List of thyreophoran type specimens

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This list of specimens is a comprehensive catalogue of all the type specimens and their scientific designations for each of the genera and species that are included in the clade thyreophora.

The statue of Hylaeosaurus, the first named thyreophoran, at Crystal Palace Park

Thyreophora is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs united by, and named for, the presence ossified armor which forms parasagittal rows on the dorsal side of the animal. They were among the first dinosaurs known to science, with the genus Hylaeosaurus being one of the first genera referred to "Dinosauria" by Sir Richard Owen alongside Megalosaurus and Iguanodon in the early 19th century.[1] However, the clade thyreophora itself was recognized in 1915 by Franz Nopcsa. It was created to include the stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, and a few other primitive armored animals like Scelidosaurus and was named after the Greek words for "shield-bearer".[2]

This is the longest-lived individual clade of ornithischians. They first appear at the very start of the Jurassic as small, bipedal animals,[3] similar to all other ancestral dinosaurs. However, they radiated very quickly and were the second group of herbivorous dinosaurian megafauna to evolve (after the sauropods).[4] There was some apparent decline in their diversity with the extinction of the stegosaurids in the early Cretaceous,[5] but this was followed by the emergence of two lineages of megafaunal ankylosaurs (nodosauridae and ankylosauridae), which both persisted to the very end of the Cretaceous.[6] Thyreophorans were cosmopolitan in their distribution, and their remains can be found on every continent, including Antarctica.[7]

Scope and Terminology[edit]

This list will include the type fossils of each thyreophoran species. In paleontology, a type specimen is one which is definitionally a member of a biological taxon. Additional specimens can only be "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

There is no complete, canonical list of all dinosaur taxa or holotype specimens. Attempts are regularly published in the form of books, such as the Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs by Gregory Paul[8] and Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages by Thomas Holtz and Luis Rey.[9] Where appropriate, the The Paleobiology Database and Fossilworks, which are both online databases of named fossil taxa, are used to supplement the entries from published encyclopedias which are missing or data-deficient.

This list will also be updated regularly as new scientific descriptions are published and new taxa are named. The most recently named thyreophoran is Thyreosaurus atlasicus, which was described by Omar Zafaty, Mostafa Oukassou, Facundo Riguetti, Julio Company, Saad Bendrioua, Rodolphe Tabuce, André Charrière, and Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola in March 2024.[10]

Type System[edit]

Types are also used to diagnose higher-level taxa than an individual. One individual might represent the "type specimen" of a particular species. This species would in turn represent the "type species" of a particular genus, unless it is referred to a previously described genus. Most dinosaur genera are monospecific, therefore most type specimens are also the type species of most genera. On this list, the type species of a genus is only noted when it belongs to a genus with multiple referred species, such as Stegosaurus or Tarchia. Furthermore, when an animal is different enough from its close relatives that it is given its own family, it is conventional in dinosaur systematics to name a family after the first described, most famous, or most abundant genus assigned to it. Therefore, on this list, the type species of any type genus for a family or sub-family level taxon is also noted when appropriate.

There are several different varieties of type specimen when referring to fossil animals:[11]

  • Holotype: This is the most common and simplest form of type specimen. A holotype is the first material of a fossil taxon that is described in the scientific literature. In order to qualify as a true holotype, all of the fossils of the type must belong to the same individual animal. All type specimens on this list are holotypes, unless otherwise indicated.
  • Paratype(s): These are described in the same publication as the holotype. A paratype is designated when the fossil material is diagnostic enough to belong to the same species as the holotype, but it is not from the same individual animal. In these cases, the holotype and paratype(s) are collectively called the "type series" for that taxon. On this list, paratypes are noted in the same entry as their associated holotype.
  • Neotype: When a holotype specimen is lost, destroyed, or otherwise unable to be studied further by scientists, a new type specimen for that taxon is required in order to identify future material. On this list, neotypes are only given their own entries when the holotype was never formally given a specimen number, otherwise they are noted in the entry for the holotype.
  • Syntype(s): This is a type series in which no single specimen is selected to serve as a holotype, nor are any designated as paratypes. This is typically done if the fossil material is believed to be from multiple animals, but none of the individual animals were well-preserved enough to provide a complete list of diagnostic characters. These are also sometimes called "cotypes" in publications, although this is discouraged by the ICZN.
  • Lectotype: When a single type specimen from a series of syntypes is designated as the new primary type specimen in a subsequent publication, this is considered to be a lectotype. On this list, lectotypes are given their own entries.
  • Paralectotype(s): When a lectotype is designated from a series of syntypes, the remaining syntypes become paralectotypes as part of a reorganized type series. On this list, paralectotypes are noted alongside the list entry for the lectotype of their respective series.
  • Plastotype: Sometimes, if a cast of a type specimen is made and the original type specimen is lost or destroyed, the cast can be used for the purposes of diagnostic referral to a taxon. Plastotypes are only given their own entries on this list if the holotype was not given a specimen number. Otherwise, they are noted alongside the entry for the holotype.
  • Topotype: When a specimen is discovered from the same locality as a holotype specimen it may be given a new specimen number. If the second specimen is later determined to belong to the same animal as the holotype after the holotype has been described, it becomes a topotype.

All name-bearing type specimens (i.e. holotypes, lectotypes, neotypes, and syntypes) have unique entries on this list, and non-name-bearing types (i.e. paratypes, paralectotypes, topotypes, and holotypes that have been subsumed by a neotype) are noted alongside their name-bearing counterpart.

Validity[edit]

Some described species are later determined to be invalid by subsequent scientific publications. However, invalid species are sometimes resurrected, such as in the case of Brontosaurus, and sometimes the validity of a species can be controversial among researchers (e.g. the case of Triceratops and Torosaurus). For the purposes of neutrality and completeness, all described species and genera of thyreophorans are included, even those that have been considered invalid by subsequent scientific publications.

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).[11] Technical terms used include:

  • Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more taxa are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same taxon, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
  • Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. This can be an extremely controversial designation, and as such, they are only notated when their supposedly dubious status has been formally published. Furthermore, if the scientific community has yet to reach a consensus on the validity of a name or taxon, the ongoing nature of the controversy will be stated.
  • Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are not included on this list.
  • Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced.

Omissions[edit]

Some thyreophoran taxa are not included on this list. Nomina nuda are not included because a type does not become recognized by the ICZN until it is published in a scientific journal with a full description.

Some misidentified taxa are also not included so long as there is a scientific consensus with regard to the specimen in question. If a specimen is later referred to a taxon outside thyreophora, it is not included on this list. However, specimens that are identified as thyreophorans in publications subsequent to their initial description are included under the name they are given within thyreophora.

Referred taxa are only included on the list as separate entries when their initial description includes a unique type specimen (e.g. Stegosaurus duplex or Stormbergia dangershoeki).

List of Specimens[edit]

  • Binomial name: All animals species are given a unique binomial name, typically consisting of Latin or Greek words which are used to formally and scientifically identify each species.
  • Catalogue number: In most museum collections, each fossil specimen will be given a unique catalogue number which is published with the description of the fossils after they are prepared. This serves as a formal name for every single described fossil so that authors are able to refer to individual fossil discoveries in the scientific literature by name.
  • Institution: Most published fossils are stored in museum collections or at universities. This is also true of type specimens, many of which are on display in museums around the world. If a type specimen has been lost, the last known location of the type is listed.
  • Age: The geological stage from which the specimen was recovered is listed, when it is known. The exact age of some geological formations is not known. If this is the case, a range of possible ages is given.
  • Unit: Most fossils are recovered from named geologic formations (e.g. the Morrison Formation or the Hell Creek Formation). When this is not the case, a city or landmark near the locality from which the fossil was recovered is listed.
  • Material: The vast majority of fossils do not preserve the complete skeleton of an animal. In these cases, the specific bones which are fossilized have been listed.
  • Notes: Other general information, such as the validity status of the taxon in question, or any other material in the type series may be listed here.
Binomial Name Catalogue Number Institution Age Unit Material Notes Images
Acantholipan gonzalezi CPC 272[12] Colección Paleontológica de Coahuila, Museo del Desierto[12] Campanian Pen Formation, Coahuila[12] A few vertebrae, portions of the limb bones, a rib, and an osteoderm[12]
Acanthopholis horrida GSM 109045-GSM 109058[13] British Geological Survey[13] Uncertain (Albian to Cenomanian?)[14] Chalk Group, England[14] Teeth, vertebrae, osteoderms, and the base of the skull[13] Two specimens were designated as cotypes[13]
Adratiklit boulahfa NHMUK PV R37366[15] Natural History Museum, London Bathonian[15] El Mers II Formation, Morocco[15] Single cervical vertebra[15] Other vertebrae from the same locality are referred to this genus, but it is uncertain if they belong to the same individual[15]
Ahshielepelta minor SMP VP-1930[16] State Museum of Pennsylvania[16] Campanian Hunter Wash Member, Kirtland Formation, New Mexico[16] Shoulder and fore limb bones, fragmentary vertebrae, osteoderms, and some unidentified material[16]
Akainacephalus johnsoni UMNH VP 20202 Utah Museum of Natural History Late Campanian Kaiparowits Formation, Utah Half-complete skeleton with most of the skull
The holotype bones (top) with a digital reconstruction of the skeleton
Alcovasaurus longispinus UW 20503[17] University of Wyoming[17] Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Wyoming[17] Mostly complete hips, numerous ribs and vertebrae, thagomizers, and a femur[17] Most of the holotype (except the femur) has been lost, the species has been previously referred to Stegosaurus, Miragaia, and Kentrosaurus[18][19]
Digital reconstruction of the lost holotype material
Aletopelta coombsi SDNHM 33909[20] San Diego Natural History Museum[20] Late Campanian Point Loma Formation, California[20] Fragmentary shoulders, limbs, hips, ribs, vertebrae, and teeth[20]
The holotype on display in situ
Animantarx ramaljonesi CEUM 6228R[21] USU Eastern Prehistoric Museum[21] Mid-Albian to Early Cenomanian[21] Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah[21] Partial skull, ribs, shoulder and arm elements, hip, and a few vertebrae[21]
Ankylosaurus magniventris AMNH 5895[22] American Museum of Natural History Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, Montana[22] Partial skeleton[22] Type species of the suborder "Ankylosauria", the family "Ankylosauridae", the subfamily "Ankylosaurinae", and the tribe "Ankylosaurini"
Cast of the holotype on display in Colorado
Anodontosaurus inceptus TMP 1997.132.1[23] Royal Tyrrell Museum[23] Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta[23] Partial skeleton[23]
Skull of the holotype with an accompanying diagram of the skull armor
Anodontosaurus lambei CMN 8530[24] Canadian Museum of Nature Early Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta[24] Skull, numerous osteoderms, and other postcranial fragments[24] Type species of Anodontosaurus
Skull of the holotype with an accompanying diagram of the skull armor
Anoplosaurus curtonotus SMC B55731[25] British Geological Survey Late Albian Cambridge Greensand, England[25] Fragments of the dentary, vertebrae, fore limbs, and feet[25] Has been variously considered some sort of ornithopod by different authors[26]
Antarctopelta oliveroi MLP 86-X-28-1[27] Museo de La Plata[27] Campanian Santa Marta Formation, Antarctica[27] Lower jaw, skull fragments, partial forearm and foot, and a few vertebrae[27]
Photos of the foot and vertebral elements of the holotype (left) compared with another ankylosaur
Bashanosaurus primitivus CLGPR V00006-1[28] Chongqing Laboratory of Geoheritage Protection and Research[28] Bathonian[29] Shaximiao Formation, Chongqing[28] Hindlimb and shoulder bones, ribs, back and tail vertebrae, plates, and a spine
Digital reconstruction of the three known specimens (holotype in white)


Bienosaurus lufengensis IVPP V15311[30] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Sinemurian[30] Lower Lufeng Formation, Yunnan[30] Partial dentary with teeth and cranial fragments[30] Possibly a nomen dubium[31]
Dentary elements of the holotype
Bissektipelta archibaldi ZIN PH 1/6[32] Russian Academy of Sciences[32] Turonian[32] Bissekty Formation, Uzbekistan[32] Mostly complete skull with associated osteoderms[32]
Borealopelta markmitchelli TMP 2011.033.0001[33] Royal Tyrrell Museum Albian Wabiskaw Member, Clearwater Formation, Alberta[33] Fully articulated frontal skeleton including skin impressions with the tail and hindquarters missing[33] Nicknamed the "Suncor Nodosaur", the specimen was so well preserved that scientists were able to identify what color the animal's skin likely was[33]
Brachypodosaurus gravis IM V9[34] Banaras Hindu University Maastrichtian[34] Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh A humerus[34] Some authors do not consider it diagnostic enough to refer it to thyreophora or even ornithischia[35]
Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum CEUM 12360[36] USU Eastern Prehistoric Museum[36] Mid-Albian to Early Cenomanian[21] Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah[36] Fragmentary skull[36]
Holotype on display with missing skull elements filled in
Chialingosaurus kuani IVPP 2300[37] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Late Oxfordian or early Kimmeridgian[37] Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan[37] Several vertebrae, arm bones, and spines[37]
Humerus of the holotype
Chuanqilong chaoyangensis CJPM V001[38] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Late Barremian[38] Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning Nearly complete skull and skeleton with a few missing tail vertebrae[38] May be a junior synonym of the contemporaneous genus Liaoningosaurus[39]
The holotype in situ accompanied by a labeled diagram
Chungkingosaurus jiangbiensis CV 00206[40] Chongqing Museum of Natural History Oxfordian[40] Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan[40] Partially complete skeleton[40]
Craterosaurus pottonensis SMC B.28814[41] Natural History Museum, London[41] Albian or Aptian Woburn Sands Formation, England[41] Base of the cranium[41] May be a nomen dubium[4][42]
The holotype element shown from multiple views
Crichtonpelta benxiensis BXGMV0012[43] Benxi Geological Museum[43] Early Cenomanian Sunjiawan Formation, Liaoning[43] A skull[43] Originally described as a species of the genus Crichtonsaurus, this species is known from much more substantial remains, so it was given a new genus[43][44][45]
Crichtonsaurus bohlini IVPP V12745[46] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Early Cenomanian Sunjiawan Formation, Liaoning[46] Partial dentary with teeth[46] Nomen dubium, remains are not substantial enough to diagnose it as its own genus[44]
Cryptosaurus eumerus CAMSM J.46882[47] Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Oxfordian Ampthill Clay, England[47] A femur Nomen dubium, it is not known if the specimen belongs to a stegosaur or an ankylosaur[48]
An illustration of the holotype
Dacentrurus armatus NHMUK 46013[49] Natural History Museum, London Kimmeridgian Kimmeridge Clay Formation, England[49] Pelvis, numerous vertebrae, a femur, and a complete fore arm[49] Type species for the subfamily "Dacentrurinae", originally named Omosaurus before it was realized that this genus was already occupied[49][50]
The holotype specimen in situ
Datai yingliangis Holotype: YLSNHM 01002
Paratype: YLSNHM 01003[51] 		Yingliang Stone Natural History Museum Turonian to Coniacian[51] Zhoutian Formation, Jiangxi Two skulls, cervical, dorsal vertebrae, and caudal vertebrae, incomplete pectoral and pelvic girdles, left arm bones, partial right femur, ribs, and osteoderms[51]
Type specimen block, including the holotype (bottom) and paratype (top)
Denversaurus schlessmani DMNH 468 Denver Museum of Natural History Maastrichtian Lance Formation, South Dakota Skull without lower jaw and numerous osteoderms Sometimes considered a species of Edmontonia or possibly synonymus with E. rugosidens[52]
The holotype on display with a reconstructed lower jaw
Diracodon laticeps YPM 1885[53] Yale Peabody Museum Tithonian Morrison Formation, Wyoming[53] Partial skeleton[53] Nomen dubium, specimen is referred to Stegosaurus, but is not complete enough to diagnose or refer it to a particular species
Dongyangopelta yangyanensis DYM F0136[54] Dongyang Museum Albian to Cenomanian[54] Chaochuan Formation, Zhejiang[54] Partial hip, femur, and several vertebrae[54]
Dracopelta zbyszewskii MG 3[55] National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon Tithonian Lourinhã Formation, Portugal[55] Numerous vertebrae, ribs, and osteoderms[55] More material from the holotype is awaiting description[56]
Dravidosaurus blanfordi GSI SR Pal 1[57] Geological Society of India Coniacian[57] Trichinopoly Group, Tamil Nadu[57] Partial skull[57] Some regard the specimen as a nomen dubium and have suggested that the specimen may represent a plesiosaur[58][59]
Hypothetical skull reconstruction with known material in red
Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus ROM 784[60] Royal Ontario Museum Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta[60] Partial skull and mostly complete hindquarters with tail and most of the hind legs[60]
Tail from the holotype
Edmontonia australis NMMNH P-25063[61] New Mexico Museum of Natural History Campanian Kirtland Formation, New Mexico[61] Two osteoderms[61] Now considered either a nomen dubium or a junior synonym of Glyptodontopelta[62]
Edmontonia longiceps NMC 8531[63] Canadian Museum of Nature Early Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta[63] Skull, partial lower jaw, and most of the postcranial skeleton including osteoderms[63] Type species of Edmontonia[63]
Edmontonia rugosidens USNM 11868[64] Smithsonian Institution[64] Middle Campanian Two Medicine Formation, Montana[64] Partial skeleton[64] Originally named Palaeoscincus before being referred to Edmontonia, some consider this to belong to its own genus under the name Chassternbergia or to the genus Panoplosaurus[65]
Emausaurus ernsti SGWG 85[66] University of Greifswald Toarcian[66] Ciechocinek Formation, Germany[66] Partial skull, multiple ribs and vertebrae, limb elements, and osteoderms
Euoplocephalus tutus CMN 0210[67] Canadian Museum of Nature Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta Partial skull and numerous osteoderms[67] Originally named Stereocephalus before it was discovered that that genus was already occupied, has also been referred to the nomen dubium Paleoscincus as well as to Ankylosaurus[67][68]
Skull of the holotype with an accompanying diagram
Europelta carbonensis AR-1/10[69] Museo Aragonés de Paleontología[69] Mid-Albian[69] Escucha Formation, Spain Partial skull and fragmentary shoulder, limb, rib, and vertebral elements with 80 osteoderms[69]
The skull of the holotype from multiple views
Fabrosaurus australis MNHN LES9[70] Natural History Museum, Paris Hettangian Elliot Formation, Lesotho[70] Partial dentary with teeth[70] Generally considered a nomen dubium or a junior synonym of Lesothosaurus, has been historically considered a thyreophoran, an ornithopod, a heterodontosaur or some other ornithischian[71]
Digital illustration of the holotype fragment
Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum DMNH 27726[72] Denver Museum of Nature and Science Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Wyoming[72] Skull and mostly complete postcranial skeleton[72]
Cranial and cervical elements of the holotype
Gastonia burgei CEUM 1307[73] USU Eastern Prehistoric Museum Berriasian or Valanginian[74] Yellow Cat Member, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah[73] Skull[73] Type species of Gastonia
A cast of the holotype on display in Indianapolis
Gastonia lorriemcwhinneyae DMNH 49877[73] Denver Museum of Nature and Science Late Aptian Ruby Ranch Member, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah[73] Partial skull roof[73]
Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis ZDM 0019[75] Zigong Dinosaur Museum Oxfordian Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan[75] Dentary and mostly complete postcranial skeleton missing several ribs and the hind feet[75]
Diagram of the holotype material with missing elements in grey
Glyptodontopelta mimus USNM 8610[76] Smithsonian Institution Late Campanian[76] Ojo Alamo Formation, New Mexico[77] Fused osteoderms from the pelvic area[77]
Gobisaurus domoculus IVPP V12563[78] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Turonian[79] Ulansuhai Formation, Inner Mongolia[78] Mostly complete skull[78]
Digital reconstruction of the holotype
Heishansaurus pachycephalus AMNH 2062[44] American Museum of Natural History Campanian or Maastrichtian[80] Minhe Formation, Gansu[81] Skull fragments, several vertebrae, and osteoderms; all but a single vertebra has been lost[44] Nomen dubium, originally classified as a pachycephalosaur, it is now presumed to be an ankylosaur[81][44][82]
Hesperosaurus mjosi HMNS 14[83] Hayashibara Museum of Natural Science Early Kimmeridgian Windy Hill Member, Morrison Formation, Wyoming[83] Complete pelvis, skull elements, numerous vertebrae, several ribs, and several plates[83]
Hoplitosaurus marshi USNM 4752[84] Smithsonian Institution Hauterivian Lakota Formation, South Dakota Several ribs, vertebrae, humerus and femoral fragments, and armor elements[84] Originally described as Stegosaurus marshi and was later referred to Polacanthus before being given its own genus[85][84][86][87]
One of the armor elements of the holotype
Horshamosaurus rudgwickensis HORSM 1988.1546[88] Horsham Museum Barremian Weald Clay, England[88] Fragmentary vertebrae, shoulder, ribs, and humerus with associated osteoderms[88] Originally named as a species of Polacanthus before being given its own genus, some consider it a nomen dubium[88][89]
Huayangosaurus taibaii IVPP V6728[90] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Bathonian or Callovian Dashanpu Dinosau Quarry, Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan[90] Skull, numerous vertebrae, a complete shoulder, and partial hips, ribs, and limb elements with several plates[90] Type species of the family "Huayangosauridae"
The holotype skull on display
Hungarosaurus tormai MTM Gyn/404[91] Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum Santonian Csehbánya Formation, Hungary[91] Fragmentary skull and vertebrae with partial hips, shoulders, and feet[91]
Hylaeosaurus armatus NHMUK 3775[92] Natural History Museum, London Valanginian Grinstead Clay Member, Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation, England[92] Articulated base of the skull, shoulders, armor, and vertebrae[92] Type species of Hylaeosaurus, the same material was used to describe H. oweni, but this "second species" is a nomen dubium
Hypsirhophus discurus AMNH 5731[4] American Museum of Natural History Tithonian Cope Quarry III, Morrison Formation, Colorado[4] Four partial vertebrae and a rib fragment[4] Generally considered a junior synonym of Stegosaurus[84]
Illustration of the holotype vertebrae
Invictarx zephyri WSC 16505[93] Western Science Center Early Campanian Menefee Formation, New Mexico[93] Numerous osteoderms and a partial rib[93]
Holotype elements laid out individually
Isaberrysaura mollensis MOZ-Pv 6459[94] Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Bajocian Los Molles Formation, Patagonia[94] Nearly complete skull with several vertebrae, and partial rib, hip, and shoulder elements[94]
Skull and teeth of the holotype from multiple views
Jakapil kanikura MPCA-PV-630[95] Museo provincial de Cipolletti Cenomanian Candeleros Formation, Patagonia Dentary with fragments of the skull, vertebrae, arm and leg bones with osteoderms Has been suggested to be some sort of aberrant marginocephalian[96]
A diagram of the holotype material
Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis IVPP V 14724[97] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Oxfordian Shishugou Formation, Xianjiang[97] Partial skull and jaw bones, several cervical vertebrae, partial ribs, and shoulder fragments[97]
Jinyunpelta sinensis ZMNH M8960[98] Zhejiang Museum of Natural History Albian or Cenomanian Liangtoutang Formation, Zhejiang[98] Complete skull with partial skeleton missing the hind limbs[98]
The holotype skull shown from multiple angles
Kentrosaurus aethiopicus MB.R.4800.1-MB.R.4800.37[99] Natural History Museum, Berlin Tithonian Tendaguru Beds, Tanzania[100] Mostly complete vertebra with several limb bones[99] No holotype was designated, later authors designated multiple specimens, which are believed to belong to a single individual, as lectotypes[99]
Mount that includes material from the lectotype
Kunbarrasaurus ieversi QM F1801[101] Queensland Museum Late Albian or Early Cenomanian[101] Allaru Formation, Queensland[101] Mostly complete skeleton with skull[101] Originally referred to "Minmi sp." before being given its own genus[101]
Skull from the holotype from multiple views
Laquintasaura venezuelae MBLUZ P.1396[102] University of Zulia[103] Hettangian La Quinta Formation, Venezuela[102] A tooth[102] Classification of this animal remains uncertain, it may be a thyreophoran or some other type of ornithischian

[104][105][106][107][108][109]

Lesothosaurus diagnosticus NHMUK PV RU B17 and NHMUK PV RU B23 (syntypes)[110] Natural History Museum, London Pliensbachian Upper Elliot Formation, South Africa[110] Partial skeleton with an associated skull and another skull Classification remains uncertain, it may be a thyreophoran, a primitive ornithopod, or some other type of ornithischian

[3][111]

Lexovisaurus durobrivensis NHMUK R1989[112] Natural History Museum, London[113] Oxfordian Peterborough Member, Oxford Clay Formation, England[112] Mostly complete pelvis[112] Originally named Omosaurus before it was discovered that that genus was occupied and it was given its own genus, some consider it a nomen dubium[4]
Illustration of the holotype
Liaoningosaurus paradoxus IVPP V12560[114] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Late Barremian or Early Aptian[114] Dawangzhangzi Bed, Yixian Formation, Liaoning[114] Complete and fully articulated skeleton[114]
Loricatosaurus priscus NHMUK R3167[4] Natural History Museum, London Callovian Oxford Clay Formation, England[115] Numerous vertebrae, humerus, ulna, femur, several plates, and other fragmentary limb elements[4] Originally assigned to Stegosaurus and then to Lexovisaurus before being given its own genus[115]
Lusitanosaurus liasicus Uncatalogued[116] Museu de História Natural da Universidade de Lisboa Probably Sinemurian[116] Exact locality uncertain, somewhere near São Pedro de Moel[117] Partial maxilla and dentary with associated teeth[117] Holotype material was destroyed in a fire[118]
Maleevus disparoserratus PIN 554/I[119] Moscow Paleontological Museum Uncertain (Cenomanian to Santonian?)[119] Bayan Shireh Formation, Mongolia[119] Mostly complete maxilla[119] Originally named as a species of Syrmosaurus before being given its own genus, some consider it a nomen dubium[44]
Minmi paravertebra QM F10329[120] Queensland Museum Aptian[121] Minmi Member, Bungil Formation, Queensland[120] Several back vertebrae, ribs, a complete hindlimb and numerous osteoderms[120]
Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani INBR21004[122] Victor Valley Museum Campanian Uhkaa Tolgod, Djadochta Formation, Mongolia[122] Complete skull with dentary and predentary[122]
Cast of the holotype skull on display
Miragaia longicollum ML 433[123] Museu da Lourinhã Late Kimmeridgian or Early Tithonian Sobral Unit, Lourinhã Formation, Portugal[123] Nearly complete hindquarters with a skull[123]
Mongolostegus exspectabilis PIN 3779-15[124] Moscow Paleontological Museum Aptian or Albian[124] Dzunbain Formation, Mongolia[124] Dorsal and caudal vertebrae with a partial hip[124]
Monkonosaurus lawulacus IVPP V 6975[125] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Uncertain (Oxfordian to Albian)[125][79] Uncertain (either Loe-ein Formation or Lura Formation of Tibet)[125][79] Pelvis, two vertebrae, and back plates[125] Might be a nomen dubium[37]
Mymoorapelta maysi MWC 1815[126] Dinosaur Journey Museum Kimmeridgian or Tithonian Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Colorado[126] Partial hip bone[126]
Holotype elements labeled
Niobrarasaurus coleii FHSM VP-14855[127] Sternberg Museum of Natural History[127] Coniacian to Campanian[127] Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Formation, Kansas[127] Partial skeleton[127] Originally named Hierosaurus before being re-described and given a new genus[128]
Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis SMP VP-900[129] State Museum of Pennsylvania Campanian De-na-zin Member, Kirtland Formation, New Mexico[129] Fragmentary skull[129]
The holotype skull (on the right)
Nodosaurus textilis YPM VP 1815[130] Yale Peabody Museum Cenomanian[130] Frontier Formation, Wyoming[130] A partial hip, li8mb elements, several vertebrae, and osteoderms[130] Type species of the family "Nodosauridae" and the subfamily "Nodosaurinae"
Skeletal reconstruction with unknown elements in white
Oohkotokia horneri MOR 433[131] Museum of the Rockies Late Campanian Upper Two Medicine Formation, Montana[131] Skull with a humerus and a partial scapula with osteoderms[131]
Skull of the holotype without the post-cranium
Panoplosaurus mirus CMN 2759[132] Canadian Museum of Nature Late Campanian Upper Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta[132] Skull with forelimb and shoulder elements and osteoderms[132] Type species of the tribe "Panoplosaurini"[133]
The holotype skull on display
Paranthodon africanus BMNH 47337[134] Natural History Museum, London Berriasian to Valanginian[134] Kirkwood Formation, South Africa[134] Partial maxilla with teeth Originally assigned to the pareiasaur genus Anthodon and later referred to the now-defunct genus Palaeoscincus before finally receiving its own genus

[135][136][137]

Holotype skull reconstructed with unknown elements in grey
Patagopelta cristata MPCA-SM-78[138] Carlos Ameghino Provincial Museum Late Campanian or Early Maastrichtian[138] Allen Formation, Patagonia[138] A few vertebrae, a femur, a tooth, and osteoderms[138]
Pawpawsaurus campbelli SMU 73203[139] Fort Worth Museum of Science[140] Albian or Cenomanian Paw Paw Formation, Texas[139] Complete skull without dentary[139]
A cast of the holotype on display
Peloroplites cedrimontanus CEUM 26331[141] USU Eastern Prehistoric Museum Cenomanian Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah[141] Partial skull[141]
Pinacosaurus grangeri AMNH 6523[142] American Museum of Natural History Campanian Djadochta Formation, Mongolia[142] Partial skull, lower jaws, and cervical vertebrae[142] Type species of Pinacosaurus
Diagram of the holotype
Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus IMM 96BM3/1[143] Inner Mongolia Museum Campanian Bayan Mandahu Formation, Inner Mongolia Skull and partial skeleton[143]
The holotype on display
Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Uncatalogued[143] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology[144] Campanian Bayan Mandahu Formation, Inner Mongolia Mostly complete skeleton[143] Considered a junior synonym of P. grangeri[144]
Platypelta coombsi AMNH 5337[145] American Museum of Natural History Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta[145] Skull with a mostly complete skeleton, lacking the hindlimbs and tail[145] Was originally referred to Euoplocephalus and has since been given its own genus, though some still consider it to be a junior synonym[146]
Photo of the holotype skull with an accompanying diagram
Polacanthoides ponderosus NHMUK 2584[147] Natural History Museum, London Valanginian to Barremian Wealden Beds, England[148] Partial shoulder[147] Nomen dubium and possibly a junior synonym of Hylaeosaurus or Polacanthus
Polacanthus becklesi BMNH R1926[149] Natural History Museum, London Barremian? Exact locality unknown, Wealden Group, England[150] Partial ilium with associated armor[149] Generally considered a junior synonym of P. foxii because the diagnostic characteristics are believed to be taphonomic in nature[149]
Polacanthus foxii NHMUK PV R175[151] Natural History Museum, London Barremian Upper Wessex Formtion, England[151] Numerous vertebrae, partial skull, mostly complete hindlimbs, and much of the armor[151] Type species of Polacanthus and of the subfamily "Polacanthinae"[152]
The holotype laid out showing individual elements
Priconodon crassus USNM 2135[153] Smithsonian Institution Uncertain (Aptian to Turonian?)[154] Arundel Formation, Maryland[155] A tooth[155]
An illustration of the holotype tooth
Propanoplosaurus marylandicus USNM 540686[156] Smithsonian Institution Late Aptian Patuxent Formation, Maryland[156] Ribcage, vertebrae, forelimb elements, with impressions of the skull and other body parts[156]
Regnosaurus northamptoni BMNH 2422[157] Natural History Museum, London Valanginian Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation, England[157] Fragments of the lower jaw[158]
Illustration of the holotype elements
Rhadinosaurus alcimus PIUW 2349/34 University of Vienna Early Campanian Grünbach Formation, Austria Two fibulae and other limb fragments[159] Some humeral fragments originally referred to the same individual as the holotype were later referred to the genus Zalmoxes, others believe that the holotype represents a crocodyliform or a junior synonym of Struthiosaurus[160][2][161][162][163]
Saichania chulsanensis GI SPS 100/151[164] Mongolian Academy of Sciences[164] Late Campanian Barun Goyot Formation, Mongolia[164] Articulated skull, numerous vertebrae, a forelimb and shoulder, and much of the armor[164]
Cast of the holotype skull
Sarcolestes leedsi BMNH R2682[165] Natural History Museum, London Oxfordian Oxford Clay, England[166] Partial mandible[166] Originally classified as a theropod before modern re-appraisal assigned it to thyreophora, some consider it a nomen dubium[166][165][167]
Illustration of the holotype from multiple views
Sauropelta edwardsorum AMNH 3032[168] American Museum of Natural History Late Albian Little Sheep Member, Cloverly Formation, Montana[168] Partial skeleton[168]
Sauroplites scutiger Uncatalogued Specimens lost, were last at the AMNH Albian[169] Upper Zhidan Group, Inner Mongolia[169] Ribs and osteoderms with a probably ischium[81] A cast of some of the original material remains under the catalogue AMNH 2074, but it has not been formally designated as a lectotype[44]
Scelidosaurus harrisonii NHMUK R.1111[170] Natural History Museum, London Sinemurian[170] Black Ven Marl Member, Charmouth Mudstone Formation, England[170] Mostly complete skeleton with skull and lower jaw without the fore limbs[170] No holotype was named, the specimen NHMUK R.1111 was designated as the lectotype[171]
Skull drawing of the lectotype
Scolosaurus cutleri NHMUK R.5161[131] Natural History Museum, London Campanian Lower Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta[131] Mostly complete skeleton missing two limbs and the end of the tail with preserved skin impressions[172] Type species of Scolosaurus[172]
The holotype shown from above
Scolosaurus thronus ROM 1930[23] Royal Ontario Museum Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta[23] Partial skeleton including the skull[23] Originally referred to the genus Euoplocephalus before being referred to Scolosaurus[23]
A mount reconstructed based on the holotype at the Royal Tyrrell Museum
Scutellosaurus lawleri MNA.V.175[173] Museum of Northern Arizona Sinemurian Kayenta Formation, New Mexico[173] Mostly complete vertebra and limbs with fragments of the skull, dentary, and hip[173]
Diagram of the holotype material
Serendipaceratops arthurcclarkei NMV P186385[174] Melbourne Museum[174] Early Aptian[174] Wonthaggi Formation, Victoria[174] Ulna[174] Considered a nomen dubium, originally described as a ceratopsian, remains are so fragmentary that some believe it is not possible to diagnose them as such, some have referred the holotype to ankylosauria[175][176]
Shamosaurus scutatus PIN N 3779/2[177] Russian Academy of Sciences[177] Aptian to Albian Dzunbain Formation, Mongolia[177] Skull, lower jaws and partial postcranial skeleton with armor[44]
Shanxia tianzhenensis IVPP V11276[178] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Uncertain (Cenomanian to Campanian?)[179] Huiquanpu Formation, Shanxi[179] Partial skull, a few vertebrae, and fragments of the limb bones and hip[178] Sometimes considered a junior synonym of Tianzhenosaurus[16]
Silvisaurus condrayi KU 10296[180] University of Kansas Albian Terracotta Clay Member, Dakota Formation, Kansas[180] Mostly complete skull, numerous vertebrae, and fragments of the hip, toes, and hind limb[180]
Drawing of the holotype
Sinankylosaurus zhuchengensis ZJZ-183[181] Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum[182] Campanian[181] Hongtuya Formation, Wangshi Group, Shandong[181] Partial hip[181]
Spicomellus afer NHMUK PV R37412[183] Natural History Museum, London[183] Bathonian or Callovian El Mers III Formation, El Mers Group, Morocco[183] Single rib with ossified spines[183]
Stegopelta landerensis FMNH UR88[184] Field Museum of Natural History Cenomanian Belle Fourche Member, Frontier Formation, Wyoming[184] Several vertebrae with fragmentary skull and limb elements and associated armor[184]
A piece of armor from the holotype
Stegosaurides excavatus Uncatalogued[81] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology[81] Uncertain (Barremian or Aptian?)[81] Xinminbao Group, Gansu[81] Two vertebrae and part of a spine[81] Probably a nomen dubium
Stegosaurus armatus YPM 1850[185] Yale Peabody Museum Tithonian[186] Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Colorado Several caudal vertebrae and armor fragments[187] Original type species of Stegosaurus, it was later discovered to be a nomen dubium[185]
Stegosaurus duplex YPM 1858[188] Yale Peabody Museum Tithonian Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Wyoming[188] Several vertebrae with a partial pelvis and hind limb[188] Generally considered a junior synonym of S. ungulatus
Stegosaurus madagascarensis Uncatalogued[189] Specimen lost, was last at the National Museum of Natural History, France[189] Maastrichtian[190] Maevarano Formation, Madagascar Several teeth[190] Widely considered a nomen dubium, some consider it to be an indeterminate ankylosaur[4]
Stegosaurus stenops USNM 4934[191] Smithsonian Institution Kimmeridgian Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Colorado[191] Mostly complete skeleton[191] Specimen is nicknamed "Roadkill", was designated the new type species of Stegosaurus after S. armatus was found to be a nomen dubium[192][193]
The holotype on display as it was found
Stegosaurus sulcatus USNM V 4937[194] Smithsonian Institution Kimmeridgian[195] Lake Como Member, Morrison Formation, Wyoming[195] Thagomizer[194]
Stegosaurus ungulatus YPM 1853[188] Yale Peabody Museum Kimmeridgian Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Wyoming[185] Half of a skeleton with a partial skull[185]
The mounted holotype on display in the 19th century with missing elements filled in
Stegouros elengassen CPAP-3165[196] Instituto Antártico Chileno[196] Maastrichtian Dorotea Formation, Chile Mostly complete skeleton[196]
Diagram of the holotype material
Stormbergia dangershoeki SAM-PK-K1105[197] Iziko South African Museum[197] Hettangian or Sinemurian[197] Upper Elliot Formation, South Africa[197] Partial postcranial skeleton[197] Generally considered a junior synonym of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus[197][106]
Struthiosaurus austriacus PIWU 2349/6[198] Natural History Museum, Vienna[198] Campanian[199] Grünbach Formation, Austria[199] Skull with associated osteoderms[199] Type species of Struthiosaurus
A diagram showing all known material of S. austriacus including the holotype material
Struthiosaurus languedocensis UM2 OLV-D50 A–G CV[200] University of Montpellier[200] Early Campanian[201] Unnamed Formation, France[201] Complete pelvis with numerous vertebrae[200]
Struthiosaurus transylvanicus BMNH R4966[200] Natural History Museum, London Early Maastrichtian Sânpetru Formation, Romania[2] Partial skeleton[2]
Syrmosaurus viminosaudus PIN 614[144] Russian Academy of Sciences Campanian Djadochta Formation, Mongolia[144] Nearly complete skeleton lacking a skull[144] Generally considered a junior synonym of Pinacosaurus grangeri
Talarurus plicatospineus PIN 557-91[202] Moscow Paleontological Museum Uncertain (Cenomanian to Santonian?)[119] Bayan Shireh Formation, Mongolia Partial skull and mostly complete axial skeleton with fragmentary limb elements[202]
The holotype and other referred specimens combined into a display mount
Taohelong jinchengensis GSDM 00021[203] Gansu Dinosaur Museum Uncertain (Valanginian to Albian?)[80] Hekou Group, Gansu[203] Tail vertebrae, ribs, a partial hip and some osteoderms[203]
Tarchia kielanae ZPal MgD-I/111[204] Mongolian Academy of Sciences Late Campanian Barun Goyot Formation, Mongolia Partial skull[204] Type species of Tarchia
The holotype skull shown from multiple views with associated diagrams
Tarchia teresae PIN 3142/250[205] Russian Academy of Sciences Maastrichtian Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia[205] A complete skull[205]
A cast of the holotype skull on display
Tarchia tumanovae MPC-D 100/1353[206] Mongolian Academy of Sciences Maastrichtian Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia[206] Partial skeleton[206]
A diagram of the holotype (a and b) with a hypothetical complete skeleton (c)
Tatankacephalus cooneyorum MOR 1073[207] Museum of the Rockies Albian[208] Himes Member, Cloverly Formation, Montana[208] Partial skull[207]
Tatisaurus oehleri FMNH CUP 2088[209] Field Museum of Natural History Sinemurian Zhangjiawa Beds, Lufeng Formation, Yunnan[209] Partial lower jaw[209] Originally classified as a species of Scelidosaurus before being given its own genus, some believe it is a nomen dubium[209][210]
Illustration of the holotype
Texasetes pleurohalio USNM 337987[211] Smithsonian Institution Albian[212] Paw Paw Formation, Texas[212] Fragments of a skull, shoulders, hips, limb bones, and vertebrae[212]
Limb fragments belonging to the holotype
Thyreosaurus atlasicus HIIUC-BN00[10] Uncertain (Bathonian to Callovian)[10] El Mers III Formation, El Mers Group, Morocco Several vertebrae, ribs, a limb bone, and osteoderms[10]
Holotype material with a speculative silhouette
Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima IVPP V. 10614[213] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Oxfordian[214] Toutunhe Formation, Xinjiang[213] Numerous vertebrae, skull fragments, limb fragments, and some unidentifiable material[213] Sometimes informally called "Jurassosaurus" because its description closely followed the release of Jurassic Park[213]
Tianzhenosaurus youngi HBV-10001 Hebei GEO University Cenomanian[215] Huiquanpu Formation, Shanxi[216] Partial skull[216] Sometimes considered a junior synonym of Saichania, but others believe it is a valid genus[129]
The holotype on display
Tsagantegia longicranialis MPC 700/17[217] Mongolian Academy of Sciences Uncertain (Cenomanian to Santonian?)[119] Bayan Shireh Formation, Mongolia Skull without jawbones[217]
A reconstruction of the holotype with capitegulae labeled
Tuojiangosaurus multispinus CV 209[218] Chongqing Museum of Natural History Bathonian or Callovian Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan[218] Mostly complete skeleton lacking skull, limb, and tail elements[218]
Vectipelta barretti IWCMS 1996.153 and IWCMS 2021.75[219] Dinosaur Isle Barremian[219] Wessex Formation, England Numerous vertebrae, a partial hip, and partial shoulder[219] Previously nicknamed the "Spearpoint Ankylosaur" in scientific literature[219]
Wuerhosaurus homheni IVPP V.4006[220] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Aptian or Albian Lianmuqin Formation, Tulugu Group, Xinjiang[220] Fragmentary skeleton without a skull[220] Type species of Wuerhosaurus;[220] sometimes considered to be a species of Stegosaurus[10]
One of the back plates of the holotype on display
Wuerhosaurus ordosensis IVPP V.6877[221] Lost, was last at the IVPP Aptian or Albian[222] Ejinhoro Formation, Inner Mongolia[221] Numerous vertebrae with articulated ribs and a partial hip[221] Some consider it a nomen dubium due to the lack of available material[4]
Yanbeilong ultimus SXMG V 00006[223] Shanxi Museum of Geology Albian[223] Zuoyun Formation, Shanxi Sacrum, ilia, left ischium, right pubis, dorsal vertebrae, and a caudal vertebrae[223] One of the youngest known stegosaurs[223]
Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis CV OO722[224] Lost, was last at the Chongqing Museum of Natural History[224] Early Kimmeridgian Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan[224] Partial skull, numerous vertebrae, ribs, a partial hip, limb and foot elements, with armor plates[224]
Yuxisaurus kopchicki CVEB 21701[225] Yunnan University[225] Pliensbachian Fengjiahe Formation, Yunnan Several vertebrae, skull fragments, and partial fore limbs[225]
Diagram of the holotype with known elements in blue
Zaraapelta nomadis MPC D-100/1388[226] Mongolian Academy of Sciences Late Campanian[226] Barun Goyot Formation, Mongolia[226] Skull without jawbone and part of the maxilla[226]
Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis HGM 41HIII-0002[227] Henan Geological Museum Aptian[228] Haoling Formation, Henan[227] Mostly complete skull, several vertebrae, complete hips, several ribs, limb bones, and osteoderms[227]
The holotype skull on display
Ziapelta sanjuanensis NMMNH P-64484[229] New Mexico Museum of Natural History Campanian De-na-zin Member, Kirtland Formation, New Mexico[229] Mostly complete skull, three vertebrae, and associated osteoderms[229]
The holotype skull shown from multiple views
Zuul crurivastator ROM 75860[230] Royal Ontario Museum Campanian Middle Coal Ridge Member, Judith River Formation, Montana[230] Mostly complete, fully articulated skeleton[230] Specimen is nicknamed "Sherman", originally referred to the genus Euoplocephalus before being given its own genus[230]
The well-preserved tail associated with the holotype

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ a b c d F. Nopcsa, 1915, "Die dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen landesteile Ungarns", Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der Königlich-Ungarischen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 23: 1-24
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  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Norman, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Upchurch, Paul (January 2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (4): 367–407. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002459. S2CID 85673680.
  5. ^ Archangelsky, Sergio. "The Ticó Flora (Patagonia) and the Aptian Extinction Event." Acta Paleobotanica 41(2), 2001, pp. 115–22.
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