferred into Dacia from the flanking Moesian and Pannonian provinces, with a wide variety of forms and functions, including numeri, cohortes milliariae, quingenariae, and alae.[2] This does not imply that all were positioned in Dacia at the same time, nor that they were in place throughout the existence of Roman Dacia.[2]
Legions[edit]
| Legio | V E T E R A N A |
V I T R I X |
F E L I X |
P I A F I D E L I S |
T O R Q U A T A |
A R M I L L A T A |
* | Camps |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I Adiutrix[7][8] | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | Apulum[7] |
| II Adiutrix[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ? |
| III Gallica[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Porolissum[7] |
| IV Flavia[7] | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - | Bersobis, Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana,[7] Micia[7] |
| V Macedonica[7] | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | Potaissa[7] |
| VI Ferrata[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ? |
| VII Claudia[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Romula,[7] Drobeta,[7] Castra of Bumbești-Jiu - Gară,[7] Castra of Bumbești-Jiu - Vârtop[7] |
| VII Gemina[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | Tadius | Porolissum[7] |
| X Gemina[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Sucidava[7] |
| XIII Gemina[7][8][9] | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | Apulum, (Slăveni),[9] Caput Stenarum,[9] Arcobara, Dierna, Drobeta, Micia, Porolissum, Praetorium (castra of Mehadia), Stenarum, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa |
| XXII Primigenia[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | Philippianorum | Romula[7] |
Cohorts[edit]
Alae[edit]
Numeri[edit]
| Numerus | S I N G U K A R I U M |
P E D I T U M |
E Q U I T U M |
S A G I T T A R I O R U M |
E X P L O R A T O R U M |
S P E C U L A T O R U M |
C I V I U M R O M A N O R U M |
* | Camps |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africae et Mauretaniae Caesariensis[7][8] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ? |
| Brittannicianorum[7] | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - | - | Germisara[7] |
| Burgariorum et Veredariorum[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Praetorium[7] |
| Campestrorum[14] | - | - | ? | - | ? | - | ? | - | Micia?, Potaissa? |
| Germanicianorum[7][8] | - | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | (Bucium)[7][8] |
| Illycorum[7][8][9] | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - | (Brâncovenești),[7][8] (Hoghiz)[9] |
| Maurorum Hispanorum[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ampelum[7] |
| Maurorum Miciensium[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Micia[7] |
| Maurorum O(ptatianensium?)[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Optatiana[7] |
| Maurorum S(aldensium?)[9] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (Răcari),[9] Pelendava[9] |
| Maurorum Tibiscensium[7] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Tibiscum[7] |
| Palmyrenorum Porolissensium[7][8] | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - | Porolissum[7][8] |
| Palmyrenorum Tibiscensium[7] | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - | Tibiscum[7] |
| Syrorum[8][9] | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - | (Rădăcinești),[9] Arutela,[9] Romula,[8][9] (Slăveni)[8][9] |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ MacKendrick 2000, p. 107.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Oltean 2007, p. 56.
- ^ MacKendrick 2000, p. 126.
- ^ Katsari 2011, p. 69.
- ^ Bury 1893, p. 429.
- ^ Parker 2010, p. 238.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq Constantin C. Petolescu: Dacia - Un mileniu de istorie, Ed. Academiei Române, 2010, ISBN 978-973-27-1999-2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm Academia Română: Istoria Românilor, Vol. 2, Daco-romani, romanici, alogeni, 2nd. Ed., București 2010, ISBN 978-973-45-0610-1
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Cristian M. Vlădescu: Fortificațiile romane din Dacia Inferior, Craiova, 1986
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Petru Ureche: Tactică, strategie și specific de luptă la cohortele equitate din Dacia Romană[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h C.C. Giurescu: Istoria Românilor - Vol. I - Din cele mai vechi timpuri până la moartea lui Alexandru cel Bun, Ed. ALL, București, 2010, ISBN 978-973-571-984-5, p. 112
- ^ Boda, Imola; Szabo, Csaba (2011). "Notes on a Dolichenian relief at Mehadia". Marisia XXXI. p. 10. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
- ^ a b Țentea, Ovidiu (2012). "EX ORIENTE AD DANUBIUM - The Syrian units on the Danube frontier of the Roman Empire". MEGA Publishing House. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Matei, Dan (2006). "Trupe fără castre, castre fără trupe în Dacia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
- ^ Țentea, Ovidiu (2012). "Ex oriente Ad Danubium - The Syrian units of the Danube frontier of the Roman Empire". MEGA Publishing House. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
- ^ a b Ardevan, Radu. "The Ala II Pannoniorum in Dacia". APVLVM - XLIV. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
Sources[edit]
- Bury, John Bagnell (1893). A history of the Roman Empire: from its foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.). Student's Series. New York: Harper.
- Katsari, Constantina (2011). The Roman Monetary System: The Eastern Provinces from the First to the Third Century AD. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76946-4.
- MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (2000). The Dacian Stones Speak. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4939-2.
- Oltean, Ioana Adina (2007). Dacia: landscape, colonisation and romanization. Routledge monographs in classical studies. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41252-0.
- Parker, Philip (2010). The Empire Stops Here: A Journey Along the Frontiers of the Roman World. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4090-1632-8.