List of oil spills impacting penguins

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Penguins are vulnerable to exposure to oil spills due to their site fidelity, aquatic lifestyle and near-surface foraging habits. Across their range, penguins have been impacted by chronic and acute oil pollution at sea. The following list includes examples of events where impacts to penguins were documented. It is not exhaustive.

Year Country Location Origin Species Notes References
1925 AustraliaAustralia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little "A number" of oiled penguins ashore and some dead. [1]
1934 New Zealand New Zealand Kapiti Island, Manawatū beaches Unknown Little “Many” penguins killed and oiled. [2]
1936 South AfricaSouth Africa Cape Town Unknown African One bird oiled. [3]
1940 New Zealand New Zealand Auckland Unknown Little Hundreds of penguins oiled and killed. [4]
1945 AustraliaAustralia Sydney, New South Wales Unknown Little Single penguin captured and treated. [5][6]
1946 AustraliaAustralia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little “Many” penguins killed and oiled. [7]
1948 South AfricaSouth Africa Dyer Island Esso Wheeling oil spill African One third of penguin population, “thousands” oiled and killed. [8][9]
1952 South AfricaSouth Africa Robben Island, Table Bay Unknown African Over 1200 oiled penguins came ashore. [8]
1953 South AfricaSouth Africa Table Bay Sliedrecht oil spill African Penguins oiled and killed. [10]
1954 AustraliaAustralia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little 36 penguins oiled. [11]
1954 AustraliaAustralia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little “large numbers” of dead and oiled birds ashore [12]
1968 South AfricaSouth Africa Cape Point, Western Cape Esso Essen oil spill African Over 1700 penguins impacted by oil. [8]
1971 AustraliaAustralia Cowes, Victoria Unknown Little 43 oiled, dying penguins found. [13]
1971 AustraliaAustralia South-eastern South Australia Unknown Little "Hundreds" oiled coming ashore. [14]
1971 South AfricaSouth Africa Cape Aghulas & Dyer Island SS Wafra oil spill African Over 1216 penguins oiled. [8]
1972 South AfricaSouth Africa Dassen Island Unknown African 4000 penguins impacted. [8]
1972 South AfricaSouth Africa Ystervark Point Oswego Guardian-Texanita collision African 500 penguins impacted. [8]
1973 Chile Chile Guamblin Island Napier oil spill Magellanic Impacts unknown. Penguins in vicinity. [15]
1974 Chile Chile Strait of Magellan VLCC Metula oil spill Magellanic 40,000 birds oiled. Mostly cormorants and penguins. [16]
1974 AustraliaAustralia Port Campbell, Victoria Unknown Little "Numbers" of penguins oiled. [17]
1974 South AfricaSouth Africa Struisbaii, Western Cape Oriental Pioneer (tanker) African Several thousand penguins oiled. [8]
1978 Chile Chile San Vincente Bay Cabo Tamar oil spill Humboldt, Magellanic Impacts unknown, penguins in area. [18]
1979 South AfricaSouth Africa St. Croix Island, Algoa Bay Unknown African Penguins collected to prevent harm. [19][20]
1981 Argentina Argentina Bahia Bustamante Unknown Magellanic Dead penguins found, but ecological impact not studied. [15]
1982 Argentina Argentina Punta Tombo Unknown Magellanic 500 oiled penguins found. [15]
1985 South AfricaSouth Africa Cape Recife Kapodistrias oil spill Over 1180 penguins impacted, 137 killed. [21][8]
1987 AustraliaAustralia Macquarie Island Nella Dan supply ship wreck Royal, King, Southern rockhopper, Gentoo 70 tonnes of light fuel oil lost, ecological damage unknown. [22]
1987 Chile Chile Punta Davis, Strait of Magellan Cabo Pilar oil spill 4900 tonnes crude spilled, penguin impacts unknown. [23][24]
1988 AustraliaAustralia Portland, Victoria ? Little 40% of a small colony oiled and killed (100 birds). [25][26][27]
1989 Argentina Argentina Bismarck Strait, Antarctica Bahia Paraiso oil spill Several, including Adelie 20,000-30,000 penguins swam through slick, toll unclear owing to 3 year migration pattern, 300 Adelie penguins known to have been killed. [28]
1990 AustraliaAustralia Apollo Bay, Cape Otway Tanker Arthur Phillip Little 130 collected alive, only 65 survived. Over 200 dead, estimates up to 700 dead. [29][30]
1991 Argentina Argentina Chubut Province Unknown Magellanic An estimated 17,000 penguins killed. [15]
1991 Chile Chile Punta Tombo Unknown Magellanic Estimated 16,000-17,000 dead penguins found. More expected to have died at sea. [31][32]
1994 South AfricaSouth Africa Dassen Island Apollo Sea African 10,000 penguins collected and cleaned, half of which survived. [8]
1995 AustraliaAustralia Low Head, Tasmania MV Iron Baron Little An estimated 25,000 penguins died from spill impacts. [33]
1995 AustraliaAustralia Bass Strait Unknown Little 13 oiled penguins. [34]
1995 South AfricaSouth Africa off Danger Point Unknown African 1332 penguins. [8]
1998 South AfricaSouth Africa Cape Town Harbor pipeline burst African 563 penguins. [8]
1998 Falkland IslandsUnited Kingdom Falkland Islands Oil exploration spills Magellanic Killed several hundred penguins. [15]
1999 AustraliaAustralia Gore Bay, Sydney, New South Wales Shell tanker Little Several birds oiled, five were captured, cleaned and released. [35][36]
2000 AustraliaAustralia Between Summerland Bay and The Nobbies, Phillip Island, Victoria Unknown Little 9 killed, 164 more oiled and treated. [37][38][39]
2000 Chile Chile Cifuncho, Antofagasta La Moure County (US Navy vessel) Humboldt 80-120,000 gallons of diesel lost. Penguin impacts unknown. [40]
2000 South AfricaSouth Africa Robben Island & Dassen Island MV Treasure oil spill African 19000 oiled and an additional 19500 removed. Less than 2000 died. 91% rehabilitation success. [8]
2001 Chile Chile Moraleda Channel Jose Fuchs Magellanic 150 tonnes crude oil spilled. [23]
2001 AustraliaAustralia Victoria Little 438 penguins treated with a 96% survival rate. [41]
2004 Chile Chile Primera Angostura, Magellan Strait Tanker Berge Nice collision with tugboat 160 tonnes of oil spilled. Unknown number of penguins impacted. [23][15]
2005 Chile Chile Antofagasta Eider cargo ship grounded Humboldt Penguins impacted. [15]
2006 Argentina Argentina Near Cabo Virgenes, south Patagonia Unknown Magellanic 100 oiled penguins found. An estimated 400 were oiled. [42][43]
2007 Argentina Argentina Caleta Cordova, Chubut Oil terminal spill Magellanic Over 1500 penguins impacted. [15]
2009 AustraliaAustralia Kingston / Robe, South Australia Unknown Little 7 penguins oiled and treated. [44]
2008 UruguayUruguay Montevideo Tanker Syros oil spill Magellanic At least 72 penguins oiled and killed [45]
2011 New Zealand New Zealand Tauranga Rena oil spill Little 20,000 seabirds (including penguins) killed by spill and ecosystem impacts. 383 were successfully cleaned and released. [46][47]
2011 Tristan da CunhaUnited Kingdom Tristan da Cunha islands MS Oliva Rockhopper 20,000 penguins oiled, 4,000 relocated to Tristan da Cunha. "Thousands" more died. [48][49]
2015-2016 Chile Chile near Cachagua Humboldt Penguin colony threatened by two oil spills during this period. [50]
2016 South AfricaSouth Africa Port of Ngqura Bunkering African 100 oiled penguins were treated. [51]
2019 South AfricaSouth Africa Port of Ngqura Bunkering African Hundreds of penguins were harmed in minor spill. [51]
2022 PeruPeru Lima Repsol refinery Humboldt Penguins and other seabirds oiled. Some rescued and cleaned. [52][53]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "A Naturalist's Jottings". Frankston and Somerville Standard (Vic. : 1921 - 1939). 1925-08-14. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  2. ^ "Oil Menace to Sea Birds". Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872 - 1947). 1934-08-23. p. 33. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  3. ^ "Oily penguin, South Africa (1936)". Hartford Courant. 1936-08-02. p. 70. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  4. ^ "Oil Kills Penquins". Northern Times (Carnarvon, WA : 1905 - 1952). 1940-11-07. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  5. ^ "GETTING TO KNOW AUSTRALIA". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 1945-09-20. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  6. ^ "Duke telephones about penguin". Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1931 - 1954). 1945-05-27. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  7. ^ "OIL ON BAY KILLS MANY PENGUINS". Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954). 1946-07-16. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  20. ^ "Penguins baffle scientists (1979)". The Daily News. 1979-09-18. p. 27. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  21. ^ Lord, Desmond A.; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Randall, Rodney M.; Reddering, Jacobus S. V.; Schumann, Eckart H.; Bricknell, William E.; Rowe, Sidney (April 1987). "The Kapodistrias Grounding and Oil Spill Cape Recife, South Africa". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1987 (1): 33–38. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-33. ISSN 2169-3366.
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  25. ^ Dann, Peter; Cullen, Mike; Weir, Ian (1996-04-01). "NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE CONSERVATION STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF AUSTRALIAN LITTLE PENGUIN COLONIES". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ "Race to contain Portland oil spill, penguins oiled (1988)". The Age. 1988-07-30. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  28. ^ "A world away from Alaska, an ecological disaster widens (Argentina, Antarctica 1989)". Chicago Tribune. 1989-06-18. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  29. ^ "Survivors train for the race of a lifetime (penguins, Australia 1990)". The Age. 1990-08-07. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  31. ^ "In Argentina's Patagonia region, man and nature threaten fragile coastline (1991)". The Miami Herald. 1991-12-12. p. 654. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  33. ^ "Shipping industry reflects on Iron Baron oil spill". www.abc.net.au. 2005-07-09. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  34. ^ "Oil injures little penguins (Australia, 1995)". The Age. 1995-04-13. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  35. ^ "Seabirds at greatest risk (Sydney oil spill, 1999)". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1999-08-05. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  38. ^ "Penguin chicks may starve while waiting for oily parents (Australia, 2000)". The Age. 2000-01-05. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  39. ^ "Penguins die as oil spills along coast (Australia, 2000)". The Age. 2000-01-03. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  40. ^ "La Moure County | IncidentNews | NOAA". incidentnews.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  41. ^ "Victoria's little penguins — cute, famous and in need of the perfect woolly jumper". www.abc.net.au. 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  42. ^ "Oil-coated penguins discovered on shores, Argentina (2006)". El Paso Times. 2006-05-12. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  43. ^ Network, Good News (2006-06-17). "Penguins Caught in Oil Spill Saved by "Commando" Veterinarians". Good News Network. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  44. ^ Bateman, Ivy (2009-03-24). "Oil covered penguins still not back on their happy feet". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  45. ^ Hern, Marcelo; AP, ez / (2008-06-12). "Oil spill kills migrating penguins in Uruguay". msnbc.com. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  46. ^ "Rena: Oil clean-up chemical worries Greenpeace". NZ Herald. 2011-11-24. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  47. ^ Chilvers, B. Louise; Morgan, Kerri J.; Battley, Phil; Sievwright, Karin A. (May 2017). "Lessons Learnt from post-release monitoring of oiled-penguins: New Zealand C/V Rena". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 2017 (1): 2996–3010. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2996. ISSN 2169-3366.
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  49. ^ Guggenheim, David E.; Glass, Trevor (May 2014). "Disaster at Nightingale – the Wreck of the MS Oliva at the World's Remotest Island: Lessons Learned for Resource Managers in Remote Areas". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 2014 (1): 711–720. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.711. ISSN 2169-3366.
  50. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2018-08-09). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Spheniscus humboldti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  51. ^ a b "Refuelling under scrutiny as S.Africa penguins hit by oil spill". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  52. ^ "Peru demands compensation for disastrous oil spill caused by Tonga volcano". the Guardian. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  53. ^ "Calif. wildlife team rescues penguins from Peru oil spill". KRON4. 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
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