Interocular transfer

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Interocular transfer (IOT) is a phenomenon of visual perception in which information available to one eye will produce an effect in the other eye. For example, the state of adaptation of one eye can have a small effect on the state of light adaptation of the other. Aftereffects induced through one eye can be measured through the other.[1][2]

IOT can occur in various tasks involving motion aftereffects (MAE), depth perception (stereopsis) and visual learning.[3]

Early Research[edit]

The groundwork for interocular transfer research began after Hubel and Wiesel's (1962) study on understanding the binocular interaction in visual cortex. Their research laid the foundation for further interocular research by studying the neurons in the cat's visual cortex when stimuli is presented to both eyes (binocular neurons). Their study provided a crucial step in understanding how brain integrates visual information from both eyes[4].  One of the earliest research on interocular transfer was conducted by Wolfgang Kohler in 1917 where one of the chickens' eyes used in the experiment were patched shut. Interocular transfer was observed between the eyes of the chicken who were made to discriminate gray colored sheets of varying brightness.[5]

Binocular Vision Assisted by Binocular Neurons

The study conducted by Ortega et al. in 2008 explored two hypothesis to explain the occurrence of interocular transfer - the retinal locus hypothesis and sensorimotor integration hypothesis. The retinal locus hypothesis attempted to explain the occurrence of interocular transfer when the stimuli are presented in the dorsotemporal part of the retina. The sensorimotor integration hypothesis to their study proposed that pigeons can transfer information depending on whether the response key and the visual stimulus are presented in the same location.[6]

Interocular Transfer of Motion Aftereffects[edit]

Motion aftereffect is a phenomena that causes a visual stimuli to undergo apparent motion. A prolonged exposure to motion of a stimulus in a particular direction causes a perception of motion in the opposite direction. The middle temporal area (known as MT or V5), is associated with motion aftereffects.[7]

A study conducted by N J Wade , M T Swanston, C M de Weert (1992) explored the mechanisms involved in interocular transfer of motion aftereffects (MAE). The findings state that interocular transfer occurs in the relational- motion detectors, which are of the binocular or monocular class. The study confirms the presence on interocular transfer of MAE, and localizes the adaptation for MAE in either an individual's eye, or the brain areas which combine the information from both set of eyes.[8]

R Blake, R Overton and S Lema-Stern (1997) describe a neural model for interocular transfer to explain its occurrence in motion aftereffects. In a pool of many neurons, some are adapted to a specific visual stimulus (like a certain orientation of lines) and some are not. This model suggests that all these neurons somehow combine their information, allowing transfer of information between the two eyes. This means that all the adapted and unadapted neurons contribute to a process where information is pooled together and transferred.[9]

Interocular transfer in Adaptation[edit]

The Human Visual Cortex

Adaptation is caused by the prolonged viewing of unchanging patterns. The study conducted by Howarth, Vorobyov and Sengpiel (2008) explores IOT in adaptation within the primary visual cortex. This study explored IOT as the ability to experience aftereffects in the eye that did not view the adapting pattern occurring in the primary visual cortex (V1) of cats. The study claimed that IOT may be mediated by callosal connections between the two hemispheres, and is not dependent on the conventional binocularity of neurons. The study attempted to provide the physiological evidence to the existence of IOT.[10]  There is also FMRI evidence that observed binocular visual interactions in the visual cortex in humans.[11]

Interocular transfer and Stereopsis[edit]

Another foundational study to interocular transfer was conducted by Mitchell and Ware (1972) to study the visual experience on the development of binocularity in the visual cortex. Stereoscopic vision is absent in people with amblyopia and strabismus. When IOT of the tilt aftereffect was investigated for binocularity, it was found that normal subjects have a high degree of interocular transfer, while strabismic subjects have very little.[12]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Howarth, C.M., Vorobyov, V., & Sengpiel, F., (2008). "Interocular transfer of adaptation in the primary visual cortex." Cerebral Cortex, 19(8), 1835–1843.
  2. ^ Wade, Nicholas J.; Swanston, Michael T.; De Weert, Charles M M. (1993). "On Interocular Transfer of Motion Aftereffects". Perception. 22 (11): 1365–1380. doi:10.1068/p221365. PMID 8047420.
  3. ^ Millodot, Michel (2018). Dictionary of optometry and vision science (8th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-7222-2.
  4. ^ Hubel, D. H.; Wiesel, T. N. (January 1962). "Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex". The Journal of Physiology. 160 (1): 106–154. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1359523. PMID 14449617.
  5. ^ Ortega, Laura Jiménez; Stoppa, Katrin; Güntürkün, Onur; Troje, Nikolaus F. (November 2008). "Limits of intraocular and interocular transfer in pigeons". Behavioural Brain Research. 193 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.022. ISSN 0166-4328. PMID 18547658.
  6. ^ Ortega, Laura Jiménez; Stoppa, Katrin; Güntürkün, Onur; Troje, Nikolaus F. (November 2008). "Limits of intraocular and interocular transfer in pigeons". Behavioural Brain Research. 193 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.022. ISSN 0166-4328. PMID 18547658.
  7. ^ Biber, Ulrich; Ilg, Uwe J. (2011-01-26). "Visual Stability and the Motion Aftereffect: A Psychophysical Study Revealing Spatial Updating". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e16265. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616265B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016265. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3027650. PMID 21298104.
  8. ^ Wade, Nicholas J; Swanston, Michael T; de Weert, Charles M M (November 1993). "On Interocular Transfer of Motion Aftereffects". Perception. 22 (11): 1365–1380. doi:10.1068/p221365. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 8047420.
  9. ^ Blake, Randolph; Overton, Randall; Lema-Stern, Sandra (1981). "Interocular transfer of visual aftereffects". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 7 (2): 367–381. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.7.2.367. ISSN 1939-1277.
  10. ^ Howarth, C. M.; Vorobyov, V.; Sengpiel, F. (2009-08-01). "Interocular Transfer of Adaptation in the Primary Visual Cortex". Cerebral Cortex. 19 (8): 1835–1843. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn211. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 19015372.
  11. ^ Büchert, M.; Greenlee, M. W.; Rutschmann, Roland M.; Kraemer, F. M.; Luo, Feng; Hennig, J. (2002-08-01). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for binocular interactions in human visual cortex". Experimental Brain Research. 145 (3): 334–339. doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1121-x. ISSN 1432-1106. PMID 12136383.
  12. ^ Mitchell, Donald E.; Ware, Colin (February 1974). "Interocular transfer of a visual after-effect in normal and stereoblind humans". The Journal of Physiology. 236 (3): 707–721. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010461. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1350858. PMID 4822580.
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