Jinju Formation

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Coordinates: 35°06′N 128°06′E / 35.1°N 128.1°E / 35.1; 128.1
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Jinju Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian
~112.4–106.5 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofShindong Group
UnderliesChilgog Formation, Iljig Formation
OverliesHasandong Formation
Thickness1,000–1,800 m (3,300–5,900 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates35°06′N 128°06′E / 35.1°N 128.1°E / 35.1; 128.1
Approximate paleocoordinates44°18′N 122°42′E / 44.3°N 122.7°E / 44.3; 122.7
RegionNorth Gyeongsang Province
Country South Korea
ExtentGyeongsang Basin(ko:경상 분지)
Jinju Formation is located in South Korea
Jinju Formation
Jinju Formation (South Korea)

The Jinju Formation (Korean: 진주층; Hanja: 晋州層; RR: Jinju-cheung) is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea.[1] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[2] The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating.[3] It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting.

A diverse spider fauna is known from the formation, including indeterminate mygalomorphs and palpimanoids as well as two species of lagonomegopid belonging to the genera Koreamegops and Jinjumegops.[4] Other compression fossils known from the formation include a species of the zhangsolvid fly Buccinatormyia, the elaterid beetle Koreagrypnus, and the ichthyodectiform fish Jinjuichthys. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils.[5] Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.[6]

Fossil content[edit]

Flora[edit]

Plants of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Cupressinocladus C. sp.[7] The presence of this conifer indicates that a mixed type of the Tetori-Type and the Ryoseki-Type flora existed in this formation.
Ruffordia R. sp.[8] Schizaeaceae ferns
Cladophlebis C. sp.[8]
Sphenopteris S. sp.[8]
Onychiopsis O. elongata[9] leptosporangiate ferns
Brachyphyllum B. japonicum[9]

Spiders[edit]

Spiders of the Jinju Formation[4]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korearachne K. jinju likely to be a lycosoid
Koreamegops K. samsiki a lagonomegopid
Jinjumegops J. dalingwateri a lagonomegopid
Mygalomorphae indeterminate
Araneomorphae indeterminate
Palpimanoidea indeterminate
"Cribellate Entelegynae"
  • "species 1"
  • "species 2"

Insects[edit]

Jinju formation consists of a diverse order of insects: Orthoptera, Homoptera, Mantodea, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Blattoidea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Mecoptera, etc. A larvae fossil of aquatic insect has also been discovered.[6]

Blattodea[edit]

Cockroaches of the Jinju Formation[10]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Rhipidioblattina
  • R. sp. cf. R. radipinguis
  • R?. sp. cf. R. jilinensis
  • R. sp. A
Mesoblattina
  • M. sp. A
  • M. sp. B
  • M. sp. C
  • M. sp. D
Samaroblatta S. sp. cf. S. rhypha
Blattula
  • B. sp. cf. B. exetenuata
  • B. sp. A
Mesoblattula M. sp.
Indeterminate A total of 13 indeterminate species

Coleoptera[edit]

Beetles of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Coptoclava[11] C. sp Both nymph and adult fossils found A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae. Similar to C. longipoda, but assigned to a yet undescribed species since C. longipoda is usually considered to be a species complex.
Megalithomerus[12] M. magolhalmii A member of Elateridae
Koreagrypnus[12] K. jinju
Cretosaja[13] C. jinjuensis A member of Silphidae
Notocupes[14] N. premeris A member of Archostemata
Asiana[15] A. pax
Brochocoleus[15] B. sacheonensis A member of Ommatidae
B. cf. punctatus
Omma[15] O. sp.
Zygadenia[15] Z. cornigera

Dermaptera[edit]

Earwigs of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
cf. Pygidicranoidea[16] indeterminate

Diptera[edit]

Flies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Buccinatormyia[17] B. gangnami A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song

Heteroptera[edit]

Heteropterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Jinjupopovina J. eosahwae[18] A member of Yuripopovinidae

Hymenoptera[edit]

Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korehelorus K. jinjuensis[19] A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae
Hanguksyntexis H. haeretica[20] A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae

Odonata[edit]

Dragonflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Hemeroscopus H. baissicus[21]

Orthoptera[edit]

Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Panorpidium P. spica[22] A member of Elcanidae

Raphidioptera[edit]

Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Mesoraphidia[23]
  • M. koreensis
  • M. phantasma
 A member of Mesoraphidiidae

Neuroptera[edit]

Lacewings of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Tachinymphes[24] T. koraiensis A member of the family Mesochrysopidae.

Termites[edit]

Termites of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Sclerotermes[25] S. samsiki Known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement

Crustaceans[edit]

Isopoda[edit]

Isopods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Archaeoniscus[26] A. coreaensis A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus

Ostracoda[edit]

Ostracods of the Jinju Formation[27]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Scabriculocypris S. yanbianensis Jeongcheon
Cypridea
  • C. jinjuria
  • C. khandae
  • C. samesi[28]
 C. jinjuria in Gwanghyeon
Mongolocypris M. kohi[29]
Lycopterocypris L. cf. celsa Jeongcheon
Candona C. sp.
Djungarica D. sp. Jeongcheon

Spinicaudata[edit]

Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Yanjiestheria[30]
  • Y. kyongsangensis
  • Y. chekiangensis
  • Y. cf. wannanensis
  • Y. jinjuensis
  • Y. sp.

Vertebrates[edit]

Actinopterygii[edit]

Fishes of the Jinju Formation[31][32]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Wakinoichthys[33] W. aokii An osteoglossiform
Jinjuichthys[34] J. cheongi An ichthyodectiform
Albuliformes indeterminate
Sinamia S. sp. An amiiform
Lepidotes L. sp. Largest fish found in this formation, reaching 40 cm (1.3 ft) in total length.
Lepisosteiformes indeterminate
Elopiformes indeterminate A small fish, reaching 3 cm (1.2 in) in total length.

Archosauria[edit]

Reptiles of the Jinju Formation[31]
Genus Species Region[35] Member Material Notes Image
Crocodyliformes indet. Goryeong a right mandible
Titanosauriformes indet.[36] Sacheon a tooth Initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) considers it to be indeterminate titanosauriform.
Pterodactyloidea indet. Goryeong teeth While suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) considers them to be Anhanguerian instead on the basis of the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.[37][38]

Mollusks[edit]

Bivalvia[edit]

Bivalves of the Jinju Formation[39]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Plicatounio P. naktongensis
Nagdongia N. soni The genus Nagdongia is considered to be synonymous with Nakamuranaia by some.
Trigonioides T. jaehoi

Gastropoda[edit]

Gastropods of the Jinju Formation[8]
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Brotiopsis B. kobayashi dominant gastropod of the formation
Thiara T. sp.
Viviparus[40] V. sp.

Ichnofossils[edit]

Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation
Ichnogenus Ichnospecies Region Member Material Notes Image
Grallator[41] Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi
Corpulentapus[41] Theropod track
Asianopodus[41] Theropod track
Dromaeosauriformipes[42] D. rarus Didactyl tracks made by either juvenile dromaeosaur or very small species of trackmaker, represents the smallest non-avian dinosaur tracks known.
Dromaeosauripus[43] D. jinjuensis Namhae[35] Didactyl tracks made by a 40 cm (1.3 ft) tall dromaeosaur.
Ignotornis I. seoungjoseoi[44] Bird Track
Jindongornipes J. isp.[44] Bird Track
Koreasaltipes[45] K. jinjuensis Jinju[35] Traces left by a hopping mammal
Neosauroides N. innovatus[46] The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea.
cf. Chelichnus[47] Sacheon[35] Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.[48]
Ranipes[47] indeterminate Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances.
Crocodylopodus[49] First report of this ichogenus from Asia.
Batrachopus B. grandis[50] Track made by a 3 m (9.8 ft) long bipedal crocodylomorph; the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis.[50] Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.[51]
Minisauripus M. isp.[5] One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea.
Pteraichnus Pterosaur trackway. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis.
Lockeia L. gigantus[40] Resting bivalve trace fossils
Diplichnites D. isp.[8] Arthropod tracks
Coclichnus C. isp.[8] Trace by Annelida tracemakers
Radialimbricatus[54] R. bitoensis Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids
Protovirgularia[55] P. dichotoma First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly[56]
Fictovichnus[57] indeterminate Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow
Chondrites C. isp.[58]
Palaeophycus P. tubularis[58]
Helminthopsis H. hieroglyphica[58]
Skolithos S. magnus[58]
Taenidium T. barretti[58]
Torrowangea T. rosei[58]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  44. ^ a b Kang, Seung Hyeop; Buckley, Lisa G.; McCrea, Richard T.; Kim, Kyung-Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Lim, Hyun Soo; Kim, Cheong-Bin (2021). "First report of bird tracks (Ignotornis seoungjoseoi ichnosp. nov.) from the Jinju Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Sacheon City, Korea". Cretaceous Research. 127 (11): 104899. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12704899K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104899.
  45. ^ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Jong Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Xing, Lida; Choi, Yeongi (2017). "Korean trackway of a hopping, mammaliform trackmaker is first from the Cretaceous of Asia". Cretaceous Research. 74: 188–191. Bibcode:2017CrRes..74..188K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.02.005.
  46. ^ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Jong Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, Dong Hee; Pinuela, Laura; Yoo, Jae Sang (2019). "Largest Cretaceous lizard track assemblage, new morphotypes and longest trackways comprise diverse components of an exceptional Korean Konservat-Lagerstätten ichnofauna". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 13278. Bibcode:2019NatSR...913278K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49442-0. PMC 6746761. PMID 31527673.
  47. ^ a b Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Kim, Dong Hee (2019). "The oldest known anuran (frog) trackways from the Jinju Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Korea". Cretaceous Research. 96: 142–148. Bibcode:2019CrRes..96..142K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.12.008. S2CID 134521999.
  48. ^ Kim, J.-Y.; Lockley, M. (2016). "First report of turtle tracks from the Lower Cretaceous of Korea". Cretaceous Research. 64: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.014.
  49. ^ Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Park, Hong Deock; Romilio, Anthony; Yoo, Jae Sang; Choi, Ji Won; Kim, Kyung Soo; Choi, Yeongi; Kang, Seung-Hyeop; Kim, Dong Hee; Kim, Tae Hyeong (2020-07-01). "First reports of Crocodylopodus from East Asia: implications for the paleoecology of the Lower Cretaceous". Cretaceous Research. 111: 104441. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11104441L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104441. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 216164973.
  50. ^ a b Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Bae, Seul Mi; Romilio, Anthony (2020-06-11). "Trackway evidence for large bipedal crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Korea". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8680. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8680K. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66008-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7289791. PMID 32528068.
  51. ^ Kirkland, James I. [@Paleojim] (June 23, 2022). "I am shocked at the degree of lumping needed to assign this ichnotaxon to Batrachopus... Over splitting is certainly a problem with tracks, but this goes a bit too far in the other direction. Otherwise a very interesting and important paper. Bipedal crocs" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  52. ^ Ha, Sujin; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lim, Hyoun Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Yoo, Jae Sang; Lim, Jong Deock (2022-03-01). "Diminutive pterosaur tracks and trackways (Pteraichnus gracilis ichnosp. nov.) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea". Cretaceous Research. 131: 105080. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13105080H. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105080. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 240322960.
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  54. ^ Lee, Dong-Chan (2017). "Radialimbricatus, a new ichnogenus from the lacustrine sandstone facies of the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41 (3): 350–364. Bibcode:2017Alch...41..350L. doi:10.1080/03115518.2017.1283053. S2CID 132462007.
  55. ^ Kim, J.Y.; Kim, K.S.; Pickerill, R.P. (2000). "Trace Fossil Protovirgularia McCoy, 1850 from the Nonmarine Cretaceous Jinju formation of the Sacheon area, Korea" (PDF). Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 21 (6): 695–702. S2CID 127766832.
  56. ^ Metz, R. (2003). "Nonmarine Cretaceous Protovirgularia: Possible Dragonfly Larva Tracemaker". Ichnos. 9 (1–2): 75–76. Bibcode:2003Ichno...9...75M. doi:10.1080/10420940190034094. S2CID 128815122.
  57. ^ Lee, Dong-Chan (2018). "Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber in a channel-fill sandstone bed of the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea". Lethaia. 51 (3): 433–443. doi:10.1111/let.12257.
  58. ^ a b c d e f Kim, J.Y.; Pickerill, R. (2002). "Cretaceous Nonmarine Trace Fossils from the Hasandong and Jinju Formations of the Namhae Area, Kyongsangnamdo, Southeast Korea". Ichnos. 9 (1–2): 41–60. doi:10.1080/10420940190034076.

Bibliography[edit]

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